政府与民众事务的运作，依靠各个机构、部门与行政单位来完成，其任务是确保国家事务的管理和民众利益的落实。每个机构（Maslaha）由一名总经理负责，每个部门（Da'ira）和行政单位（Idara）由一名主任负责，主任负责其事务并直接对其负责。这些主任在专业方面须向其所属机构、部门或行政单位的总主任负责，在遵守规章制度和一般条例方面则须向Wali和Amil负责。 先知穆罕默德ﷺ曾亲自处理与执行各项事务，并任命秘书协助其行政工作。因此，先知ﷺ处理麦地那人民的事务，解决他们的问题，理顺他们之间的关系，满足他们的需要，并引导他们走向适合他们的道路。所有这些都属于行政事务，它们减轻了人民生活中的困难与烦扰。 在教育方面，先知ﷺ规定，以十名穆斯林儿童的教学来赎回被俘的非信士战俘，这一赎金是以战利品作为交换，而战利品归穆斯林所有。由此可见，保障教育是穆斯林事务的一部分。

Running of the government's and the people’s affairs is carried out by offices, departments and administrations, whose task is to ensure the management of the State's business and the discharging of the people’s interests. Each office (Maslaha) would be headed by a general manager, and each department (Da'ira) and administration (Idara) would be headed by a director who would run its affairs and be directly responsible for it. Those directors would be answerable to the general director in charge of their offices, departments or administrations from a professional side, and answerable to the Wali and the amil with regards to abiding by the rules and general regulations.. The Messenger of Allah ({BUH) used to run and discharge the affairs and appoint secretaries for their administration. Thus, the Messenger (PBUH) used to discharge the affairs of the people in Al-Madinah, solve their problems, organise their relations, secure their needs and direct them to that which suits them. All of these matters are of the administration issues that ease their life from problems or complications:. In matters of education, The Messenger of Allah (PBUH) made the ransom of the disbelieving prisoners of war the teaching of ten Muslim children, where the ransom was in return for the spoils, which became property of the Muslims. Thus, securing education was one of the Muslims affairs..

在医疗方面，有人送给安拉的使者（愿主福安之）一名医生作为礼物，但他把医生分配给了穆斯林。安拉的使者（愿主福安之）接受了礼物，却没有自己使用，也没有留为己用，而是把它分配给了穆斯林，这证明医疗保健是穆斯林的利益之一。 在就业方面，安拉的使者（愿主福安之）指示一个人买一件长袍，再买一把斧头，去收集柴火并卖给人们，而不是向人乞讨，因为乞讨时有人可能会给他，也有人可能会拒绝。因此，解决就业问题也是穆斯林的利益之一。 艾哈迈德记载了一段圣训，提尔米兹认可了它，内容如下： "一个安索尔人来到先知（愿主福安之）那里，向他求取施舍。使者（愿主福安之）说：‘你家里没有什么东西吗？’他说：‘有。’先知（愿主福安之）说：‘把它们拿来给我。’他把东西拿来给他。安拉的使者（愿主福安之）用手拿起它们，说：‘谁愿意买这两样东西？’一个人说：‘我愿用两个迪尔汗买下。’他把东西给了那人，拿走了两个迪尔汗。他把两个迪尔汗交给安索尔人，说：‘用其中一个买食物给你的家人，用另一个买一把斧头拿来给我。’他把斧头拿来给他。然后他亲手为斧头装上一根木柄，说：‘去砍柴并出售，十五天内不要让我见到你。’他照做了，回来时已赚到十个迪尔汗。”（阿布·达乌德《圣训集》，第1641条） 布哈里记载，安拉的使者（愿主福安之）说：

In healthcare, the Messenger of Allah (PBUH) was given a doctor as a gift, but he assigned him to Muslims. The fact that the Messenger of Allah (PBUH) received a gift and he did not use it, nor take it, rather he assigned it to the Muslims is evidence that healthcare is one of the interests of Muslims.. In regards to employment, the Messenger of Allah (PBUH) directed a man to buy a robe and then an axe and collect firewood and sell to the people instead of begging from them, where somebody might give him while another would resist. Thus, solving the problems of work was also one of the Muslims' interests. Ahmad reported a hadith and Al-Tirmidhi approved it stating that:. "A man from Al-Ansar came to the Prophet (PBUH) and asked from him (sadaqah). The Messenger (PBUH) said ‘Don't you have anything in your house?’ He said, ‘Yes.’ The Prophet (PBUH) said, ‘Bring them to me.’ He brought them to him. The Messenger of Allah (PBUH) took them in his hand, and said, ‘Who would buy these two?’ A man said, ‘I would take them for two dirhams.’ He gave them to him and took the two dirhams. He gave them to the Ansari and said, ‘Buy with one of them and give it to your family and buy with the other an axe and bring it to me.’ He brought it to him. Then he tied with his hand a rod to it and said, ‘Go and collect firwood and sell, and do not let me see you for fifteen days.’ He did that, and came back having ten dirhams". [Abu Dawud, Sunan, #1641]. Al-Bukhari reported that the Messenger of Allah (PBUH) said:.

“你们中任何一人拿根绳子，背一捆柴去卖，以此保全自己的颜面（不去乞讨），这比他向人乞讨要好，因为人们可能给他，也可能拒绝他。”（布哈里，《圣训实录》，第2075条）

"It is better for any one of you to take a rope and bring a bundle of firewood on his back, and sell it, and thus protect with it his face (of begging) than to beg the people, who might give him or reject."[Bukhari, Sahih, #2075] .

关于道路的问题，先知穆罕默德ﷺ在当时的时代对道路作了规定：若发生纠纷，道路的宽度为七臂。布哈里从艾布·胡莱赖传述："先知ﷺ裁决，若有纠纷，道路宽度为七臂。"（布哈里《圣训实录》，第2473条）穆斯林的传述说："如果你们在道路问题上有纠纷，就把它的宽度定为七臂。"这是当时行政管理的规定；若需要比此更宽，依沙斐仪学派的观点是允许的。

In the issue of roads, the Messenger of Allah (PBUH) organised the roads at his time by making the road of seven arms in case of dispute. Al- Bukhari narrated from Abu Hurairah:. "The Prophet (PBUH) decided in case there was a dispute the road would be of seven arms." [Bukhari, Sahih, #2473]. The narration by Muslim says:. "If you had dispute over the road make its width seven arms".. This was from the administrative organisation of that time, and if there is need for wider than that it is allowed according to the opinion of Shafi'i. .

rasūlullāh ﷺ 在此为真主的使者ﷺ。 Correction to my own output: the translation should read as follows. 真主的使者ﷺ也禁止侵犯道路。塔巴拉尼在《小集》（al-Jami' al-Saghir）中有记载：

The Messenger of Allah (PBUH) has also prevented transgression against the road. Tabarani reported in [al-Jami’] Al-Saghir:.

"凡在穆斯林的道路上拿走一掌之地的人，真主将在复活日用七层大地环绕他。"在灌溉之事上，祖拜尔与一名安萨尔人因引用他们土地上流淌的溪水灌溉而发生争执。真主的使者ﷺ说："祖拜尔啊，你先灌溉，然后把水送给你的邻居。"此圣训为双方共同认可，措辞出自穆斯林（Muslim）的辑录。 因此，真主的使者ﷺ处理穆斯林的事务，总是轻松简便地解决他们的问题，不使其复杂化。他也会请一些圣门弟子协助处理，从而使民众的事务成为一个委托给哈里发的组织，或者由他任命一位有能力的管理者来负责。我们采纳这一做法，是为了减轻哈里发的负担，尤其是在民众事务日益增多、日趋繁杂的情况下。如此一来，民众的事务将设立一个组织，交由有能力的管理者负责，并以便利居民生活的方式和手段来运作，提供必要的服务，不致繁琐，反而力求便捷简易。 该体系由署、部和局构成。署是对任何政府事务的全面管理，例如公民身份、交通运输、货币铸造、教育、卫生、农业、就业、道路等。署负责管理自身事务，以及其下属的所有部和局。部负责管理自身事务，以及其下属各局的事务。局同样管理自身事务，以及其下属所有科室和分支的事务。

"Whoever took of the road of Muslims a handspan, Allah would encircle him from seven earths on the Day of Judgement.". In matters of irrigation, Al-Zubayr disputed with a man from Al-Ansar regarding irrigating from a stream of water flowing in their lands. The Messenger of Allah (PBUH) said:. "O Zubayr, irrigate and then send the water to your neighbour". There is agreement over the hadith, and the words are from Muslim.. Thus, the Messenger of Allah (PBUH) used to run the affairs of the Muslims and solve their problems easily and simply, without complication. He used to seek the help of some Sahabah in conducting that, thus making the affairs of the people an organisation entrusted to the Khalifah or he appointed over it a competent manager that took charge of it. This is what we adopt so as to reduce the burden of the Khalifah, particularly since the affairs of the people have increased and branched out. Accordingly, there would be an organisation for the people's affairs entrusted with a competent manager, and run by styles and means that facilitate the citizens living there, that provides for them the necessary services without complication and rather provides ease and simplicity.. This system consists of administrations, departments and directorates. The administration is the overall management of any government affair, such as citizenship, transportations, money coinage, education, health, agriculture, employment, roads and others. This administration would undertake the management of its own affairs and all the departments and directorates under its control. The department would run its own affairs and those of the directorates under its control. The directorate would also run its own affairs and the affairs of all the sections and divisions under its control..

设立这些administration、部门和局的目的，是为了管理国家事务，维护民众利益。为确保这些administration的顺利运转，必须任命负责人来主持工作。每个administration任命一名总负责人，由其直接主管，并监督隶属于它的所有部门和局。每个部门和每个局任命一名经理，由其直接负责本部门或本局，并对隶属于它的各科和各处负责。

The purpose of establishing these administrations, departments and directorates is to manage the State's affairs and to discharge the people's interests. In order to guarantee the smooth running of these administrations, departments and directorates, directors must be appointed to take charge of them. For each administration, a general director would be appointed to take direct charge of it and to supervise all the departments and directorates that come under it. For each department and for each directorate a manager is appointed to be directly in charge of his department or directorate and to be responsible for the sections and divisions affiliated to it.