国家拥有旗帜（Alwiyah）和军旗（Rayat），这是依据第一个伊斯兰国家的旗帜和军旗推导而来的，该国家是安拉的使者ﷺ在麦地那·穆南瓦腊建立的。它们如下：

The State has flags (Alwiyah) and banners (Rayat) as deduced from the flags and banners of the first Islamic State, which the Messenger of Allah ( PBUH) established in al-Medina al-Munawwarah. These will be as follows: .

1- 旗帜与横幅，在语言学上称为 alam（旗帜）。《Al-Qamus al-Muhit》在词根（r/w/y）下提到，al-raya 即 al-alam，复数为 rayaat。在词根（l/w/y）下提到，al-liwa' 即 al-alam，复数为 alwiyah。此外，法律为这些术语各自规定了一个沙里亚意义，如下：

1- Flag and banner, are linguistically called alam. Al-Qamus al-Muhit mentions under the root (r/w/y) that al-raya is ‘al-alam, plural being rayaat. It mentions under the root (l/w/y) that al-liwa' is al-‘alam, plural alwiyah Besides; The Law designated each one of these terms a shar'i meaning as follows: .

旗帜(liwaa')为白色,上用黑色字体写着"la ilaha illa Allah, Muhammad Rasul Allah"(万物非主,唯有真主;穆罕默德是真主的使者)。旗帜系于军队的长官(amir)或统帅之上,用作他所在位置的标志,并随其所在而行。将旗帜系于军队长官的证据是:先知ﷺ在征服麦加之日进入麦加时,举着一面白旗。此事由伊本·马哲(Ibn Majah)通过哲比尔(Jabir)传述。纳萨仪(An-Nasa'i)也通过艾奈斯(Anas)传述:当先知ﷺ任命乌萨玛·本·宰德(Usama ibn Zayd)为远征罗马人的军队长官时,他亲手为其系上旗帜。

- The flag (liwaa') is white, on which it is written 'la ilaha illa Allah, Muhammad Rasul Allah' with black script. It is tied to the amir of the army or the leader of the army. It is used as a sign of his location, and it goes along with this location. The evidence to tying the flag to the amir of the army is (that the Prophet (PBUH) entered Makkah on the day of its conquest while raising a white flag). This was narrated by Ibn Majah through Jabir. An-Nasa’i also narrated through Anas that when the Prophet (PBUH) appointed Usama ibn Zayd as amir to the army for invading the Romans, he tied his flag with his own hands. .

旗帜(rayah)为黑色,上面用白色字体写着"除真主外别无应拜之主,穆罕默德是真主的使者"。旗帜由各军团(团、支队及其他军事单位)的指挥官携带。证据是:先知ﷺ在哈班时亲自统率军队,他说:"明天我将把旗帜交给一个爱真主和祂的使者、也被真主和祂的使者所爱的人";他便把旗帜交给了阿里。此段圣训为双方所公认。阿里(愿真主喜悦他)当时被视为军中一个师或团的指挥官。哈里思·本·哈桑·本·伯克里也在圣训中说:"我们来到麦地那,看见先知ﷺ站在讲坛上,毕拉勒站在他面前,佩戴着他的剑。"

- The banner (rayah) is black, on which it is written 'la ilaha illa Allah, Muhammad Rasul Allah' with white script. It is carried by the leaders of the army divisions (regiments, detachments, and other army units). The evidence is that the Messenger (PBUH) , while being the leader of the army in Khaybar, he said: "I will give the Raya tomorrow to a man who loves Allah and His Messenger, and Allah and His messenger love him; and he gave it to ’Ali". This hadith is agreed upon. ’Ali (ra) was considered then the leader of a division or a regiment in the army. Al-Harith b. Hassan b. Al-Bakri also said in the hadith, "We came to Medina and we saw the Prophet (PBUH) on the Mimbar, with Bilal standing in front of him wearing his sword. .

在先知（愿主赐福于他并使他平安）面前有黑色的旗帜。我问道："这些旗帜是什么？"他们说："是阿慕尔·本·阿绥刚从远征中归来。" "有黑色的旗帜（rayaat）"，这意味着军队中携带的旗帜有很多面，尽管其统帅只有一位，即阿慕尔·本·阿绥。这表明同一支军队中只有一面"liwaa'"（大旗），而每支军队中的"rayaat"（小旗）则有很多面。

There were black banners in front of the Messenger (PBUH). I asked ‘what are these banners?’ They said: ‘it is Amr b. al-’As who has just arrived from an expedition’". "And there were black banners (rayaat)" this means there were many banners carried by the army though its amir was one, which was Amru ibn Al-Ass. This indicates there is one flag (liwaa') in the same army, but the banners (rayaat) are many in each army. .

因此,旗(liwaa')只是军队统帅的标志('alam),而幡(rayaat)则是士兵所持的标志(a'lam)。

Thus, the flag (liwaa') is a sign (‘alam) to the amir of the army only, while the banners (rayaat) are signs (a'lam) carried by the soldiers. .

2. 旗帜（liwaa'）系于军队的统帅（amir），它是标示军队统帅指挥部的标志。然而，在战场上，无论战斗的指挥者是军队统帅本人，还是由他委任的人，都会被授予旗帜（rayah）在战场上战斗时携带。因此，这面旗帜被称为"战争之母"，因为它是由战斗指挥者在战场上携带的。

2. The flag (liwaa') is tied to the amir of the army, and it is a sign indicating the headquarters of the amir of the army. However, in the battle field, the leader of the battle, whether he is the amir of the army or appointed by him, is given the banner (rayah) to carry during the fight in the battle field. Therefore, the banner is called the mother of the war because it is carried by the battle leader in the battle field. .

因此,在真正交战时,每位战斗指挥官都有一面旗帜,这在当时是人们熟知的做法。高高举起旗帜,是指挥官实力的象征。这是一项依照军队作战传统而遵循的行政命令。先知ﷺ在士兵带回消息之前,就向众人宣布了宰德、贾'法尔和伊本·鲁瓦哈的死讯:"宰德拿起了旗帜(拉雅),但他被击中;然后贾'法尔拿起了它,他也被击中;接着伊本·鲁瓦哈拿起了它,他同样被击中。"[布哈里,《沙希赫》,第3757则]在真正交战时,如果战场上的军队指挥官是哈里发,那么旗(利瓦厄)和帜(拉雅)都可以举起。伊本·希沙姆的《先知传记》在谈及伟大的白德尔战役时记载,战斗中既有旗,也有帜。

Therefore, at the time of actual war there will be one banner with every leader of a battle, a matter that was familiar at that time. Keeping the banner flying up was evidence to the might of the leader of the battle. This is an administrative order that is followed in accordance with the traditions of fighting in the armies. The Messenger of Allah (PBUH) said announcing to the people the death of Zayd, Ja'far and Ibn Ruwahah before the soldiers brought the news:. "Zayd took the banner (raya) but he was hit; and then Ja'far took it and he was hit; and then Ibn Ruwahah took it and he was hit" [Bukhari, Sahih, #3757]. At the time of actual war, if the leader of the army in the battle field was the Khalifah, both the flag (liwaa') and the banner (raya) can be lifted. It was reported in the seerah of Ibn Hisham during the talk about the ghazwah of great Badr that the flag and banner were present in the battle. .

然而,在和平时期或战斗结束之后,军旗通常会分散在军队中,由各个分队、团、部队和营分别扛起,正如圣训中关于阿姆鲁·本·阿斯军队的记载,即哈里斯·本·哈桑·阿尔-巴克里所传的那段圣训。

However, at time of peace or after the end of the battle the banners are usually spread amongst the army and lifted by its divisions, regiments, units and battalions, as narrated in the hadith of Al-Harith ibn Hassan Al-Bakri that talked about the army of Amru ibn Al-‘As. .

3. 哈里发是伊斯兰教中军队的统帅；因此，依照教法，旗帜应当升在他的指挥部之上，即哈里发的住所之上。这是因为旗帜与军队的统帅相关联。从行政角度来看，考虑到哈里发是国家各机构的首脑，允许将旗帜升在哈里发的住所之上。至于国家的其他机构、部门和场所，则只升起帜（即旗帜的一种），因为旗帜是军队统帅专属的标志，用以表明其所在之处。

3. The Khalifah is the leader of the army in Islam; therefore the flag is legally lifted on top of his headquarters, i.e. on top of the Khalifah’s house. This is because the flag it tied to the amir of the army. The banner is allowed to be lifted on top of the Khalifah’s house from an administrative point of view, taking into account the fact that the Khalifah is the head of the organisations of the State. In regards to the remaining organisations, departments and establishments of the State, the banner alone is lifted on top of them, because the flag is specific to the leader of the army as a mark to his location. .

4. 旗帜系在长矛的末端并缠绕在矛上。旗帜交给军队的指挥官，依照军队的数量而定。因此，它会系给第一支军队的指挥官、第二支军队的指挥官，或沙姆军队的指挥官，伊拉克军队的指挥官，或阿勒颇军队的指挥官，或贝鲁特军队的指挥官，依此类推。

4. The flag is tied at the end of the spear and twisted around it. It is given to the leader of the army in accordance to the number of armies. Thus it is tied to the leader of the first army, the second army, or the leader of Al-Sham army, and Iraq army, or the leader of Aleppo army, or the leader of Beitut army, and so on. .

在本源上,旗帜是卷在矛头上的,除非遇到需要时才展开。例如,出于其重要性,旗帜会在哈里发的住所上方展开。在和平时期,军队指挥官的驻地同样如此,以便乌玛看到其军队旗帜的尊贵。然而,如果这种需要与安全问题相冲突,例如敌人可能识别出军队指挥官的驻地,那么旗帜就应按本源处理,即不展开,而是保持卷起/卷圆的状态。

In origin it is twisted at the end of the spear and not spread out except at the time of need. It is for example spread out on top of the Khalifah’s house because of its importance. This applies also to the sites of the leaders of the armies at time of peace so that the Ummah can see the greatness of the flags of their armies. However, if this need conflicts with security issues, such as the enemy recognising the sites of the leaders of the armies, then the flag will be treated as in origin, i.e. it is not spread out but rather remains twisted/rounded. .

关于旗帜，它是任由风吹动的，就像今天使用的旗帜一样。因此，它被置于国家各部门的顶部。

In regards to the banner it is left for the wind to flap it, like the flags used today. Therefore it is placed on top of the departments of the State. .

总结:

In Summary: .

首先：关于军队。

Firstly: Regarding the army .

1. 在真正的战争中,旗帜应一直系在军队指挥官所在之处。按照原则,旗帜不应展开,而应卷起或缠绕在枪矛上。在研判安全局势之后,方可展开。战场上,由战斗指挥官举着一面军旗。若哈里发亲临战场,也允许携带旗帜。

1- In case of actual war, the flag remains attached to the site of the leader of the army. In origin it must not be spread out, rather kept rounded/twisted around the spear. It can be spread out after studying the security issue. There will be a banner carried by the leader of the battle in the battle field. In case the Khalifah was in the battle field the flag is also allowed to be carried. .

2- 在和平时期，旗帜系于各军队指挥官处，并卷起挂在长矛上；但也可以在指挥官的驻地上方展开。旗帜通常由军队中的各师、各团、各营和各连分别持有并展开。各师、各团或各营可以拥有一面特定的旗帜，用以在行政上加以区分，并与军旗一同升起。

2- In case of peace the flag is tied to the leaders of the armies, and it is rounded at the spear; but it can be spread out on top of the sites of the leaders of the armies. Banners are usually spread out amongst the army carried by its divisions, units, regiments and battalions. It is possible for each division, a regiment, or a battalion to have a specific banner that distinguishes it administratively and which is lifted with the banner. .

其次：关于国家的安全机构、部门和各类设施，只在每一处的顶部升起旗帜（banner），唯独哈里发府（Khilafah的府邸）例外，那里升起的是军旗（flag），因为哈里发是军队的统帅。旗帜（banner）可以与之一同在行政上升起，因为哈里发府是国家各机构的首脑。私人机构和普通民众同样可以携带并在其机构、办公场所和住宅的顶部升起旗帜（banner），尤其是在开斋节、胜利之时以及类似场合。

Secondly: Regarding the security organisations, departments, and establishments of the State, only the banner is lifted on top of each of them except the house of the Khilafah, where the flag is lifted on top of it as the Khalifah is the leader of the army. The banner is allowed to be lifted administratively together with it, because the house of the Khilafah is the head of the organisations of the State. The private establishments and ordinary people can also carry and lift the banner on top of their establishments, offices and houses, particularly on the occasions of eid, victories and the like.