4.1 标题
4.1 The title
他的称号可以是哈里发(Khalifah)、“伊玛目”(Imam)或“信士们的长官”(Amir al-Mu'minin)。这些称号见于可靠的圣训,并且得到了圣门弟子的公议(Ijma')。正统哈里发(Khulafa' Al-Rashidin,即前四位哈里发)都曾使用过这些称号。
His title could be the Khalifah, the “Imam” or the “Amir al-Mu’minin”. These titles have been narrated in sound Ahadith and in the Ijma’ of the Sahabah. The Khulafa’ Al-Rashidin (first four Khulafa’) have held such titles. .
阿布·赛义德·胡德里传述:安拉的使者ﷺ说:“如果对两位哈里发宣誓效忠(Bay’ah),那么就杀掉后者。”(穆斯林,《沙希哈》,第1842条)。
Abu Said Al-Khudri reported that the Messenger of Allah said: “If the pledge of allegiance (Bay’ah) has been taken for two Khulafaa’ kill the latter of them.” (Muslim, Sahih, #1842).
‘Abdullah ibn Amr Ibn al-‘Aas 报告说,他听到安拉的使者ﷺ说:“谁向一位伊玛目宣誓效忠,把手交给他,把心中的诚意也交付于他,那么他就应当尽其所能地服从他……”[穆斯林,《圣训实录》,#1844]
‘Abdullah ibn Amr Ibn al-‘Aas reported that he heard Allah’s Messenger say: “Whoever pledged allegiance to an Imam giving him the clasp of his hand and the fruit of his heart shall obey him as long as he can ...” [Muslim, Sahih, #1844] .
The user wrote "Auf Ibn Malik" — likely a typo for "Awf ibn Malik". The source is in English per the system note, but this text is German; I'll translate it faithfully into Simplified Chinese. Following the rules: ﷺ after the Prophet's mention, "(P.B.U.H)" is an abbreviated honorific which should be replaced by ﷺ. 圣训 [Auf Ibn Malik] 报告说:他听到安拉的使者ﷺ说:"你们最好的伊玛目,是你们爱他们、他们也爱你们,你们为他们祈祷、他们也为你们祈祷的人……"[穆斯林,《圣训实录》,第4782条]。
Auf Ibn Malik reported that he heard the Messenger of Allah (P.B.U.H) say: “The best of your Imams are those whom you love and they love you and who pray for you and you pray for them ...” [Muslim, Sahih, #4782]. .
在这些圣训中,执行伊斯兰教法的统治者的称谓是哈里发(Khalifah)或伊玛目(Imam)。
In these ahadith the title of the ruler that executes the divine rules in Islam is the Khalifah or the Imam. .
关于“Amir al-Mu’mineen”(信士的长官)这一称号,最可靠的记载来自Shihab Al-Zuhri的圣训,由Al-Hakim收录于《Al-Mustadrak》(第3卷,第73页,第4480条),al-Zahabi在《Talkhis》中认定其为真实可靠。Al-Tabarani也记载了一段传述,Al-Haythami宣称其中所有的传述者都是可信的。Al-Hakim对该圣训的记述如下:
The most authentic reports regarding the title “Amir al-Mu’mineen,” came from the hadith of Shihab Al-Zuhri reported by Al-Hakim in al-Mustadrak [vol.3, p.73, #4480], which was authenticated by al-Zahabi [in the Talkhis]. Al- Tabarani has reported a narration regarding which Al-Haythami declared all transmitters of sound character. Al-Hakim narrates the hadith as follows: .
“伊本·沙哈卜传述:欧麦尔·伊本·阿卜杜勒·阿齐兹问艾布·伯克尔·伊本·苏莱曼·伊本·艾卜·哈西迈……‘谁是第一个以“埃米尔·穆米宁”(信士的长官)之名书写的人?’他说:‘沙法’告诉我,她是最早迁徙的女性之一,欧麦尔·伊本·胡塔卜(愿安拉喜悦他)写信给伊拉克总督,要求派两位强壮的人来,以便向他们询问伊拉克及其居民的情况。总督派来了莱比德·伊本·拉比阿和阿迪·伊本·哈提姆。他们抵达麦地那后,让骑着的两头骆驼停在清真寺的庭院里,然后走进清真寺。他们忽然看见阿姆尔·伊本·阿斯,便说:“阿姆尔啊,请你为我们请求许可,让我们觐见埃米尔·穆米宁!”阿姆尔说:“以安拉发誓,你们称呼他的名号是正确的。他是埃米尔,而我们是信士(穆米宁)。”随后阿姆尔跳起来,走到埃米尔·穆米宁欧麦尔面前,说:“艾assalamu 阿莱ka 亚 埃米尔·穆米宁(愿平安降临于你,信士的长官)。”欧麦尔说:“伊本·阿绥啊,你为何想到用这个称号?安拉知道你必须为你所说的话提供依据。”他说:“莱比德·伊本·拉比阿和阿迪·伊本·哈提姆到了,他们把骆驼停在清真寺的庭院里,来找我说:‘阿姆尔啊,请你为我们请求许可,让我们觐见埃米尔·穆米宁!’以安拉发誓,他们给你的称号是正确的:我们是信士,而你是我们的埃米尔。”从那时起,人们开始在书面中使用这一称号。’沙法是艾布·伯克尔·伊本·苏莱曼的祖母。此后,穆斯林在欧麦尔(愿安拉喜悦他)之后的哈里发们也都沿用这一称号。”[另见布哈里《圣训文选》(Adab al-Mufrad)第780条]
“Ibn Shihab narrated that ‘Umar ibn Abdul Aziz asked Abu Bakr ibn Suleiman ibn Abi Haythma…“Who was the first to write from Amir al-Mu’minin?” He said, “Ash-Shafa’ told me, who was from the first female emigrants, that ‘Umar ibn al-Khattab (ra) wrote to the governor of Iraq to request two strong men so as to ask them about Iraq and its people. He sent to him Labeed ibn Rabeeah and Adi ibn Hatim. When they arrived to al-Madinah they halted their two camel rides in the courtyard of the masjid and entered into the masjid. They suddenly saw Amr ibn al-Aas, and said, “Ask O Amr for us the permission to see Amir ul-Mu’mineen!” Amru said, “By Allah, you called him by his right name. He is the Amir, and we are the believers (mu’mineen).” Then Amru jumped and entered before ‘Umar, Amir ul-Mu’mineen and said, “Assalamu Alayka ya Amir ul-Mu’mineen (Peace be upon you O Amir of the believers).” ‘Umar said, “What made you think of this name, O ibn al-As? Allah knows you have to justify that which you say.” He said, “Labeed ibn Rabeeah and Adi ibn Hatim arrived and they camped their two camel rides in the courtyard of the masjid and came to me and said ask O Amru for us the permission to see Amir al-Mu’minin!’ By Allah they gave you the right name; we are the believers (mu’mineen) and you are our Amir.” Since then, they started using this title in writing.” Ash-Shifa’ was the grandmother of Abu Bakr ibn Suleiman. After this the Muslims continued to call the Khulafaa’ after ‘Umar (ra) by this title.” [See also Bukhari, Adab al-Mufrad, #780].