Bayt al-Mal是一个复合词，指国家收入在被支出之前保管的地方。它也可以指负责收取和支出穆斯林应得款项的机构。

Bayt al-Mal is a compound phrase construction, and indicates the place where the State's revenues are kept till they are spent. It could also mean the authority responsible for receiving and spending the funds entitled for the Muslims. .

我们已经采纳了这样的观点：瓦利被赋予一种特殊的权力，这种权力不包括军队、司法和财政。因此，整个军队将成为一个中央部门（由圣战总长领导）。司法将成为一个中央部门（称为司法部门），而全部财政构成一个中央部门（称为公库），它独立于国家内的任何其他机构，并与其他机构一样，隶属于哈里发。

We have already adopted that the wali is given a special authority that excludes the army, judiciary and funds. Thus, the whole army will be a central department (presided over by Amir al-Jihad). The judiciary will be a central department (known as judiciary), and the entire funds form a central department (known as bayt al-mal), which is separate from any other organisation in the State, and follows the Khalifah as do the other organisations. .

有充分的证据表明，公库（بيت المال）直接处于先知（愿主赐他平安）或哈里发之下，或由他所委派主持公库的人管理。先知（愿主赐他平安）有时亲自经手钱财，设有保险库，他接收钱财、分配并将其用在应有之处；有时他则委派他人负责此事。他之后的正统哈里发也是如此行事，他们有时亲自掌管公库，有时则委托他人代为管理。 先知（愿主赐他平安）曾将钱财放在清真寺中，正如布哈里从艾奈斯传述：他说："有一批钱从巴林被送到先知（愿主赐他平安）那里，他说：‘把它铺在清真寺里。’"（布哈里《圣训实录》，第421条） 他有时也将钱财放在某位妻子的房间里，正如布哈里从欧格白传述：他说：

There are abundant evidences that the bayt al-mal was under the direct authority of the Messenger (PBUH) or the Khalifah, or whoever he appointed to preside over it. The Messenger of Allah (PBUH) used to on occasions deal directly with the funds, where they had a safe. He used to receive the funds, distribute them and spend them in their due place. On other occasions He (PBUH) used to appoint somebody to take care of that. This is what the Khulafaa' Rashidun used to do after him, where they either they took charge of the Bayt al-mal by themselves or they delegated others to do that on their behalf.. The Messenger of Allah (PBUH) used to place the funds in the mosque, as Al-Bukhari narrated from Anas, he said:. "Some funds were brought to the Prophet (PBUH) from Bahrain. He said: ‘Spread it in the mosque’" [Bukhari, Sahih, #421].. He would sometimes put it in one of the rooms of his wives, as it was narrated by Al-Bukhari from Uqbah, he said: .

我把你扣住了，我命令它应当被分开”。他另外把它们存放在他的保险柜里，正如穆斯林引述欧麦尔的话，他说：

hold me back, and I ordered it should be divided’". He otherwise kept them in his safe as Muslim narrated from ‘Umar that he said: .

"于是我对她说:‘真主的使者ﷺ在哪里?’她说:‘他在木质小阁楼里的他的小柜子里。’我望向真主使者ﷺ的小柜子,忽然看见一边的屋角有大约一萨阿(一种小型容量单位)的大麦,以及与之相当的、用于榨汁的树果。我还看见屋里挂着一张未经硝制的兽皮。我的眼睛湿润了。先知ﷺ说:‘是什么让你哭泣,阿塔卜之子?’我说:‘真主的先知啊!我怎能不哭泣呢?这张席子已在您的身侧留下了痕迹,而这就是您的小柜子,里面除了我所看到的这些,我什么也没有看到。’"

"So I said to her, ‘Where is the Messenger of Allah (PBUH)?’ She said ‘He is in his safe in the wooden oriel.’ I gazed in the safe of the Messenger of Allah (PBUH), and I suddenly saw an amount of barley of about one sa' (a small cubic measure) and equal to that of tree fruits used for juice on one side of the room. I saw as well an untanned skin hanging in the room. My eyes wept. The Prophet said ‘What does make you weep, son of Al-Khattab?’ I said ‘O Prophet of Allah! Why I should not weep when this mat has influenced your side and this is your safe in which I do not see except that which I see’.” .

在四大哈里发时期,存放公共财物的地方逐渐被称为“拜特马尔”(bayt al-mal)。伊本·萨阿德在《al-Tabaqat》中引述沙勒·伊本·阿比·海赛迈及其他人的话说:“艾布·伯克尔在Al-Sanh有一座房子,没有人看守。有人对他说:‘你为什么不派人看守它?’他说:‘它有锁。’他把其中的财物分发出去,直到它被分空。当他迁往麦地那时,他把它搬走,放在自己的家中。”

At the time of the khulafa’ al-rashidun, the place in which funds were kept came to be known as bayt al-mal. Sa'd mentioned in Al-Tabaqaat from Shall ibn Abi Haythma and others: "Abu Bakr used to have a house in Al-Sanh not guarded by anybody. So it was said to him, ‘Why do you not put somebody to guard it?’ He said, ‘It has a lock.’ He used to give out that which was in it till it became empty. When he moved to Madinah, he moved it and placed it in his house." .

Hinad在《Al-Zuhd》中以一条可靠的传述,经由Anas叙述:他说:“有一个人来见‘Umar,说:‘Amir ul-Mu'minin啊!请资助我,因为我想去圣战。’‘Umar回答说:‘拉着他的手,带他去bayt al-mal,让他拿取他所需要的钱财。’” Al-Shafi'i在《Al-Umm》中叙述,Ibn Hajar认证了该传述,经由‘Abdullah ibn Wadi’ah,他说:“Salim是Abu Hudhayfah的仆人,他曾是我们一位名叫Salma bint Yeaar的女子的仆人,她在蒙昧时期释放了他。当他在Al-Yamamah阵亡后,他的遗产被送到‘Umar ibn Al-Khattab那里。于是他召来Wadeeah ibn Khidham并说:‘这是你仆人的遗产,你比别人更有权得到它。’他说:‘Amir ul-Mu'minin啊!安拉使我们不需要他。我们的女主人无条件地释放了他;所以我们不想因他的事情使自己蒙羞(或使自己受损)。’于是,‘Umar将他的遗产放入了Bayt al-Mal。” Al-Bayhaqi和Al-Darimi叙述,Ibn Hazim作了更正,传述说:“Sufyan ibn Abdullah ibn Rabeeah Al-Thaqafy拾到一个皮囊,并将它带给‘Umar ibn Al-Khattab。他说:‘你要宣告一年;如果有人认出它,就把它交给他,否则它就是你的。’”

Hinad narrated in Al-Zuhd through a good narration from Anas, he said: "A person came to ‘Umar and said, ‘O Amir ul-Mu'minin! Support me for I want to go in Jihad. ‘Umar replied, ‘Hold his hand and take him to bayt al-malso he can take the funds he wants." Al-Shafi'i narrated in Al-Umm, which was authenticated by Ibn Hajar from ‘Abdullah ibn Wadi’ah, he said: "Salim, the servant of Abu Hudhayfah was a servant to a woman from us called Salma bint Yeaar, she freed him in her days of Jahiliyyah. When he was killed in Al- Yamamah, his heritage was brought to ‘Umar ibn Al-Khattab. So he called upon Wadeeah ibn Khidham and said, ‘This is the heritage of your servant, and you deserve it more.’ He said, ‘O Amir ul-Mu'minin. Allah has made us of no need to him. Our woman has freed him unrestricted; so we do not want to bring disgrace to ourselves, (or to bring loss upon us) from his matter.’ So, ‘Umar put his heritage wealth in the Bayt al-Mal." Al-Bayhaqi and Al-Darimi narrated, and Ibn Hazim corrected that "Sufyan ibn Abdullah ibn Rabeeah Al- Thaqafy found a leather bag and brought it to ‘Umar ibn Al-Khattab. He said, announce it for one year; and if it was recognised then give it, otherwise it is yours.’ .

没有人认出来，于是他第二年遇到他，并向他提起此事。欧麦尔说："这是你的，因为安拉的使者（愿主福安之）命令我们……"我在麦地那随先知（愿主福安之）礼了晡礼。他在礼拜结束时道了撒兰，随即迅速站起，穿过在他身后的穆斯林行列，前往他某些妻子的房间。人们对他的迅速感到惊讶。他回到他们那里，看到他们因他的迅速而感到惊讶。他说："我想起我们这里有一些金粉，我讨厌它会耽误我，所以我命令把它分掉。"除此之外，他还将其保存在他的保险箱中。穆斯林从欧麦尔那里转述说他说："于是我对她说：'安拉的使者（愿主福安之）在哪里？'她说：'他在木窗的保险箱里。'我望进安拉的使者（愿主福安之）的保险箱，突然看到一堆约一沙阿（一种小型容量单位）的大麦，以及与用于榨汁的树上果实等量的东西，在房间的一侧。我还看到一张未经硝制的皮革挂在房间里。我的眼睛流泪了。先知说：'是什么使你哭泣，哈塔卜之子？'我说：'安拉的先知啊！为什么我不该哭泣呢？这张席子在您身侧留下了痕迹，而您的保险箱里除了我所看到的，我再看不到别的东西。'"

Nobody recognised it, so he met him the next year and mentioned it to him. ‘Umar said, ‘It is yours, for the Messenger of Allah (PBUH) ordered us "I prayed the asr behind the Prophet (PBUH) in Madinah. He gave salam at the end of the prayer and stood up quickly. He crossed the lines of the Muslims behind him going to some of his wives' rooms. The people were amazed of his speed. He came back to them, and saw they were surprised of his speed. He said, ‘I remembered some gold dust with us, so I hated it would hold me back, and I ordered it should be divided’". He otherwise kept them in his safe as Muslim narrated from ‘Umar that he said: "So I said to her, ‘Where is the Messenger of Allah (PBUH)?’ She said ‘He is in his safe in the wooden oriel.’ I gazed in the safe of the Messenger of Allah (PBUH), and I suddenly saw an amount of barley of about one sa' (a small cubic measure) and equal to that of tree fruits used for juice on one side of the room. I saw as well an untanned skin hanging in the room. My eyes wept. The Prophet said ‘What does make you weep, son of Al-Khattab?’ I said ‘O Prophet of Allah! Why I should not weep when this mat has influenced your side and this is your safe in which I do not see except that which I see’.” .

在哈里发时期的正统哈里发（al-khulafa’ al-rashidun）时代，存放公款的地方逐渐被称为“公库”（bayt al-mal）。萨德在《al-Tabaqaat》中引述沙尔·伊本·阿比·海赛玛（Shall ibn Abi Haythma）等人的说法：“艾布·伯克尔在Al-Sanh有一所房子，无人看守。有人对他说：‘你为何不派人看守它？’他说：‘它有锁。’他会把里面的东西拿出来分发，直到它空了。当他迁到麦地那时，他把它迁移过去，放在自己的房子里。” 欣德在《al-Zuhd》中通过一条可靠的传述，引述安斯的话：“有人来见欧麦尔，说：‘信士们的长官啊！请资助我，因为我想出去参加圣战。’欧麦尔说：‘拉着他的手，带他去公库，让他取走他所需要的钱财。’” 沙斐仪在《al-Umm》中引述阿卜杜拉·伊本·瓦迪阿（‘Abdullah ibn Wadi’ah）的话，伊本·哈哲尔认证其为可靠：“萨利姆是艾布·胡宰法的奴隶，是我们一位名叫萨勒玛·宾特·叶阿尔（Salma bint Yeaar）的妇女的奴隶，她在蒙昧时期释放了他。他在亚玛玛战役中被杀后，他的遗产被送到欧麦尔·伊本·哈塔卜那里。于是欧麦尔召来瓦德阿·伊本·希丹姆（Wadeeah ibn Khidham），说：‘这是你的奴隶的遗产，你比别人更有资格继承。’他说：‘信士们的长官啊！安拉已使我们不需要他的遗产。我们的女主人无条件地释放了他，所以我们不想因他的事而给自己带来耻辱（或使我们受损）。’于是，欧麦尔把他的遗产放入公库。” 拜海吉和达里米引述，伊本·哈兹姆予以校正：“苏福扬·伊本·阿卜杜拉·伊本·拉比‘ah·塞给菲（Sufyan ibn Abdullah ibn Rabeeah Al-Thaqafy）拾到一个皮囊，把它带给欧麦尔·伊本·哈塔卜。欧麦尔说：‘宣布一年；如果有人认出，就还给他，否则它就是你的。’”

At the time of the khulafa’ al-rashidun, the place in which funds were kept came to be known as bayt al-mal. Sa'd mentioned in Al-Tabaqaat from Shall ibn Abi Haythma and others: "Abu Bakr used to have a house in Al-Sanh not guarded by anybody. So it was said to him, ‘Why do you not put somebody to guard it?’ He said, ‘It has a lock.’ He used to give out that which was in it till it became empty. When he moved to Madinah, he moved it and placed it in his house.". Hinad narrated in Al-Zuhd through a good narration from Anas, he said: "A person came to ‘Umar and said, ‘O Amir ul-Mu'minin! Support me for I want to go in Jihad. ‘Umar replied, ‘Hold his hand and take him to bayt al-malso he can take the funds he wants." Al-Shafi'i narrated in Al-Umm, which was authenticated by Ibn Hajar from ‘Abdullah ibn Wadi’ah, he said: "Salim, the servant of Abu Hudhayfah was a servant to a woman from us called Salma bint Yeaar, she freed him in her days of Jahiliyyah. When he was killed in Al- Yamamah, his heritage was brought to ‘Umar ibn Al-Khattab. So he called upon Wadeeah ibn Khidham and said, ‘This is the heritage of your servant, and you deserve it more.’ He said, ‘O Amir ul-Mu'minin. Allah has made us of no need to him. Our woman has freed him unrestricted; so we do not want to bring disgrace to ourselves, (or to bring loss upon us) from his matter.’ So, ‘Umar put his heritage wealth in the Bayt al-Mal." Al-Bayhaqi and Al-Darimi narrated, and Ibn Hazim corrected that "Sufyan ibn Abdullah ibn Rabeeah Al- Thaqafy found a leather bag and brought it to ‘Umar ibn Al-Khattab. He said, announce it for one year; and if it was recognised then give it, otherwise it is yours.’ .

没有人认领,于是他在次年与他相见,并向他提起此事。欧麦尔说:"这是你的,因为安拉的使者(愿主赐福他并使他平安)命令我们这样做。"他说:"我不想要。"欧麦尔便将它拿走,放入了公库(Bayt al-mal)。 穆扎希德在《圣训集》中转述道,阿卜杜拉·本·阿穆尔说:"在奥斯曼时期,一名仆人去世,没有任何亲属。于是他下令将其财产存入公库。" 伊本·阿卜杜勒·巴尔在《伊斯提兹卡尔》中转述,阿奈斯·本·西琳说:"阿里过去分配公款,直到公库空无一物。然后它会被打扫干净,他便坐在里面。" 这是关于"公库"的第一种含义,即场所。至于第二种含义,即负责的管理机构,这是因为财物有时并不保存在某个场所之中,例如土地、油井、气井、矿产,以及从财产中提取并支付给应得之人的天课款项,它们都没有存放在某处。公库有时也用来指负责的管理机构,正如拜哈基、艾哈迈德在《穆斯南德》中,以及阿卜杜·拉扎克在《穆萨奈夫》中,从拉希格·本·胡迈德转述的:"伊本·麦斯欧德被派去主管司法与公库。"这并不意味着欧麦尔派他去公库当看门人,而是赋予他征收和支出款项的管理职责。这与伊本·穆巴拉克在《宰德》中从哈桑转述的含义相同:巴士拉的官员们与艾卜·穆萨·艾什尔里一同前来,请求他为他们分配食物。他在结束对他们的讲话时说:"诸位官员啊!我已从公库中为你们分配了两只羊和两块加里布(一块可耕种的土地)。"因此,它可以指负责的管理机构。

Nobody recognised it, so he met him the next year and mentioned it to him. ‘Umar said, ‘It is yours, for the Messenger of Allah (PBUH) ordered us to do that.’ He said, ‘I do not want it.’ ‘Umar took it and put it in the Bayt al- mal." Al-Darimi narrated from Abdullah ibn Amru, he said: "A servant passed away at the time of ‘Uthman without having a relative. So, he ordered that his wealth be put in Bayt al-mal." Ibn Abd al-Barr narrated in Al-Istidhkar from Anas ibn Sirin “Ali used to divide the funds until the bayt al-mal became empty. It would then be cleaned and he would sit in it.". This is in regards to the first meaning of Bayt al-mal, which is the place. With regards to the second meaning, which is the responsible authority, this is necessitated by the fact that the funds are sometimes not kept in a place, such as like the lands, oil wells, gas wells, mines, and the charity funds that are taken from the wealth and paid to its deserved people without being kept in a place. The Bayt al-malis sometimes used to mean the responsible authority as narrated by Al-Bayhaqi, Ahmad in Al-Musnad, and ‘Abd al-Razzaq in His Musannaf, from Lahiq ibn Humayd "Ibn Mas'ud was sent to preside over the judiciary and bayt al-mal.” It would not mean that ‘Umar sent him as a doorman to the bayt al-mal, rather with responsible authority of collecting and spending the funds. This is the same meaning as narrated by Ibn Al- Mubarak in Al-Zuhd from Al-Hasan, when the amirs of Al-Basrah came with Abu Musa Al-Ash’ari and requested from him to assign food for them. He said in concluding his words to them: "O folk of amirs! I have assigned to you from the Bayt al-maltwo sheep and two gareeb (a patch of arable land)", thus it can mean the responsible authority.

真主的使者ﷺ曾将奥斯曼为“困难军”（جيش العسرة）捐献的物资放在自己的膝上接收。艾哈迈德有载，提尔米兹圣训集也有载，并评为“良好（hasan）且罕见（gharib）”；哈基姆也有载并予以校正，宰哈卜赞同他的看法。传述者是阿卜杜勒·拉赫曼·本·萨穆拉，他说：

The Messenger of Allah (PBUH) was the one that received the donations of ‘Uthman to the army of hardship ('usrah) in his lap. Ahmad narrated and Al-Tirmidhi narrated from hasan and gharib, and Al-Hakim narrated it and corrected it, Al-Dhahabi agreed with him, from Abdul Rahman ibn Samrah that he said: .

“幽斯曼”在准备困难之军（塔布克之役）时，带着一千第纳尔来见先知ﷺ，把它倒在先知ﷺ的怀里。他说，先知ﷺ开始翻动这些钱币，并说：“幽斯曼今天以后所做的任何事，都不会使他受损。”他重复说了多次。先知ﷺ有时亲自分配这些钱。布哈里从艾奈斯处传述：

"‘Uthman came to the Prophet (PBUH) with one thousand dinar when he prepared the army of the hardship (ghazwah of Tabuk) and he emptied it in the lap of the Prophet (PBUH). He said the Prophet (PBUH) started to turn them around and say: ‘Uthman will not be harmed by any work he does after today, and he said that many times". He used sometimes to divide them by himself. Al-Bukhari narrated from Anas: .

"从巴林运来的财物被带到先知ﷺ那里。他说：'把它们撒在清真寺里。'他做完拜后，就坐在财物旁边，没有看见任何人而不给他的。因此，当安拉的使者ﷺ站起身来时，财物上已没有一枚迪拉姆留下。"艾布·伯克尔亲自负责分配从巴林运来的财物。布哈里从哲比尔处传述，他说：

"Funds from Bahrain were brought to the Prophet (PBUH). He said spread them in the mosque. When he finished the prayer, he sat down close to them and left nobody he saw without giving him. So, when the Messenger of Allah (PBUH) stood up there was no single dirham left with them.". Abu Bakr took responsibility of dividing by himself the funds coming from Bahrain. Al-Bukhari narrated from Jabir, he said: .

“安拉的使者ﷺ说：‘如果巴林的财物来到，我就这样、这样、这样地给你，’即三次。当安拉的使者ﷺ去世，巴林的财物到来时，艾布·伯克尔命人呼喊：‘凡是曾经欠安拉的使者ﷺ债务或有他承诺之物的人，请到我们这里来。’于是我去见他，说安拉的使者ﷺ曾说：‘我应得这样、这样’，于是他给了我三次。”

"The Messenger of Allah (PBUH) said: ‘If funds came from Bahrain, I would give you thus and thus and thus, i.e. three times. When the Messenger of Allah (PBUH) passed away and the funds came from Bahrain, Abu Bakr ordered somebody to call: Whoever has some debt or something with the Messenger of Allah (PBUH) let him come to us. So I went to him and said the Messenger of Allah (PBUH) said: ‘for me is thus and thus, so he gave me three times.’".

在上文所引苏夫扬·塞给菲关于他发现皮袋并报告给欧麦尔的圣训中,有这样一句:"欧麦尔拿起它,将其放入公库(Bayt al-mal)。" 沙斐仪在《乌姆》中记载道:他说:"不止一位学者告诉我们:伊拉克的战利品送到欧麦尔·本·哈塔卜处时,公库的管理者对他说:'让我把它们放进公库吧。'他说:'不!以天房之主起誓,在分配之前,它们不会存放在任何一座房屋中。'于是他下令将其放在清真寺里,上面铺上皮垫,由穆哈吉尔和安莎尔的人守护。第二天早上,阿拔斯·本·阿卜杜勒·穆塔里布和阿卜杜勒·拉赫曼·本·奥夫与他一同出来,他或者握着其中一人的手,或者被其中一人握着手。他们看到他时,便将皮垫从财物上移开。于是他看到了一幕从未见过的景象:他看到金子、蓝宝石、橄榄石和珍珠闪闪发光,他哭了。其中一人对他说:'以真主起誓!今天不是哭泣的日子,而是赞颂和喜悦的日子。'他说:'以真主起誓!我不是这样想的。这样的财富在任何民族中只会增长其祸害,使他们之间互相伤害。'随后他转向克尔白,举起双手说:'我的主啊!我求你庇护我,免受诱惑,因为我听到你(SWT)说:'

In a hadith mentioned above of Sufyan Al-Thaqafy regarding the leather bag which he found and announced to ‘Umar: "‘Umar took it and put it in the Bayt al-mal". Al-Shafi'i narrated in Al-Umm, he said: "More than one of the scholars told us that when the spoils of Iraq reached ‘Umar ibn Al-Khattab, the trustee of Bayt al-mal told him, ‘let me put them in the Bayt al-mal.’ He said: ‘No! By the Lord of the Ka'bah, it will not be kept in any house till it is divided.’ So he ordered it should be put in the masjid, and leather mats were put on top of it and men from Al-Muhajirin and Al-Ansar guarded it. In the morning, Al-‘Abbas ibn Abdul Muttalib and Abdul Rahman ibn Awf went out with him, he was either holding the hand of one of them, or one of them was holding his hand. When they saw him, they removed the leather mats away from the funds. So, he saw a scene he never saw before. He saw the gold, sapphire, chrysolite and pearl sparkling and he cried. One of them said to him, ‘By Allah! This is not a day of crying, rather a day of praising and delight.’ He said ‘By Allah! I did not think of it your way. Rather, such funds will not increase in any people except their harm falls between them.’ Then he turned to the Qiblah, rose up his hands and said, ‘O my Lord! I seek protection with you from being allured, for I hear You (S.W.T) saying: .