“拜亚”（效忠之约）是所有穆斯林的义务，也是每一位穆斯林——无论男女——的权利。关于拜亚为义务的证据很多，其中之一是安拉的使者ﷺ的话：

The Bay’ah is an obligation upon all Muslims and it is also the right of every Muslim, male and female. The evidences concerning the Bay’ah being an obligation are numerous; of these is the speech of the Messenger of Allah (pbuh):

“谁死时颈上没有效忠之约，他就是死于蒙昧时代（Jahiliyyah）的死。”［穆斯林圣训实录（Muslim）所载］效忠之约（Bay'ah）本身表明，它是穆斯林的权利，这一点可以从效忠之约本身理解：它是穆斯林向哈里发所立的约，而不是哈里发向穆斯林所立的约。穆斯林向先知ﷺ立效忠之约，已被众多列为可信（Sahih）的圣训所证实。布哈里（Al-Bukhari）记载，乌巴达·伊本·萨米特说：

“Whoever dies while there was no allegiance on his neck dies a death of the days of ignorance (Jahiliyyah).” [Narrated by Muslim] The fact that the Bay’ah itself indicates that it is the right of the Muslims, is understood from the Bay’ah itself, for it is from the Muslims to the Khaleefah, and not from the Khaleefah to the Muslims. The Bay’ah of the Muslims to the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) has been confirmed in much sound Ahadith listed as Sahih. In Al-Bukhari, it has been reported that Ubadah Ibnus Samit said:

“我们向安拉的使者宣誓，无论顺境逆境都完全服从，不与掌权者争夺权位；无论身在何处都说真话、秉持真理，在安拉的事业上不畏惧任何人的指责。”这段圣训载于《布哈里圣训实录》，由艾由卜传自哈夫赛，哈夫赛又传自乌姆·阿提耶说：

“We pledged ourselves in complete obedience to the Messenger of Allah, in weal and woe, and that we would not dispute the matter (authority) with its people, that we would speak or stand the truth at all times wherever we were and that in Allah’s service we would fear the censure of no one.” In Bukhari, it has been narrated on the authority of Ayyub from Hafsa that Umm Atyya said:

我们向安拉的使者宣誓效忠（Bay'ah），他便向我们诵读“他们不应以任何事物同安拉并列”，并禁止我们哀号。我们中有一位妇女收回了她的手，说：“某某妇女让我感到高兴，我想回报她。”先知ﷺ没有说什么，那妇女便离开了，之后又回来了。 艾卜·胡莱赖传述：安拉的使者ﷺ说：

“We gave our Bay’ah to the Messenger of Allah (pbuh), so He (pbuh) recited to us ‘they should associate none with Allah’ and He forbade us from wailing. A woman among us withdrew her hand saying: ‘so and so woman has made me happy and I want to reward her’, He (pbuh) said nothing, the woman went then came back.” ‘Abu Hurayra reported that the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) said:

“有三种人，真主在复活日不与他们说话，也不称许他们，不使他们清净，他们将受到严厉的惩罚：一种人是拥有多余的水，却不给过路的旅人；一种人是为了自己的私利而向伊玛目效忠宣誓，如果伊玛目给他想要的，他就忠诚于他，否则就不忠诚；还有一种人是在阿斯尔拜之后，向另一个人兜售货物，并指着真主发誓说，他的货物曾被出了这么高的价钱，那人便信了他并买下了货物，而实际上他并没有被出那么高的价钱。”[布哈里和穆斯林圣训实录]布哈里和穆斯林传述，伊本·欧麦尔说：

“There are three types of people whom Allah would not talk to nor would He praise or purify them on the Day of Judgement, and they will be subjected to severe punishment: A man who has water to spare and would not give it to the wayfarer, and a man who gives his Bay’ah to an Imam for his own good, if He gave him what He wanted He would be loyal to him, otherwise He would not, and a man who offers another man goods for sale after Asr prayer, swearing by Allah that He was given so much price for it, and so He believed him and took the goods, while He was not given that price for it.” [Narrated by Bukhari and Muslim] Al-Bukhari and Muslim narrated from ‘Abdullah Ibnu ‘Umar, He said:

“当我们向安拉的使者ﷺ宣誓效忠，承诺听从和服从时，他ﷺ常对我们说：‘尽你们所能。’”布哈里圣训集记载，哲利尔·本·阿卜杜拉说：

“when we gave our Bay’ah to the Messenger of Allah (pbuh), to hear and to obey, He (pbuh) used to say to us: ‘As much as you can.’” Al-Bukhari narrated from Jarir Ibnu ‘Abdullah, He said:

“我向安拉的使者ﷺ宣誓效忠，承诺听从并服从。于是他对我说：‘尽你所能，并要为每一位穆斯林进行劝诫。’”Junada Ibnu Aby Umayya说道：

“I gave my Bay’ah to the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) to hear and to obey, so He dictated to me: ‘As much as you can, and to give advice to every Muslim.’” Junada Ibnu Aby Umayya said:

我们进入乌巴德·本·萨米特的家中,当时他正患病。我们对他说:“愿安拉治愈你。你能否给我们讲一段圣训?愿安拉因此而赏赐你,那是你从安拉的使者ﷺ那里听来的。”他说:“安拉的使者ﷺ召集我们,我们便向他宣誓效忠(Bay'ah)。他向我们索取的誓约是:我们将听从并服从,无论顺境还是逆境、无论轻松还是艰难,以及在他人之上优先考虑他(即统治者)的权利;并且我们不与掌权者争夺权位,除非我们亲眼见到他们犯下明显的大不信行为,而我们对此有来自安拉的确证。” [Narrated by al-Bukhari and Muslim]

“We entered Ubadah Ibnus Samit’s home while He was ill and said to him: ‘May Allah cure you, won’t you tell us a Hadith that Allah my reward you for, which you heard from the Messenger of Allah (pbuh)?’ He said: ‘The Messenger of Allah (pbuh) called us and we gave him our Bay’ah, and said: of what He took from us that we pledged to hear and obey, in weal and woe, in ease and hardship and in preference to ourselves and that we would not dispute the matter (authority) with its people’, He said: ‘unless we witness a flagrant act of disbelief which we have proof about from Allah (swt).’” [Narrated by al-Bukhari and Muslim]

因此，哈里发的效忠誓约（Bay’ah）掌握在穆斯林手中，这是他们的权利，由他们来给予效忠，而他们的效忠誓约使哈里发职位得以归属于哈里发本人。效忠誓约可以通过握手的方式给予，也可以用书面形式给予。‘Abdullah Ibnu Dinar说：“我亲眼见到，当人们一致拥立‘Abdul Malik ibn Marwan为领袖时，Ibnu ‘Umar说：‘我在此书面表明，我同意听从并服从真主的仆人‘Abdul Malik，信士的长官，遵照真主的经典和祂的使者ﷺ的逊奈，并竭尽我的能力。’”效忠誓约也可以通过其他任何方式给予。

Thus the Bay’ah for a Khaleefah is in the hands of the Muslims, it is their right and they are the ones who give the Bay’ah and their Bay’ah is the one that makes the Khilafah convened to the Khaleefah. The Bay’ah is given by a handshake, but it could also be given in writing. ‘Abdullah Ibnu Dinar said: “I witnessed Ibnu ‘Umar when people agreed on (the imarah of) ‘Abdul Malik ibn Marwan, He said: ‘I write herewith that I agree to hear and obey the servant of Allah, ‘Abdul Malik, the Ameer of Believers, according to the Book of Allah and the Sunnah of His Messenger, and to the best of my ability.’ The Bay’ah can also be given by any other means.

然而，宣誓效忠（Bay'ah）只应从成年人处接受，因为儿童的宣誓效忠是无效的。阿布·阿qeel·扎拉赫·伊本·玛阿巴德（Abu Aqeel Zahrah Ibnu Ma'abad）转述其祖父阿卜杜拉·伊本·希沙姆（'Abdullah Ibnu Hisham）的说法，他生活在安拉的使者ﷺ的时代。他的母亲宰奈卜·伊本特·哈米德（Zainab Ibnatu Hamid）带他去见安拉的使者ﷺ，并说："安拉的使者啊，请从他那里接受宣誓效忠。"于是安拉的使者ﷺ说：

However, the Bay’ah should only be taken from the adult, as the Bay’ah of the child is not valid. Abu Aqeel Zahrah Ibnu Ma’abad reported on the authority of his grand-father ‘Abdullah Ibnu Hisham who lived during the time of the Messenger of Allah (pbuh), that his mother Zainab Ibnatu Hamid took him to the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) and said: “O Messenger of Allah, take a Bay’ah from him”; upon this the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) said:

“他还年轻”，他（ﷺ）抚摸他的头，并为他祈祷。 [Narrated by Bukhari]

“He is young”, He (pbuh) wiped over his head and prayed for him. [Narrated by Bukhari]

关于效忠誓约（Bay'ah）的措辞，可以有所不同，并不局限于某一固定说法。但它应当包含这样的承诺：哈里发依照安拉的经典和其使者的逊奈行事；并且给予效忠者应当承诺在顺境与逆境中、在安逸与艰难时都服从。一旦效忠誓约已经交付给哈里发，或者穆斯林的效忠已经为他缔结了哈里发职位，那么这份效忠便成为效忠者颈上的一份信托。此后他不得收回。每一位穆斯林都有权参与缔结哈里发的职位。哈里发一经缔结，任何人都不得撤销，即使他想这样做也不被允许。 布哈里传述，哲比尔·本·阿卜杜拉说，一位乡下人在伊斯兰问题上向安拉的使者ﷺ效忠，但他病了，于是他说：

As for the wording of the Bay’ah, this may vary; it is not restricted to any specific wording. It should, however include the commitment that the Khaleefah acts according to the Book of Allah and the Sunnah of His Messenger; and that the person who gives the Bay’ah should pledge to obey in weal and woe and in ease and hardship. Once the Bay’ah is given to the Khaleefah or the Bay’ah of the Muslims to him contracted the Khilafah to the Khaleefah, then the Bay’ah becomes a trust on the neck of the one who gives the Bay’ah. Thereafter He is not allowed to withdraw it. It is the right of every Muslim to partake in contracting the Khaleefah. Once the Khaleefah has been contracted, it is not allowed for anyone to withdraw it. It is not allowed for him even if He wanted to do so.. Al Bukhari narrated from Jabir ibn ‘Abdullah  that a bedouin gave Bay’ah to the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) on Islam, but He became ill, so He said:

“解除我的誓约吧”，真主的使者ﷺ说道：

‘Relieve me of my Bay’ah”, the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) said:

“城市（麦地那）就像铁匠的风箱（或熔炉），它去除（净化）其中的污秽，它的美好（芬芳）得以显现（闪耀）。”穆斯林（Muslim）也引述了纳菲尔的话：他说：伊本·欧麦尔对我说：我听到安拉的使者ﷺ说：

“The town (Madinah) is like the mason’s bellow (or furnace), it gets rid of (cleans) its impurity, and its goodness (scent) manifests (shines).” Muslim also narrated from Nafi’, He said: ‘Abdullah ibn ‘Omar said to me: I heard the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) say:

“谁从服从中收回手，他在审判日见到安拉时将没有为自己的证据。”所以违背对哈里发的效忠，就是从服从安拉中收回手。然而，这只限于他对哈里发的效忠是契约性的效忠，或者是对一位由穆斯林契约委任的哈里发的效忠。但如果他最初向某人效忠为哈里发，而这项效忠对该人（哈里发）并未完成，那么他有权解除这项效忠，鉴于穆斯林整体并未接受此人。因此，圣训中所表达的禁止，针对的是收回对已成为哈里发者的效忠，而不是针对哈里发契约未曾完成的人。

“Whoever withdraws a hand from obedience, He would meet Allah on the day of judgement without having proof for himself.” So breaking the Bay’ah to the Khaleefah is a withdrawal of the hand from the obedience to Allah. However, this is the case if his Bay’ah to the Khaleefah was a Bay’ah of contract, or a Bay’ah of obedience to a Khaleefah who had been contracted by the Muslims. But if He pledged himself to a Khaleefah initially, and the Bay’ah was not completed to him (the Khaleefah), then He has the right to relieve himself from that Bay’ah, in view of the fact that the Muslims, as a whole, did not accept him. So the prohibition expressed in the Hadith is focused on withdrawing a Bay’ah to a Khaleefah, not to a man for whom the Khilafah contract was not completed.