军旗（Alwiyah）与战旗（Rayaat）分配给军队。哈里发将军旗（Liwaa’）授予他任命为军队统帅的人；而战旗（Rayaat）则由各军旗的指挥官（Alwiyah）持有和呈递。

Flags (Alwiyah) and banners (Rayaat) are assigned to the army. The Khaleefah gives the flag (Liwaa’) to the one whom He appoints over the army; but the banners (Rayaat) are presented by the chiefs of the Alwiyah (Flags).

证据是先知的做法,他为军队指定了旗帜(Alwiyah)和旌旗(Rayaat)。伊本·马哲根据伊本·阿拔斯的传述,先知的旌旗是黑色的,他的旗帜是白色的。提尔米兹根据巴拉·本·阿兹布的传述,当他被问及安拉使者的旌旗时,他说先知的旌旗是黑色的,呈方形,由Namerah制成(一种有白色和黑色条纹的毛织物,或者像贝都因人所穿的那种毛织布),这在《词典·Al-Muheet》中有解释。先知有一面名为Al-'Uqab的旌旗,由黑色羊毛制成。艾哈迈德和伊本·马哲根据哈里斯·本·哈桑·本·阿尔-巴克里的传述,他说:“我们来到麦地那,看到先知ﷺ在讲坛上,比拉勒站在他面前佩着剑,先知ﷺ面前有黑色的旌旗。我说:‘这些旌旗是什么?’他们说:‘这是阿慕尔·本·阿绥刚从远征归来。’”提尔米兹以如下措辞转述:“我来到麦地那,进入清真寺,发现里面挤满了人,有黑色的旌旗在摇曳,比拉勒在先知ﷺ面前佩着剑。我问:‘怎么了?’他们说:‘他(ﷺ)想派阿慕尔·本·阿绥到某个地区去。’”伊本·马哲根据哲比尔的传述,先知ﷺ在征服麦加之日进入麦加,他的旗帜是白色的。在奈萨仪的传述中还有,阿奈斯说,在先知ﷺ的某些战役中,伊本·乌m·麦克图姆手中持有一面黑色的旌旗。阿奈斯还传述,当先知ﷺ任命欧萨麦·本·宰德为进攻罗马人的军队长官时,他亲手把旗帜系在他身上。旌旗与旗帜有所不同。 阿布·伯克尔·阿勒-阿拉比说:“旗帜(Liwa')系在矛头的末端,并且缠绕在矛上,而旗(Rayah)则系在矛上,任由风吹拂。”提尔米济也倾向于区分二者,他在论述旗帜时引用了前面提到的贾比尔的圣训,并对旗(Rayah)作了评论,还引用了前面提到的巴拉厄的圣训。 在战争中以及由战斗指挥官使用的是旗(Rayah),正如穆塔战役的圣训所述:扎伊德阵亡后,贾法尔接过了旗。至于旗帜(Liwa'),它曾被竖立在军队的营地上作为标志,并由该军队的统帅手持,正如派遣奥萨麦前往叙利亚的圣训所载:“使者ﷺ亲手为他(奥萨麦)系上了旗帜”,即当他任命奥萨麦为军队的统帅时。 旗(Rayah)与旗帜(Liwa')的区别在于:旗帜系在矛头的末端,名为“'Alam”,比旗(Rayah)更大,它属于军队统帅的位置,统帅走到哪里,它就跟随到哪里;而旗(Rayah)系在矛上,任由风吹拂,由战争的指挥官看管。旗(Rayah)被称为“战争之母”,因此每支军队通常只有一面旗(Rayah),而其分支、旅和营则各有专门的旗帜。

The evidence for this is the action of the Prophet (pbuh) because He assigned flags (Alwiyah) and banners (Rayaat) to the army. Ibnu Maja narrated on the authority of Ibnu Abbas that the banner of the Prophet (pbuh) was black and that his flag was white. Tirmithi narrated from Bara bin ‘Azib, that when He was asked about the Rayah of the Messenger of Allah (pbuh), He said that the banner of the Prophet (pbuh) was black, square and made of Namerah, (a woollen cloth which has white and black stripes or a woollen piece of cloth like the one that bedouins wear), which is explained in the dictionary of Al-Muheet. For the Prophet (pbuh) there was a banner called Al-’Uqab that was made of black wool. Ahmad and Ibnu Majah narrated from Al-Harith bin Hassaan bin Al-Bakri who said; “We came to Madinah and we saw the Prophet (pbuh) on the Minbar, with Bilal standing in front of Him wearing his sword, and there were black banners in front of the Messenger (pbuh); “I said ‘What are these banners?’ They said; ‘It is ‘Amr bin ‘Al- ’Aas who has just arrived from an expedition.’” Al-Tirmidhi narrated it with the following wording; “I came to Madinah, entered the Masjid and found it crowded with people and there were black banners swaying and Bilal was wearing a sword in front of the Prophet (pbuh), I said ‘what is the matter?’ They said; ‘He (pbuh) wants to send ‘Amr bin ‘Al-’Aas to a certain area.’” Ibn Majah narrated from Jabir that the Prophet (pbuh) entered Makkah on the day of its conquest and his flag was white. It was also narrated from Anas in An-Nasai that Ibnu Umm Maktoum had with Him a black banner in some of the battles of the Prophet (pbuh). It was also narrated from Anas that when the Prophet (pbuh) appointed Usamah bin Zayd as an Ameer of the army to attack the Romans He tied to Him his flag by his hand. The banner is different from the flag. Abu Bakr Al-’Arabi said; “the flag is tied at the end of the spear and is wrapped around it whilst the banner is tied to the spear but is left for the winds to blow.” Al-Tirmithi also inclined to differentiate between them and when He wrote about the flags He brought the Hadith of Jabir mentioned previously as well as commented on the banner, and brought the Hadith of Al-Bara’a that was also mentioned previously. The banner (Rayah) was used during the war and by the leader of the battle as narrated in the Hadith of the battle of Mu’ta, when Zayd was killed and Ja’afar took the banner. With regards to the flag, (Liwa’a) it used to be placed over the camp of the army as a sign for it, and it used to be held for the Ameer of that army as it came in the Hadith of sending Usamah to Ash-Sham “...and that the Messenger (pbuh) tied his (Usamah’s) flag with his hand”, i.e. when He appointed Him an Ameer over the army. The difference between the banner and flag is that the flag is tied to the end of the spear and it was called “‘Alam” which is bigger than the banner and it is assigned to the place of the leader of the army. It goes wherever He goes, whereas the banner is tied to the spear and left for the winds to blow. The leader of the war looks after it. The banner is called the ‘mother of the war’, so for each army there is usually one banner, but for its divisions, brigades and battalions there are special banners.

在黑色的旗帜(Rayah)上用白字写着“万物非主，唯有真主；穆罕默德是真主的使者ﷺ”，在白色的旗帜(Liwaa’)上用黑字写着同样的内容。

It is written on the black banner (rayah) “La ilaha illa Allah, Mohammad Ar-Rasool ul-Allah” in white, and written on the white banner (liwaa’) “La ilaha illa Allah, Mohammad Ar-Rasool ul-Allah” in black.

在伊斯兰教中，最早系起的旗帜是‘Abdullah bin Jahsh的旗帜。一面黑色的旗帜，上有白色的新月，系给了Sa’d ibn Malik Al- Azdi。这表明军队必须有旗帜和标识，哈里发将旗帜或标识系给他所任命统领军队的人。至于Rayah（大旗），哈里发可以授予，也可以交由旅长们自行决定。关于哈里发可以分发旗帜，其依据是穆斯林和Al-Bukhari从Salamah bin Akwa’a所传的圣训：先知ﷺ说：“我将把Rayah交给一个人，明天持Rayah的人，是安拉和祂的使者所爱的人。”或者他说：“他爱安拉和祂的使者……安拉将为他开启胜利之门。”就在这时，‘Ali（愿安拉喜悦他）突然出现，而我们并未料到他会在那里。于是他们说：“这就是‘Ali。”于是安拉的使者ﷺ将Rayah交给了他，安拉便为他开启了胜利之门。 至于旅长分发旗帜，可以从Al-Harith bin Al-Haassan Al-Bakri的圣训中得知，前文在两个版本中都提到过，其中说到有黑色的旗帜：“……忽然出现了黑色的旗帜”，这表明军中有许多Rayah，尽管其统帅只有一人，即‘Amr ibnu Al-’Ass，无论是在出征归来还是前往出征时。这表明这些Rayah掌握在各营指挥官手中，并没有证据显示是先知ﷺ亲自将这些Rayah授予他们。不过，哈里发允许各旅统帅将旗帜交给营长，这样更有利于组织管理，尽管这在教法上属于允许（Mubah）的范围。

The first flag that was tied in Islam was the flag of ‘Abdullah bin Jahsh. A black banner that had a white crescent was tied to Sa’d ibn Malik Al- Azdi. This indicates that there must be flags and banners for the army and the Khaleefah ties the flag or the banner to whomsoever He appoints over the army. With regards to the Rayah it is allowed for the Khaleefah to allocate it or it can be left to the commanders of brigades. Regarding the fact that it is allowed for the Khaleefah to distribute the flags, it is due to what Muslim and Al-Bukhari narrated from Salamah bin Akwa’a that the Prophet (pbuh) said; “‘I will give the Rayah to a man, or the one who will take the Rayah tomorrow is a man whom Allah and His Messenger love.’ Or He said, ‘He loves Allah and His Messenger... Allah will open up to him.’ All of a sudden, Ali (raw) was there, where we did not expect him. So they said, ‘This is Ali, so the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) gave Him the Rayah and thus Allah opened up to him.’” As regards to the leader of the brigade distributing the flags, it is understood from the Hadith of Al-Harith bin Al-Haassan Al-Bakri which came before in both narrations, which stated that there were black banners; “...suddenly there were black banners”, which means that there were many Rayaat with the army, though its Ameer was one person, who was ‘Amr ibnu Al-’Ass, whether He was coming back from a Ghazwa or going out to a Ghazwa. This indicates that these Rayaat were with the leaders of the battalions and there was no evidence that the Messenger (pbuh) was the one who gave them these Rayaat. However, it is allowed for the Khaleefah to allow the Ameer of the brigades to give the banners to the battalion commanders, and this is much more proper for organisation, although it is Mubah (allowed).