1.1 解经学派
1.1 Schools Of Tafseer
在这一时期形成的最著名的释经中心，是麦加、麦地那和伊拉克。在麦加，伊本·阿拔斯的释经学派最为突出。阿卜杜拉·伊本·阿拔斯被认为是圣门弟子中最伟大的释经学者。他曾传述，有一次先知ﷺ拥抱了他，并为他作了如下祈祷：
The most notable centers of tafseer which evolved during this period were those of Makkah, Madeenah, and ‘Iraaq. In Makkah, the tafseer school of Ibn ‘Abbaas became the most prominent. ‘Abdullaah ibn ‘Abbaas was considered to be the greatest tafseer scholar among the sahaabah. He reported that once the Prophet ( ﷺ) hugged him and prayed for him as follows,
“主啊，求你赐予他对宗教的深刻理解，并使他精通经文的诠释。”29
“O Allaah, give him a deep understanding of the religion and make him skilled in interpretation.” 29
‘Abdullaah ibn Mas‘ood，作为圣门弟子中的伟大学者，据传被赐予“古兰经的翻译者”（Tarjumaan al-Qur’aan）这一称号。Ibn ‘Abbaas最著名的学生有：Mujaahid ibn Jabr、‘Ikrimah（Ibn ‘Abbaas的获释奴隶）、Sa‘eed ibn Jubayr、Taawoos ibn Keesaan al-Yamaanee，以及‘Ataa ibn Abee Rabaah。31
‘Abdullaah ibn Mas‘ood, the great scholar among the sahaabah, was reported to have conferred on him the title, “Tarjumaan al-Qur’aan,” 30 “Translator of the Qur’aan.” The most famous students of Ibn ‘Abbaas were Mujaahid ibn Jabr, ‘Ikrimah (the freed slave of Ibn ‘Abbaas), Sa‘eed ibn Jubayr, Taawoos ibn Keesaan al-Yamaanee, and ‘Ataa ibn Abee Rabaah.31
在麦地那，最著名的经注学派是乌班耶·本·凯尔布的学派。当时大多数同时代人都认为，他是最优秀的古兰经诵读者。乌班耶也是先知穆罕默德ﷺ最先选定来记录古兰经启示的人。32 据传，先知ﷺ曾对他说：
In Madeenah, the most noted school of tafseer was that of Ubayy ibn Ka‘b, who was considered by most of his contemporaries as the top reciter of the Qur’aan. Ubayy was also the first person chosen by the Prophet (r) to record the revelation of the Qur’aan.32 The Prophet (r) was reported to have said to him,
“真的，安拉，至大至尊，命令我为你们诵读：‘Lam yakunillatheena kafaroo.’（《黎明章》）。”
“Verily, Allaah, the Most Great and Glorious, has commanded me to recite to you, ‘Lam yakunillatheena kafaroo.’ (Soorah al-Bayyinah).”
他问真主是否曾提到过他的名字,先知(愿主福安之)告诉他确有此事,于是乌ball·本·凯尔哭了。 Ubayy的最著名的学生有宰德·本·艾斯兰、阿布·阿里耶和穆罕默德·本·凯布·古拉祖伊。 Wait—I need to correct the name: Ubayy should be transliterated consistently. Final: 他问真主是否曾提到过他的名字,先知ﷺ告诉他确有此事,于是乌班耶·本·凯尔哭了。乌班耶最著名的学生有宰德·本·艾斯兰、阿布·阿利耶和穆罕默德·本·凯布·古拉祖伊。34
asked if Allaah had mentioned him by name, the Prophet (r) told him yes, and Ubayy cried.33 Ubayy’s most notable students were Zayd ibn Aslam, Aboo al ‘Aaliyah, and Muhammad ibn Ka‘b al-Qurathee.34
在伊拉克,伊本·麦斯欧德主持着当时最负盛名的经文注释学派。阿卜杜拉·伊本·麦斯欧德是第六位皈依伊斯兰教的人,35 他也是最优秀的古兰经诵读者之一。先知ﷺ亲自赞扬他的诵读,说道:
In ‘Iraaq, Ibn Mas‘ood headed the most prominent school of tafseer. ‘Abdullaah ibn Mas‘ood, the sixth person to enter Islaam,35 was among the top reciters of the Qur’aan. The Prophet (r) himself praised his recitation saying,
“谁想要以《古兰经》降示时那种温润的方式来诵读，就应当像伊本·乌姆·阿卜杜（伊本·麦斯欧德）那样诵读。”36 至于他的注释学知识，伊本·麦斯欧德说：“除了祂之外再无别的真主，我发誓，我知道真主的经典中每一节经文降示于何处、因何而降。”37
“Whoever wishes to recite the Qur’aan in the tender manner in which it was revealed should recite it as Ibn Umm ‘Abd (Ibn Mas‘ood) does.” 36 As for his knowledge of tafseer, Ibn Mas‘ood said, “By the One besides Whom there is no other god, I know where and why every verse of Allaah’s book was revealed.” 37
在伊本·麦斯欧德的众多学生中，后来自己也成为学者的有：哈桑·巴士里、阿勒格默·本·盖斯、迈斯如格、阿斯沃德·本·叶齐德，以及阿米尔·沙尔比。38
Among the many students of Ibn Mas‘ood who later became scholars in their own right were al-Hasan al-Basree, ‘Alqamah ibn Qays, Masrooq, al-Aswad ibn Yazeed, and ‘Aamir ash-Sha‘bee.38
29 由艾哈迈德收录（《穆斯奈德》，第2274条）。仅提及先知ﷺ为他祈祷的前半部分的版本，见于《布哈里圣训实录》第1卷，第106页，第145条，以及《穆斯林圣训实录》第4卷，第1320-1页，第6055条。
29 Collected by Ahmad (al-Musnad, no. 2274). A version mentioning only the first half of the Prophet’s supplication on his behalf is reported in Sahih Al-Bukhari, vol. 1, p. 106, no. 145, and Sahih Muslim, vol. 4, pp. 1320-1, no. 6055.
30 由al-Haakim和Ibn Sa‘d在at-Tabaqaat中辑录。参见Siyar al-A‘laam an-Nubalaa’，第3卷，第347页。
30 Collected by al-Haakim and by Ibn Sa‘d in at-Tabaqaat. See Siyar al-A‘laam an-Nubalaa’, vol.3, p. 347.
31 《Al-Itqaan fee ‘Uloom al-Qur’aan》，第2卷，第242页。值得注意的是，这些伟大的学者都曾是奴隶。
31 Al-Itqaan fee ‘Uloom al-Qur’aan, vol. 2, p. 242. It is interesting to note that all of these great scholars were former slaves.
32 根据al-Waaqidee的说法。转引自Al-Isaabah fee Tamyeez as-Sahaabah。也许他指的是在麦地那。
32 According to al-Waaqidee. Quoted in Al-Isaabah fee Tamyeez as-Sahaabah. Perhaps he meant in Madeenah.
由布哈里收录（《布哈里圣训实录》第5卷，第97页，第154条），穆斯林也收录（《穆斯林圣训实录》第4卷，第1313页，第6031条）。
33 Collected by al-Bukhaaree (Sahih Al-Bukhari, vol. 5, p. 97, no. 154) and Muslim (Sahih Muslim, vol. 4, p.1313, no. 6031).
《古兰经学研究》第34页，第339页。
34 Mabaahith fee ‘Uloom al-Qur’aan, p.339.
35 Sifah as-Safwah,第1卷,第395页。
35 Sifah as-Safwah, vol.1, p. 395.
36 由‘Umar、Ibn Mas‘ood及其他sahaabah（圣门弟子）传述，由Ahmad、Ibn Maajah（第1卷，第77页，第138号）、al-Haakim等人辑录。al-Albaanee在《Saheeh al-Jaami‘ as-Sagheer》第2卷第1034页中认定其为可靠（sahih）。
36 Reported by ‘Umar, Ibn Mas‘ood and other sahaabah and collected by Ahmad, Ibn Maajah (vol. 1, p. 77, no. 138), al-Haakim and others. Authenticated by al-Albaanee in Saheeh al-Jaami‘ as-Sagheer, vol. 2, p. 1034.
《穆斯林圣训实录》第4卷，第1312页，第6023条。
37 Sahih Muslim, vol. 4, p. 1312, no. 6023.
《古兰经学研究》38，第339页。
38 Mabaahith fee ‘Uloom al-Qur’aan, p. 339.