9 方言与诵读方式
9 Dialects And Recitations
虽然阿拉伯语是整个阿拉伯半岛通用的语言,但各部落不同的环境与历史,造成了多种多样的方言。在某些情况下,各部落用不同的词来指称同一事物。例如,有的部落称狮子为“asad”,而其他部落则称之为“layth”、“hamzah”、“hafs”或“ghadanfar”。另有一些情况下,由于元音读法的差异,某些字母的发音也有所不同。然而,随着时间的推移,古莱氏部落的方言在各种方言中脱颖而出,成为最为突出的方言。古莱氏方言之所以成为所有方言中最受尊崇的,主要基于以下几个原因:
Although Arabic was the common language throughout the Arabian peninsula, the different environments and histories of the various tribes produced a wide variety of dialects. In some cases, each tribe used different words to describe the same object. For example, some tribes called the lion an “ asad,” while other tribes called it a “ layth,” “hamzah,” “hafs,” or a “ghadanfar.” In other cases, differences occurred in the way certain letters were pronounced due to vowelling differences. However, in time the dialect of the tribe of Quraysh emerged from among the various dialects as the most prominent dialect. The Qurayshee dialect became the most respected of all the dialects for the following basic reasons:
1. 麦加及其周边地区,包括克尔白天房,原属古来氏部落的领地。各个部落都在克尔白内外摆放了代表本部落神祇的偶像。因此,克尔白被视为所有阿拉伯部落的精神中心,人们全年都前来朝拜这座圣殿。
1. Makkah and its surrounding area, including the shrine of the Ka‘bah, were part of the tribal lands of the Quraysh. Each of the various tribes had idols representing their various tribal gods placed in and around the Ka‘bah. Thus the Ka‘bah was considered the spiritual center for all of the Arabian tribes, and pilgrimage to the shrine was made throughout the year.
在朝觐月份,来自各部落的朝觐者都会前往麦加,履行朝觐的各项仪式。这一传统始于易卜拉欣先知和他的儿子们首次修建天房之时,并在他们的阿拉伯后裔中延续下来;然而,许多涉及偶像崇拜和迷信的虚假仪式被加入到了原始的仪式之中。古莱氏人亲自承担起为所有朝觐者及其牲畜供应饮水(siqaayah)的责任。这一服务是免费提供的,以此彰显他们的慷慨与高贵。因此,古莱氏人在阿拉伯人中享有极高的赞誉地位。
2. During the month of hajj, pilgrims from all of the tribes used to come to Makkah in order to perform the rites of hajj. This practice was started by Prophet Ibraheem and his sons when they first built the Ka‘bah and it remained a practice among their Arabian descendants; however, many false rituals involving idolatry and superstition were added to the original rites. The Quraysh took personal responsibility for supplying drinking water (siqaayah) for all of the pilgrims and their animals. This was done free of charge as evidence of their generosity and nobility. Thus, the Quraysh were held in a highly praiseworthy position among the Arabs.
3. 麦加位于北方通往叙利亚和波斯、南方通往也门和非洲的所有主要商路的交汇处。因此,古莱什部落的商人阶层成为阿拉伯半岛各家族中最富有的阶层,这进而使阿拉伯各部落对古莱什部族给予了极大的尊重。
3. Makkah stood at the junction of all the major trade routes between Syria and Persia to the north, and Yemen and Africa to the south. As a result, the Qurayshee trading class became the richest class among the families in Arabia, which in turn led to the great respect that was given to the Qurayshee tribe by the various tribes of Arabia.