在先知（ﷺ）逝世之后，阿拉伯半岛上兴起了三股主要的反对伊斯兰教的势力：

After the death of the Prophet (ﷺ), there arose three main groups opposed to Islaam in the Arabian peninsula:

第一群人是那些决定不愿向除先知ﷺ以外任何人缴纳伊斯兰税天课（zakaah）的人。他们不认为天课像拜功（salaah）、斋戒（sawm）和朝觐（hajj）一样是伊斯兰的支柱之一，而是将天课视为一种贡赋，即向征服者缴纳的一种税。因此，当先知ﷺ去世后，他们认为自己不再有义务缴纳。当艾卜·伯克尔成为穆斯林国家的领袖时，这一群体拒绝缴纳天课，并派遣军队前往首都麦地那，企图推翻穆斯林国家。他们要求免除天课的缴纳，否则就会攻击并摧毁伊斯兰的中心。71

1. The first group was made up of those who decided that they did not want to pay the Islaamic tax, zakaah, to anyone other than the Prophet (r). They did not feel that zakaah was a pillar of Islaam like salaah, sawm and hajj. They instead looked at zakaah as a tribute; a kind of tax paid to the one who conquered them. So, when the Prophet (r) died, they felt that they were no longer required to pay it. When Aboo Bakr became the leader of the Muslim state, this group refused to pay the zakaah and sent armies to the capital, Madeenah, in order to topple the Muslim state. They demanded to be excused from paying zakaah, or else they would attack and destroy the centers of Islaam.71

2. 第一群人中有一些人是为了逃避失败而皈依伊斯兰的，也有一些人只是想站在胜利的一方。这一群人根本不信仰安拉和祂的使者。他们想要摧毁伊斯兰，以便能够随心所欲地做他们想做的事。由于那些拒绝缴纳天课的人的军队看起来很强大，这些伪信者中的许多人加入了他们。

2. The first group was joined by those who had entered Islaam in order to escape defeat, as well as those who simply wanted to be on the winning side. This group did not believe in Allaah and His Messenger at all. They wanted to destroy Islaam so they could be free to do whatever they wanted to do. Since the armies of those who refused to pay zakaah appeared strong, many of these hypocrites joined them.

第三类人由若干假先知、假女先知及其追随者组成。在内志的亚玛玛地区，来自哈尼法部落的一名阿拉伯人穆赛莱迈自称先知。在阿拉伯半岛南部，另一名来自阿恩斯部落的阿拉伯人阿斯沃德也自称先知，并夺取了奈季兰和也门。在阿拉伯半岛北部，来自塔米姆部落的一名女子萨贾赫同样自称先知，并举兵反抗穆斯林国家。72 这些假先知都招揽民众离开伊斯兰教，他们声称安拉已向他们启示了新的律法，使安拉通过穆罕默德ﷺ所禁止的大部分事物变得可以做。

3. The third group was made up of a number of false prophets and prophetesses and their followers. In Najd, in the region of Yamaamah, an Arab from the tribe of Banoo Haneefah named Musaylamah claimed prophethood. In the southern part of Arabia, another Arab from the tribe of ‘Ans called al-Aswad claimed prophethood and took over Najraan and Yemen. In northern Arabia a woman named Sajaah from the Banoo Tameem tribe also claimed prophethood and rose in arms against the Muslim state.72 These false prophets all invited people to leave Islaam by claiming that Allaah had revealed new laws to them making allowable most of the things which were forbidden by Allaah through Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ).

在哈里发艾布·伯克尔的领导下，真正的穆斯林被迫与这三个群体作战，以便在整个阿拉伯半岛重新确立伊斯兰教。

True Muslims under the leadership of Caliph Aboo Bakr were forced to fight these three groups in order to reestablish Islaam throughout the Arabian peninsula.

在这些被称为“里达”（叛教）的战争中，许多背诵了大量《古兰经》的人被杀害。73 那些心中装有大量《古兰经》的穆斯林深知真主为那些为伊斯兰而战的人所应许的回报，因此他们总是冲在所有战役的最前线。

During these wars, known as the Riddah (apostasy), many of those who had memorized large portions of the Qur’aan were killed.73 Those Muslims who had a lot of Qur’aan in their hearts knew well the rewards which Allaah has promised those who fight for Islaam, so they would always be in the front lines of all the battles

欧玛尔·本·赫塔卜意识到了正在发生之事的危险，并担心如果不立即采取措施，《古兰经》将会失传于穆斯林的后代。他去见哈里发艾布·伯克尔，建议他把整部《古兰经》抄写成一本书，以防其遗失。艾布·伯克尔起初拒绝这样做，因为先知ﷺ并没有吩咐他们这样做。他害怕在宗教中引入新事物，因为先知ﷺ曾警告他们不要改变宗教。他知道，在他们之前，基督徒就是因为改变了尔撒先知在他离开之后所带来的宗教而走入歧途，因此艾布·伯克尔非常反对对先知穆罕默德ﷺ所留下的宗教做任何改变。

‘Umar ibn al-Khattaab realized the danger of what was happening and feared that if something was not done immediately, the Qur’aan would be lost to future generations of Muslims. He went to Caliph Aboo Bakr and advised him to have the whole Qur’aan written down in one book in order to preserve it from being lost. Aboo Bakr at first refused to do so, as the Prophet (ﷺ) had not told them to do it. He was afraid of bringing anything new into the religion, because the Prophet (ﷺ) had warned them about changing the religion. He knew that the Christians had gone astray before them by changing the religion which Prophet ‘Eesaa had brought after he left them, so Aboo Bakr was very much against making any changes in the religion as it had been left by Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ).

然而,在仔细思考这一情况之后,他认识到欧麦尔的建议是正确的,这并非宗教上的真正改变。先知(ﷺ)曾命令人们在《古兰经》降示期间将其中的各节经文和各章记录下来,以助于保存它。将所有已记录的内容汇编成一部完整的书,便只是完成了先知(ﷺ)所开创的工作。

However, after thinking over the situation carefully, he came to realize that ‘Umar’s advice was right and that it was not really a change in the religion. The Prophet (ﷺ) had ordered them to write down the various verses and chapters of the Qur’aan while it was being revealed in order to help preserve it. Compiling all of what was written into one complete book was then only the completion of what the Prophet (ﷺ) had begun.

哈里发艾布·伯克尔请宰德·本·萨比特负责收集并抄录整部《古兰经》。宰德起初拒绝了这项任务，理由与艾布·伯克尔当初的顾虑相同，但过了一段时间，他也认识到这样做是正确的。74 宰德被选来承担此项任务，原因如下：

Caliph Aboo Bakr asked Zayd ibn Thaabit to be in charge of collecting and writing down the whole Qur’aan. Zayd refused to do it at first for the same reasons Aboo Bakr had, but after some time he also came to realize that it was right.74 Zayd was chosen for this task for the following reasons:

他是最优秀的《古兰经》诵读者之一。75

1. He was one of the best reciters of the Qur’aan.75

他是在先知（ﷺ）在世时就背熟整部《古兰经》的少数人之一。76

2. He was one of the few who had memorized the whole Qur’aan during the lifetime of the Prophet (ﷺ).76

他是先知（愿主赐福他并使他平安）所指派书写《古兰经》的人之一。77

3. He was one of those whom the Prophet (r) asked to write down the Qur’aan.77

4. 他是在先知（ﷺ）一生最后一个斋月里，少数几位听他诵读完整《古兰经》的人之一。78

4. He was one of the few who were present when the Prophet (r) recited the whole Qur’aan during the last Ramadaan of his life.78

扎伊德首先收集了所有记录古兰经的材料。然后，他召集了所有同样已经完整或大部分背诵古兰经的人。他将所写的内容与他自己及其他人所背诵的内容进行比对。如果大家意见一致，他便将其写在皮革制成的页面上。79 通过这种方式，整部古兰经在第一任哈里发统治期间被书写成册。完成之后，扎伊德将其交给哈里发艾布·伯克尔，后者一直保存到他担任哈里发两年后去世。

Zayd began the process by collecting all of the materials on which the Qur’aan had been written. He then gathered around him all of those who had also memorized all of the Qur’aan or large portions of it. He then compared what was written down with what he and the others had memorized. If all agreed, he would then write it down on pages of leather.79 In this way the whole Qur’aan was written down during the reign of the first Caliph. On its completion Zayd turned it over to Caliph Aboo Bakr, who kept it until his death two years after he had become Caliph.

在去世之前,艾布·伯克尔把《古兰经》交给了欧麦尔,因为他已选定欧麦尔为第二任哈里发。欧麦尔一直保管着自己的那一部《古兰经》,直到十年后他遇刺身亡,刺杀他的是一名名叫艾布·鲁鲁的刺客。80

Just before his death, Aboo Bakr turned over the Qur’aan to ‘Umar, whom he had chosen to be the second Caliph. ‘Umar kept his copy of the Qur’aan with him until his death, ten years later, at the hand of an assassin named Aboo Lu’lu’.80

随后，《古兰经》被移交给他的女儿哈芙赛，她是先知的妻子之一。哈芙赛将《古兰经》保存在麦地那她的家中，同时，任何想要抄录它的人，或想要核对自己所记诵内容是否准确的人，都可以前来查阅。81

The Qur’aan was then turned over to his daughter Hafsah, who was one of the Prophet’s widows. Hafsah kept the Qur’aan in her house in Madeenah, but she made it available to anyone who wanted to make copies from it or check the accuracy of what they had memorized.81