11.3 区分的重要性
11.3 The Importance Of The Distinction
有若干理由需要区分麦加章和麦地那章及其经文。以下是其中三个最重要的理由:
There are a number of reasons why a distinction needs to be made between Makkan and Madeenan soorahs and verses. The following are three of the most important reasons:
1. 伊斯兰教法(Fiqh):
1. Fiqh (Islamic Law):
伊斯兰教的各项律法在二十三年间陆续启示。有些律法废止了先前的律法,另有一些律法则是逐步降示的。因此,要正确地施行这些律法,就必须知道各项律法启示于哪个时期。麦地那时期的律法有时会取代早先的律法。例如,饮酒的禁令是分阶段颁布的。关于饮酒的第一条律法,只是对其危害的警告。安拉说:
The various laws of Islaam were revealed over a period of twenty-three years. Some laws canceled earlier laws and other laws were revealed bit by bit. Thus, it is necessary to know at which point in time the various laws were revealed in order to apply them properly. The laws of the later Madeenan period sometimes took the place of earlier laws. For example, alcohol was made forbidden in gradual stages. The first law concerning alcohol was simply a warning of its dangers. Allaah said,
“它们问你关于khamr(酒)和maysir(赌博)的事。你说:它们对人有一些益处,但它们的罪恶比益处更大。”11
“And they ask you about khamr (alcohol) and maysir (gambling); tell them that they contain some benefit, but the sin is greater than the benefit.” 11
第二条被降示的律例,告诫穆斯林在醉酒(酩酊大醉)时不要礼拜。安拉说:
The second law that was revealed warned Muslims away from salaah when they were intoxicated (drunk). Allaah said,
“不要在醉酒时礼拜,直到你知道自己在说什么。”12
“Do not come to salaah when you are intoxicated, until you know what you are saying.” 12
然而,第三条律令则是完全禁止,连接近任何形式的酒类都不允许。真主说:
The third law, however, was a complete prohibition of even coming near any form of alcohol. Allaah said,
“的确,khamr(酒)、maysir(赌博)和azlaam(占卜签箭)都是污秽之物,是恶魔所为,所以你们要远离它们。”13
“Verily, khamr, maysir and azlaam (fortunetelling) are filth, as a result of Shaytaan’s work, so stay away from them.” 13
如果一个人不知道这些经文降示的先后顺序,他可能会错误地认为:只要不喝醉而去礼拜,就可以饮酒。或者他可能认为,可以从售卖酒类中获利。
If one was unaware of the order in which these verses were revealed, he may mistakenly think that he is allowed to drink alcohol as long as he doesn’t get drunk and come to salaah. Or, he may think that it is allowed for him to benefit from the sale of alcohol.
2. da‘wah(传播伊斯兰)
2. Da‘wah:
通过了解《古兰经》经文的启示顺序,人们可以学到传授伊斯兰教的最佳方法。例如,《古兰经》教导信士不要诅咒或嘲笑异教徒的偶像,以免把他们推开,也免得他们出于无知而诅咒真主。相反,信士被告知要与异教徒讲道理,并以合乎逻辑的方式向他们说明崇拜偶像为何是错误的。真主引述易卜拉欣先知对他的族人所说的话:
By understanding the order in which the verses of the Qur’aan were revealed, one can learn the best method of teaching Islaam. For example, the Qur’aan taught the believers not to curse or make fun of the idols of the disbelievers in order not to drive them away and in order that they not curse Allaah out of ignorance. Instead they were told to reason with the disbelievers and show them logically why the worship of idols was incorrect. Allaah quoted Prophet Ibraaheem as saying to his people,
“你们难道舍弃真主,去崇拜那些既不能给你们带来利益、也不能使你们遭受损害的东西吗?”14
“Are you worshipping besides Allaah other gods which cannot benefit you at all nor harm you?” 14
那段引用易卜拉欣宣布与他的族人以及他们舍弃真主而崇拜之物断绝关系的经文如下:
The verse quoting Ibraaheem’s declaration of enmity to his people and what they worshipped instead of Allaah:
“你们在易卜拉欣和与他同在的人身上有一个优秀的榜样,当时他们对自己的族人说:‘我们与你们以及你们舍安拉而崇拜的一切毫无关系;我们拒绝你们,我们与你们之间永远产生了敌意和仇恨,直到你们只信仰安拉独一。’”15
“There is an excellent example for you in Abraham and those with him, when they said to their people, ‘We are clear of you and of whatever you worship besides Allah; we have rejected you, and there has arisen, between us and you, enmity and hatred forever, unless ye believe in Allah alone,’ ” 15
……于麦地那降示,此时穆斯林已在麦加的亲属之间长年耐心地以理相劝。麦加的多神教徒却以迫害和暴力回应理性的辩论,他们将穆斯林赶出家园,双方之间已处于武装冲突的状态。因此,一个人接受伊斯兰之后,读到这节经文便试图将其用在自己的家人和熟人身上,这并不是圣行(Sunnah)。
was revealed in Madeenah, after the Muslims had practiced years of patient argument with their relatives in Makkah. The disbelievers of Makkah had met reasoned argument with persecution and violence. They had driven the Muslims from their homes, and a state of armed conflict existed between the two sides. It is not, therefore, Sunnah for a person to accept Islaam, read this verse and try to apply it on his family and acquaintances.
3. 圣传(Seerah):
3. Seerah:
大多数关于先知生平的重要事件,都记载在古兰经的各节经文之中。因此,只要了解经文降示的先后次序,便可以拼凑出先知(ﷺ)传记的很大一部分。
Most of the most important events in the Prophet’s life have been recorded in various verses of the Qur’aan. Thus, by knowing the order in which the verses were revealed, it is possible to piece together a large portion of the biography of the Prophet (ﷺ).
11 《古兰经》 第2章《黄牛》(Al-Baqarah)第219节
11 Soorah al-Baqarah (2):219.
第4章 安-尼萨(妇女)章43
12 Soorah an-Nisaa’ (4):43
《古兰经》第5章《筵席》第90节
13 Soorah al-Maa’idah (5):90.
第二十一章 安比亚(众先知)篇:66
14 Soorah al-Ambiyaa’ (21):66.
第15章 穆斯塔欣娜章(60:4)
15 Soorah al-Mumtahinah (60:4).