"عام"（'aamm）可以定义为：当按字面意义使用时，所指称的对象完全具有普遍性的表达方式。52 然而，"عام"的表达在按比喻意义使用时，可能指称特定的事物。另一方面，"خاص"（khaass）用于指称适用于有限数量事物的词语；例如，如果有人被命令去供养十个穷人，那么这一表达就是"خاص"。53

The ‘aamm could be defined as an expression which is completely general in whatever it refers to when used literally. 52 However, ‘aamm expressions may refer to specific things when they are used figuratively. The khaass, on the other hand, is used for a word which is applied to a limited number of things; for instance, if one were ordered to feed ten poor people, that expression would be khaass. 53

值得注意的是,某些'aamm(通用)表述比其他表述涵盖范围更广。例如,"男人"这一类别比包含它的"人类"这一类别范围更小;"人类"这一类别又小于"哺乳动物"这一类别,而"哺乳动物"又小于"动物"这一类别,依此类推。54 当一个'aamm表述被另一个范围更有限的'aamm表述或一个khaass(特指)表述所限定或限制时,这一过程称为takhsees(特指化),而起限定作用的表述则称为该较广泛类别的mukhassis(限定词)。55

It should be noted that certain ‘aamm expressions are more comprehensive than others. For instance, the category of men is a smaller category than the category of human beings, which includes it. The category of human beings, in turn, is smaller than the category of mammals, which is smaller than the category of animals, and so on. 54 When an ‘aamm expression is qualified or restricted by another more limited ‘aamm expression or a khaass expression, the process is called takhsees, and the limiting expression is called the mukhassis of the broader category.55

以下六个例子包含了《古兰经》中最常用的一般性表达方式：56

The following six examples contain the most commonly used general expressions which can be found in the Qur’aan:56

1. Kull(全部、每一、每个):这个词根据上下文可以译成英文的多种说法。它在《古兰经》中安拉的话语里的用法可以作为例子:

1. Kull (all, every, or each): This word could be translated into English in a variety of ways, depending on the context. An example of this word’s usage can be found in Allaah’s statements in the Qur’aan:

这两节经文证实了一个事实：万物都有其被创造的起点，每个有生命的灵魂都必定会走到生命的终点。

These two verses confirm the fact that all things have a beginning point at which they were created and every living soul must come to an end of its existence

因此，伊斯兰教否定《圣经》人物“麦基洗德”的真实性。关于他，一章作者不详的经文《希伯来书》这样说道：“他（麦基洗德）没有父亲，没有母亲，没有族谱，既无生日的起头，也无生命的终结，他好像神的儿子，永远长存为祭司。”60

Hence, Islaam rejects as false the Biblical figure ‘Melchizedek,” 59 concerning whom a chapter of unknown authorship called “The Letter to the Hebrews” says, “He (Melchizedek) is without father or mother or genealogy and has neither beginning of days nor end of life, but resembling the son of God he continues a priest forever.”60

2. Al（定冠词，并非指读者已知的事物）：虽然"al"通常译为"the"，但在这里应译为"所有"或"每一个"。例如，这节经文：

2. Al (of definiteness, not in reference to something known to the readers): Although “al” is normally translated as “the,” in this case it translates as “all” or “every.” For example, the verse:

穆斯林社群——更具体地说，是被委以建立正义和执行法定刑罚之责的统治者——在把每一个男盗贼和女盗贼的手砍掉之前，都不算遵从这一命令。

the Muslim community—and, more specifically, their rulers, who have been delegated the responsibility of establishing justice and legal punishments—would not be in compliance with this order until they cut the hand of every male and female thief.

3. 否定或禁止结构中的"安纳基拉"（不定名词）：通常，将阿拉伯语不定形式译成英语时，会在其前加上"a"或"an"；然而，在含有否定的表达中，应以能够表明其普遍性的方式翻译该不定词。例如，逐字翻译的经文，

3. An-Nakirah (the indefinite in a negative or prohibitive construction): Normally, “a” or “an” is put before the Arabic indefinite form when it is translated into English; however, in an expression containing a negation, the indefinite should be translated in such a way as to indicate its generality. For example, the literally translated verse,

因此，朝觐期间不应有粗俗、淫秽或争论。同样，在这节经文中，

should read, “So there should be no vulgarity, obscenity, or argumentation during hajj.” Likewise, in the verse,

Your message is a correction to a previous translation, not text to translate. I don't have the earlier translation in this conversation, so I can't see what "a one" was rendered as. Please paste the sentence or passage you want translated, and I'll translate it into Simplified Chinese.

“a one” would be better translated as “anyone.”

4. Allathee（الّذي）及其阿拉伯语派生形式（关系代词）在句中作主语时，此时可译为"凡是……的人"。以下经文谴责虐待父母的人，便是这一用法的例子：

4. Allathee and its Arabic derivatives (the relative pronouns) when acting as subject of the sentence, in which case they would translate as “whoever.” An example of this usage can be found in the following verse condemning those who mistreat their parents:

“无论是谁”在这节经文中是泛指（‘aam），指任何对自己父母说不敬之语的人。

“Whoever” in this verse is general, ‘aam, and refers to anyone who would speak disrespectfully to his or her parents.

5. 条件名词（Asmaa’ ash-shart）：这类条件引导词（如：whoever（man）、whatever（maa）、wherever（aynamaa）、whichever（ayyumaa）等）在英语中表达普遍性的方式与阿拉伯语几乎相同。例如，安拉在《古兰经》中关于天房附近两座小山——萨法和麦尔沃的经文：

5. Asmaa’ ash-shart (subordinators which begin conditional clauses: whoever (man), whatever (maa), wherever (aynamaa), whichever (ayyumaa), etc.): All of these expressions convey a generality in English in virtually the same way that they do in Arabic; for example, Allaah’s statement in the Qur’aan about Safaa and Marwah, the two hills near the Ka‘bah:

其他例子可以在经文中找到。

Other examples can be found in the verses,

和,

and,

6. 名词"جنس"（类属名词）（与限定名词或代词构成所属结构时）：以下经文是此类泛指的例子：

6. Ismul-jins (a generic noun in the mudaaf [possessive] construction with a definite noun or pronoun): The following verses are examples of this type of generality:

通用名词 amr 与所有格代词 hi 相关联，因此使其具有普遍性。

The generic noun amr is related to the possessive pronoun hi, making it general.

这一警告针对的是那些违背先知ﷺ任何教导的人。

The warning is directed at those who oppose any of the Prophet’s instructions.

同样，经文说：

Likewise, the verse,

该段内容涉及所有子女的继承法规。

refers to inheritance laws for all children.