"麦地那启示"指的是在迁徙（希吉拉，即迁往麦地那）之后降示的所有古兰经经文和章节。这包括在战役期间降示的经文，也包括在告别朝觐期间及之后，在麦加和米纳降示的经文。所有这些经文都被视为麦地那启示，因为它们代表伊斯兰运动第二阶段的启示，而伊斯兰国家正是在这一阶段得以巩固。6

Madeenan revelations are all those verses and chapter of the Qur’aan which were revealed after the Hijrah (the emigration to Madeenah). This includes verses which were revealed during the battles, as well as those revealed in Makkah and Minaa during and after the Farewell Pilgrimage. All of these verses are considered Madeenan because they represent the revelations of the second stage of the Islaamic movement, in which the consolidation of the Islaamic state took place.6

以下是麦地那章节的一些主要特征:

The following are some of the main characteristics of Madeenan verses:

一旦麦地那成为伊斯兰运动的新中心，伊斯兰国家便诞生了。先知ﷺ成为麦地那穆斯林的统治者，同时也统治着居住在那里的犹太人和崇拜偶像的阿拉伯人。当时制定了宪法，并建立了司法制度。因此，麦地那阶段的经文包含了许多社会、经济和精神方面的律法，这些律法对于伊斯兰国家的组织与发展是必不可少的。正是在这一时期，伊斯兰教的最后三根支柱——天课（zakaah）、斋戒（sawm）和朝觐（hajj）——被启示下来。同样，也正是在这一时期，饮酒、食用猪肉和赌博都被禁止了。

Once Madeenah had become the new center of the Islaamic movement, the Islaamic state was born. The Prophet (ﷺ) became ruler over the Muslims of Madeenah, as well as the Jews and the Arab idol worshippers who lived there. A constitution was drawn up and a system of justice was established. Thus, the verses during the Madeenan stage contained the many social, economic and spiritual laws which were necessary for the organization and development of an Islaamic state. It was during this period that the last three pillars of Islaam, zakaah, sawm and hajj, were revealed.7 Likewise, it was during this period that drinking alcohol, eating swine and gambling were all forbidden.

在麦地那,穆斯林第一次与犹太人接触。犹太人为了动摇穆斯林的信仰,常常向先知(ﷺ)提出各种关于真主、先前的先知以及幽玄之事的问题。因此,许多麦地那时期的经文便是对犹太人所提出的诸多问题的回答。麦地那的穆斯林也更大规模地与基督徒接触。由此,我们可以看到一些麦地那时期的经文,澄清了基督徒对先知尔撒以及对真主的种种误解。经文指出,尔萨的诞生并不比阿丹更加奇特,阿丹既无父亲也无母亲。经文也强调,尔撒的神迹,例如使死人复活,都只是经真主许可而行。因此,尔撒既不是神,也不是真主之子,真主也不是三位之一。

In Madeenah, Muslims came in contact with the Jews for the first time. In order to try to shake the beliefs of the Muslims, the Jews used to ask the Prophet (ﷺ) various questions about Allaah, the earlier prophets, and the unseen. Thus, a number of Madeenan verses represented answers to the many questions raised by the Jews. The Muslims of Madeenah also came in contact with the Christians on a larger scale. As a result of that, we find a number of Madeenan verses clarifying Christian misconceptions about Prophet Jesus and Allaah. They pointed out that Jesus’ birth was not greater than that of Aadam, who had neither father nor mother. They also stressed that the miracles of Jesus, such as bringing the dead back to life, were only by Allaah’s permission. Thus, Jesus was not a god nor the son of Allaah, and Allaah was not the third of three.

自最后的使命开始以来，第一次出现了进入伊斯兰教却并不信仰它的人。在麦加，穆斯林遭受迫害和攻击，因此除非真心相信，否则没有人会皈依伊斯兰教。另一方面，麦地那的穆斯林十分强大，并且掌控了这座城市。因此，我们看到一些人为了借助伊斯兰的力量并从内部反对它而皈依。当先知ﷺ到达时，阿卜杜拉·本·乌拜·本·赛鲁勒正准备被加冕为麦地那的国王。先知ﷺ成为了麦地那的统治者，而本·赛鲁勒的希望也就破灭了。8

For the first time since the beginning of the final message we find people entering Islaam yet not believing in it. In Makkah, Muslims were oppressed and attacked, so no one would enter Islaam unless he truly believed. On the other hand, the Muslims of Madeenah were strong and they ruled the city. Thus, we find some people entering Islaam in order to benefit from its strength and to oppose it from within. ‘Abdullaah ibn Ubayy ibn Salool was about to be crowned king of Madeenah when the Prophet (ﷺ) arrived. The Prophet (ﷺ) was made the ruler of Madeenah, and ibn Salool’s hopes were ruined.8

由于穆斯林力量强大，他无法公开反对他们，于是表面接受伊斯兰，暗中从内部破坏它。他最终成为伪信者（Munaafiqoon）的首领。因此，麦地那时期的经文警告穆斯林提防伪信者的危害，并教导他们如何有效地应对他们。

Since the Muslims were strong and he could not openly oppose them, he accepted Islaam and worked against it from within. He eventually became the head of the Munaafiqoon (hypocrites). Thus, the verses of the Madeenan stage warned the Muslims about the dangers of the hypocrites and taught them how to deal effectively with them.

首次获得抗击敌人的权利是在麦地那。在麦加时期，穆斯林被禁止还击。这主要基于两个根本原因：（1）穆斯林人数少，很容易被彻底消灭。（2）这一阶段是在锤炼信士品格的时期。承载使命者所需的首要品质之一便是坚忍的耐心。只有信仰坚定的人才能经受住这一考验。

The right to fight against the enemy was given for the first time in Madeenah. During the Makkan period, Muslims were forbidden to fight back. This was for two basic reasons: (1) The Muslims were a minority and could easily have been completely wiped out. (2) This was a stage where the believers’ characters were being forged. One of the foremost qualities required of those who would carry the message was steadfast patience. Only those of strong faith could survive this test.

麦加时期为即将到来的伊斯兰运动奠定了基础。麦地那时期则是伊斯兰教与不信之势力交战的一系列战役的时期，最终攻克麦加，整个阿拉伯半岛都归于伊斯兰的统治之下。因此，麦地那时期的若干经文教导穆斯林伊斯兰的作战原则。例如，经文教导人们如何对待战俘，并禁止在进攻中撤退，除非是作为诱敌之计。经文还鼓励穆斯林尽力准备最好的武器和作战装备。

The Makkan period prepared the foundation of the Islaamic movement to come. It was during the Madeenan stage that a series of battles were fought against the forces of disbelief, until finally Makkah was conquered and the whole of the Arabian peninsula came under the rule of Islaam. Thus, a number of the Madeenan verses taught Muslims the Islaamic principles of war. For example, they taught how to deal with prisoners of war and they forbade retreat during an attack except as a trick to trap the enemy. They also encouraged the Muslims to prepare themselves with the best weapons and battle gear they could find.

麦地那时期的经文往往比麦加时期的更长。事实上，有许多麦地那经文比某些麦加时期的整章还要长。《古兰经》中最长的一节，是麦地那章《黄牛章》中关于借贷的那节经文。[9] 《古兰经》中最短的章是麦加时期的《库ษ赛尔章》（《古赛尔章》），它的三节短经文总共只有11个独立的词。[10] 此时已不再需要吸引不情愿听讲者的注意，因为伊斯兰已经变得强大，信徒也已众多。因此，这一阶段的听众已经相当乐意专心聆听较长的经文，以学习伊斯兰的重要律法。

The Madeenan verses tended to be longer than those of Makkah. In fact, there are a number of Madeenan verses which are longer than whole soorahs of the Makkan period. The longest verse of the Qur’aan is the verse on loans in the Madeenan Soorah al-Baqarah.9 The shortest soorah of the Qur’aan is the Makkan Soorah al-Kawthar,10 which contains a total of only 11 separate words in its three short verses. The need to catch the attention of unwilling listeners was no longer there, because Islaam had become strong and its followers were many. Thus, the audience at this stage was quite willing to listen attentively to longer verses teaching the vital laws of Islam.

虽然所有麦加章节都是在同一时期降示的,但它们既未按照降示的顺序被背诵,也未按照降示的顺序被书写。不同章的经文会一同降示,有时整章也会一次降示。每当单节经文降示时,先知(ﷺ)便会吩咐他的书记员将其写入它所属的章中。若有新的章降示,他便会按照将要被记录的顺序诵读该章。麦地那章节开始降示之后,先知(ﷺ)又会吩咐他的同伴把它们放在某些麦加章和经文的前面或后面。因此,当《古兰经》的降示完成时,麦加经文可以在麦地那章中找到,麦地那经文也可以在麦加章中找到。先知(ﷺ)是按照安拉的命令来排列《古兰经》的经文和章的。这种交错排列的原因可能在于:经文是依照一个不断发展的社群的需要而降示的,而用于诵读的顺序则有所不同,以此表明《古兰经》并非仅仅是一部历史文献。将经文从其降示的时间顺序中剥离出来,便突出了其信息中普遍性和永恒性的一面。

Although all of the Makkan verses were revealed during the same period, they were neither memorized nor written in the same order in which they were revealed. Verses from various soorahs were revealed together, and sometimes whole soorahs were revealed at once. Whenever single verses were revealed, the Prophet (ﷺ) would tell his scribes to write it in the soorah to which it belonged. If a new soorah was revealed, he would recite the soorah in the order it was to be recorded. Once the Madeenan verses and soorahs began to be revealed, the Prophet (ﷺ) would tell his companions to place them before or after certain Makkan soorahs and verses. Thus, when the revelation of the Qur’aan was complete, Makkan verses could be found within Madeenan soorahs and Madeenan verses within Makkan soorahs. The Prophet (ﷺ) ordered the verses and soorahs of the Qur’aan according to Allaah’s command. The reason for the mingling may have been that the verses were revealed according to the needs of a developing community, whereas the order for reading purposes was varied to make it clear that the Qur’aan is not a mere historical document. By divorcing the verses from the chronological order of their revelation, the general and universal aspects of their message are emphasized.