Bayt al-Mal ni tamko la maneno mawili (ujenzi wa maneno mawili), na linaashiria mahali ambapo mapato ya Dola huhifadhiwa hadi yatumike. Pia linaweza kumaanisha mamlaka inayohusika na kupokea na kutumia fedha zinazostahili Waislamu.

Bayt al-Mal is a compound phrase construction, and indicates the place where the State's revenues are kept till they are spent. It could also mean the authority responsible for receiving and spending the funds entitled for the Muslims. .

Tumekwisha kubali kwamba wali anapewa mamlaka maalum yanayotenganisha jeshi, mahakama na fedha. Kwa hivyo, jeshi lote litakuwa idara kuu (inayoongozwa na Amir al-Jihad). Mahakama itakuwa idara kuu (inayojulikana kama mahakama), na fedha zote zitaunda idara kuu (inayojulikana kama bayt al-mal), ambayo imetengana na taasisi nyingine yoyote katika Dola, na inamfuata Khalifah kama zinavyomfuata taasisi nyingine.

We have already adopted that the wali is given a special authority that excludes the army, judiciary and funds. Thus, the whole army will be a central department (presided over by Amir al-Jihad). The judiciary will be a central department (known as judiciary), and the entire funds form a central department (known as bayt al-mal), which is separate from any other organisation in the State, and follows the Khalifah as do the other organisations. .

Kuna ushahidi mwingi kwamba bayt al-mal ilikuwa chini ya mamlaka ya moja kwa moja ya Mtume (PBUH) au Khalifah, au yeyote aliyemteua kuisimamia. Mtume wa Allah (PBUH) alikuwa wakati mwingine akishughulika moja kwa moja na fedha, ambapo walikuwa na mahali pa kuhifadhi salama. Alikuwa akizipokea fedha, kuzigawa na kuzitumia mahali zinapostahili. Wakati mwingine, Yeye (PBUH) alikuwa akimteua mtu wa kuzisimamia. Hivi ndivyo Khulafaa' Rashidun walivyofanya baada yake, ambapo waliichukua bayt al-mal wenyewe au walimkabidhi mtu mwingine afanye hivyo kwa niaba yao. Mtume wa Allah (PBUH) alikuwa akiweka fedha msikitini, kama Al-Bukhari alivyosimulia kutoka kwa Anas, aliposema: "Fedha fulani zililetwa kwa Mtume (PBUH) kutoka Bahrain. Akasema: ‘Itandazeni msikitini’" [Bukhari, Sahih, #421]. Wakati mwingine alikuwa akiiweka katika moja ya vyumba vya wake zake, kama ilivyosimuliwa na Al-Bukhari kutoka kwa Uqbah, aliposema:

There are abundant evidences that the bayt al-mal was under the direct authority of the Messenger (PBUH) or the Khalifah, or whoever he appointed to preside over it. The Messenger of Allah (PBUH) used to on occasions deal directly with the funds, where they had a safe. He used to receive the funds, distribute them and spend them in their due place. On other occasions He (PBUH) used to appoint somebody to take care of that. This is what the Khulafaa' Rashidun used to do after him, where they either they took charge of the Bayt al-mal by themselves or they delegated others to do that on their behalf.. The Messenger of Allah (PBUH) used to place the funds in the mosque, as Al-Bukhari narrated from Anas, he said:. "Some funds were brought to the Prophet (PBUH) from Bahrain. He said: ‘Spread it in the mosque’" [Bukhari, Sahih, #421].. He would sometimes put it in one of the rooms of his wives, as it was narrated by Al-Bukhari from Uqbah, he said: .

"hold me back, and I ordered it should be divided’". He otherwise kept them in his safe as Muslim narrated from ‘Umar that he said: Hmm, I need to translate this faithfully. Here is the Swahili translation: "nizuie, na nikaamuru igawanywe’". Vinginevyo alivihifadhi katika salama yake kama alivyosimulia Muslim kutoka kwa ‘Umar kwamba alisema:

hold me back, and I ordered it should be divided’". He otherwise kept them in his safe as Muslim narrated from ‘Umar that he said: .

"Nikamwambia, ‘Mtume wa Allah ﷺ yuko wapi?’ Akasema, ‘Yuko kwenye kabati lake lililo kwenye dirisha la mbao.’ Nikatazama ndani ya kabati la Mtume wa Allah ﷺ, nikaona ghafla kiasi cha shayiri cha takriban sa' moja (kipimo kidogo cha ujazo), na sawa na kiasi cha matunda ya miti yanayotumiwa kutengeneza juisi, upande mmoja wa chumba. Pia niliona ngozi ambayo haijachakatwa ikining'inia chumbani. Macho yangu yakalia. Nabii akasema, ‘Nini kinakufanya ulie, ewe mwana wa Al-Khattab?’ Nikasema, ‘Ewe Nabii wa Allah! Kwa nini nisilie wakati mkeka huu umeacha alama upande wako, na hiki ndicho kabati lako ambalo sioni ndani yake isipokuwa ninachokiona?’"

"So I said to her, ‘Where is the Messenger of Allah (PBUH)?’ She said ‘He is in his safe in the wooden oriel.’ I gazed in the safe of the Messenger of Allah (PBUH), and I suddenly saw an amount of barley of about one sa' (a small cubic measure) and equal to that of tree fruits used for juice on one side of the room. I saw as well an untanned skin hanging in the room. My eyes wept. The Prophet said ‘What does make you weep, son of Al-Khattab?’ I said ‘O Prophet of Allah! Why I should not weep when this mat has influenced your side and this is your safe in which I do not see except that which I see’.” .

Wakati wa khulafa' al-rashidun, mahali ambapo fedha zilihifadhiwa kilianza kujulikana kama bayt al-mal. Sa'd alitaja katika Al-Tabaqaat, kutoka kwa Shall ibn Abi Haythma na wengine: "Abu Bakr alikuwa na nyumba huko Al-Sanh ambayo haikulindwa na mtu yeyote. Kwa hiyo alimwambia, 'Kwa nini hutaweka mtu wa kuilinda?' Alisema, 'Ina kufuli.' Alikuwa akitoa kilichokuwemo ndani mpaka ikawa tupu. Alipohamia Madinah, aliihamisha na kuiweka katika nyumba yake."

At the time of the khulafa’ al-rashidun, the place in which funds were kept came to be known as bayt al-mal. Sa'd mentioned in Al-Tabaqaat from Shall ibn Abi Haythma and others: "Abu Bakr used to have a house in Al-Sanh not guarded by anybody. So it was said to him, ‘Why do you not put somebody to guard it?’ He said, ‘It has a lock.’ He used to give out that which was in it till it became empty. When he moved to Madinah, he moved it and placed it in his house." .

Hinad alisimulia katika Al-Zuhd kupitia simulizi nzuri kutoka kwa Anas, alisema: "Mtu mmoja alimwendea 'Umar na kusema: 'Ee Amiri wa Waumini! Nisaidie kwa kuwa nataka kwenda kwenye Jihadi.' 'Umar akajibu: 'Mshike mkono wake na umpeleke bayt al-mal, ili achukue fedha anazotaka.'" Al-Shafi'i alisimulia katika Al-Umm, ambayo ilithibitishwa na Ibn Hajar kutoka kwa 'Abdullah ibn Wadi'ah, alisema: "Salim, mtumwa wa Abu Hudhayfah, alikuwa mtumwa wa mwanamke mmoja kutoka kwetu aitwaye Salma bint Yeaar. Alimwacha huru katika siku zake za Jahiliyyah. Alipouawa huko Al-Yamamah, urithi wake ulipelekwa kwa 'Umar ibn Al-Khattab. Akamwita Wadeeah ibn Khidham na kusema: 'Hii ni mirathi ya mtumwa wako, nawe unastahili zaidi.' Akasema: 'Ee Amiri wa Waumini! Allah ametufanya tusimhitaji. Mwanamke wetu alimwacha huru bila masharti; kwa hiyo hatutaki kujiletea aibu (au hasara) kutokana na jambo lake.' Hivyo, 'Umar akaweka mali yake ya urithi katika Bayt al-Mal." Al-Bayhaqi na Al-Darimi walisimulia, na Ibn Hazim akasahihisha kwamba "Sufyan ibn Abdullah ibn Rabeeah Al-Thaqafy alikuta mfuko wa ngozi na akaupeleka kwa 'Umar ibn Al-Khattab. Akasema: 'Tangaza kwa mwaka mmoja; na kama utatambuliwa, mpe; vinginevyo, ni wako.'"

Hinad narrated in Al-Zuhd through a good narration from Anas, he said: "A person came to ‘Umar and said, ‘O Amir ul-Mu'minin! Support me for I want to go in Jihad. ‘Umar replied, ‘Hold his hand and take him to bayt al-malso he can take the funds he wants." Al-Shafi'i narrated in Al-Umm, which was authenticated by Ibn Hajar from ‘Abdullah ibn Wadi’ah, he said: "Salim, the servant of Abu Hudhayfah was a servant to a woman from us called Salma bint Yeaar, she freed him in her days of Jahiliyyah. When he was killed in Al- Yamamah, his heritage was brought to ‘Umar ibn Al-Khattab. So he called upon Wadeeah ibn Khidham and said, ‘This is the heritage of your servant, and you deserve it more.’ He said, ‘O Amir ul-Mu'minin. Allah has made us of no need to him. Our woman has freed him unrestricted; so we do not want to bring disgrace to ourselves, (or to bring loss upon us) from his matter.’ So, ‘Umar put his heritage wealth in the Bayt al-Mal." Al-Bayhaqi and Al-Darimi narrated, and Ibn Hazim corrected that "Sufyan ibn Abdullah ibn Rabeeah Al- Thaqafy found a leather bag and brought it to ‘Umar ibn Al-Khattab. He said, announce it for one year; and if it was recognised then give it, otherwise it is yours.’ .

Hakuna aliyemtambua, kwa hiyo alikutana naye mwaka uliofuata na kumtajia jambo hilo. ‘Umar akasema, ‘Ni lako, kwa kuwa Mjumbe wa Allah ﷺ alituamuru hivyo.’ "Niliswali alasiri nyuma ya Nabii ﷺ huko Madina. Alitoa salamu mwishoni mwa swala na akasimama haraka. Alivuka safu za Waislamu waliokuwa nyuma yake akienda kwenye vyumba vya baadhi ya wake zake. Watu walistaajabu kwa kasi yake. Alirudi kwao na kuona walivyoshangaa kwa kasi yake. Akasema, ‘Nilikumbuka kuwa kuna mabaki ya dhahabu nyumbani kwetu, nikachukia isinizuie, kwa hiyo nikaamuru igawanywe.’" Vinginevyo, alikuwa akiviweka mahali salama, kama Muslim alivyosimulia kutoka kwa ‘Umar kwamba alisema: "Kwa hiyo nikamwambia, ‘Mjumbe wa Allah ﷺ yuko wapi?’ Akasema, ‘Yuko katika chumba chake cha siri ndani ya roshani ya mbao.’ Nilitazama ndani ya chumba cha siri cha Mjumbe wa Allah ﷺ, nikaona ghafla kiasi cha shayiri cha takriban sa' moja (kipimo kidogo cha ujazo) na sawa na matunda ya miti yanayotumika kutengeneza juisi upande mmoja wa chumba. Pia niliona ngozi ambayo haikutiwa dawa ikining'inia chumbani. Macho yangu yalilia. Nabii ﷺ akasema, ‘Kitu gani kinakufanya ulie, mwana wa Al-Khattab?’ Nikasema, ‘Ee Nabii wa Allah! Kwa nini nisilie wakati mkeka huu umeacha alama upande wako, na hiki ndicho chumba chako cha siri ambacho sioni ndani yake zaidi ya hiki ninachokiona?’"

Nobody recognised it, so he met him the next year and mentioned it to him. ‘Umar said, ‘It is yours, for the Messenger of Allah (PBUH) ordered us "I prayed the asr behind the Prophet (PBUH) in Madinah. He gave salam at the end of the prayer and stood up quickly. He crossed the lines of the Muslims behind him going to some of his wives' rooms. The people were amazed of his speed. He came back to them, and saw they were surprised of his speed. He said, ‘I remembered some gold dust with us, so I hated it would hold me back, and I ordered it should be divided’". He otherwise kept them in his safe as Muslim narrated from ‘Umar that he said: "So I said to her, ‘Where is the Messenger of Allah (PBUH)?’ She said ‘He is in his safe in the wooden oriel.’ I gazed in the safe of the Messenger of Allah (PBUH), and I suddenly saw an amount of barley of about one sa' (a small cubic measure) and equal to that of tree fruits used for juice on one side of the room. I saw as well an untanned skin hanging in the room. My eyes wept. The Prophet said ‘What does make you weep, son of Al-Khattab?’ I said ‘O Prophet of Allah! Why I should not weep when this mat has influenced your side and this is your safe in which I do not see except that which I see’.” .

Wakati wa Khulafa' al-Rashidun, mahali ambapo mali za umma zilihifadhiwa kilijulikana kama bayt al-mal. Sa'd ametaja katika Al-Tabaqaat, kutoka kwa Shall ibn Abi Haythma na wengine: "Abu Bakr alikuwa na nyumba huko Al-Sanh isiyolindwa na mtu yeyote. Hivyo akaambiwa, 'Kwa nini hutaweka mtu wa kuilinda?' Akasema, 'Ina kufuli.' Alikuwa akitoa kilichokuwamo ndani yake mpaka ikawa tupu. Alipohamia Madinah, aliihamisha na kuiweka katika nyumba yake." Hinad alisimulia katika Al-Zuhd kupitia simulizi nzuri kutoka kwa Anas, alisema: "Mtu mmoja alimwendea 'Umar akasema, 'Ee Amir ul-Mu'minin! Nisaidie kwa kuwa nataka kwenda kwenye Jihad.' 'Umar akajibu, 'Mshike mkono umpeleke bayt al-mal ili achukue mali anayoitaka." Al-Shafi'i alisimulia katika Al-Umm, hadithi iliyothibitishwa na Ibn Hajar, kutoka kwa 'Abdullah ibn Wadi'ah, alisema: "Salim, mtumwa wa Abu Hudhayfah, alikuwa mtumwa wa mwanamke mmoja kutoka kwetu aitwaye Salma bint Yeaar. Alimwacha huru wakati wa Jahiliyyah yake. Alipouawa huko Al-Yamamah, urithi wake ulipelekwa kwa 'Umar ibn Al-Khattab. Akamwita Wadeeah ibn Khidham na kusema, 'Huu ndio urithi wa mtumwa wako, nawe unastahili zaidi.' Akasema, 'Ee Amir ul-Mu'minin. Allah ametufanya tusiwe na haja naye. Mwanamke wetu amemwacha huru bila masharti; hivyo hatutaki kujiletea aibu (au hasara) kwa sababu ya jambo lake.' Hivyo, 'Umar akaweka mali ya urithi wake katika Bayt al-Mal." Al-Bayhaqi na Al-Darimi walisimulia, na Ibn Hazim akasahihisha kwamba "Sufyan ibn Abdullah ibn Rabeeah Al-Thaqafy alikuta mfuko wa ngozi na kuuleta kwa 'Umar ibn Al-Khattab. Akasema, tangaza kwa mwaka mmoja; ikiwa utatambuliwa basi mpe, vinginevyo ni wako."

At the time of the khulafa’ al-rashidun, the place in which funds were kept came to be known as bayt al-mal. Sa'd mentioned in Al-Tabaqaat from Shall ibn Abi Haythma and others: "Abu Bakr used to have a house in Al-Sanh not guarded by anybody. So it was said to him, ‘Why do you not put somebody to guard it?’ He said, ‘It has a lock.’ He used to give out that which was in it till it became empty. When he moved to Madinah, he moved it and placed it in his house.". Hinad narrated in Al-Zuhd through a good narration from Anas, he said: "A person came to ‘Umar and said, ‘O Amir ul-Mu'minin! Support me for I want to go in Jihad. ‘Umar replied, ‘Hold his hand and take him to bayt al-malso he can take the funds he wants." Al-Shafi'i narrated in Al-Umm, which was authenticated by Ibn Hajar from ‘Abdullah ibn Wadi’ah, he said: "Salim, the servant of Abu Hudhayfah was a servant to a woman from us called Salma bint Yeaar, she freed him in her days of Jahiliyyah. When he was killed in Al- Yamamah, his heritage was brought to ‘Umar ibn Al-Khattab. So he called upon Wadeeah ibn Khidham and said, ‘This is the heritage of your servant, and you deserve it more.’ He said, ‘O Amir ul-Mu'minin. Allah has made us of no need to him. Our woman has freed him unrestricted; so we do not want to bring disgrace to ourselves, (or to bring loss upon us) from his matter.’ So, ‘Umar put his heritage wealth in the Bayt al-Mal." Al-Bayhaqi and Al-Darimi narrated, and Ibn Hazim corrected that "Sufyan ibn Abdullah ibn Rabeeah Al- Thaqafy found a leather bag and brought it to ‘Umar ibn Al-Khattab. He said, announce it for one year; and if it was recognised then give it, otherwise it is yours.’ .

Hakuna aliyemtambua, kwa hiyo alikutana naye mwaka uliofuata na kumtajia jambo hilo. ‘Umar alisema, ‘Ni yako, kwa kuwa Mjumbe wa Allah ﷺ alituamuru kufanya hivyo.’ Yeye alisema, ‘Sitaki.’ ‘Umar akalichukua na kuliweka katika Bayt al-mal. Al-Darimi amesimulia kutoka kwa Abdullah bin Amru, alisema: "Mtumishi mmoja alifariki wakati wa ‘Uthman bila kuwa na jamaa yoyote. Basi, akaamuru mali yake iwekwe katika Bayt al-mal." Ibn Abd al-Barr amesimulia katika Al-Istidhkar kutoka kwa Anas bin Sirin: "‘Ali alikuwa akigawa fedha hadi Bayt al-mal ikawa tupu. Kisha ilikuwa ikisafishwa na yeye akaketi ndani yake." Hii inahusu maana ya kwanza ya Bayt al-mal, ambayo ni mahali. Kuhusu maana ya pili, ambayo ni mamlaka yenye wajibu, hili linalazimishwa na ukweli kwamba mali wakati mwingine haihifadhiwi mahali fulani, kama vile ardhi, visima vya mafuta, visima vya gesi, migodi, na fedha za sadaka zinazochukuliwa kutoka kwenye mali na kulipwa kwa wenye haki yake bila kuhifadhiwa mahali. Bayt al-mal wakati mwingine ilitumika kumaanisha mamlaka yenye wajibu, kama ilivyosimuliwa na Al-Bayhaqi, Ahmad katika Al-Musnad, na ‘Abd al-Razzaq katika Musannaf yake, kutoka kwa Lahiq bin Humayd: "Ibn Mas'ud alitumwa kusimamia mahakama na bayt al-mal." Haimaanishi kwamba ‘Umar alimtuma kama mlinzi wa mlango wa bayt al-mal, bali alimpa mamlaka yenye wajibu wa kukusanya na kutumia mali. Hii ni maana ile ile iliyosimuliwa na Ibn Al-Mubarak katika Al-Zuhd kutoka kwa Al-Hasan, alipokuja maamiri wa Al-Basrah pamoja na Abu Musa Al-Ash’ari wakiomba apangiwe chakula. Alisema akihitimisha maneno yake kwao: "Enyi watu wa maamiri! Nimewapangia kutoka Bayt al-mal kondoo wawili na gareeb (kipande cha ardhi inayolimwa) mbili," basi inaweza kumaanisha mamlaka yenye wajibu.

Nobody recognised it, so he met him the next year and mentioned it to him. ‘Umar said, ‘It is yours, for the Messenger of Allah (PBUH) ordered us to do that.’ He said, ‘I do not want it.’ ‘Umar took it and put it in the Bayt al- mal." Al-Darimi narrated from Abdullah ibn Amru, he said: "A servant passed away at the time of ‘Uthman without having a relative. So, he ordered that his wealth be put in Bayt al-mal." Ibn Abd al-Barr narrated in Al-Istidhkar from Anas ibn Sirin “Ali used to divide the funds until the bayt al-mal became empty. It would then be cleaned and he would sit in it.". This is in regards to the first meaning of Bayt al-mal, which is the place. With regards to the second meaning, which is the responsible authority, this is necessitated by the fact that the funds are sometimes not kept in a place, such as like the lands, oil wells, gas wells, mines, and the charity funds that are taken from the wealth and paid to its deserved people without being kept in a place. The Bayt al-malis sometimes used to mean the responsible authority as narrated by Al-Bayhaqi, Ahmad in Al-Musnad, and ‘Abd al-Razzaq in His Musannaf, from Lahiq ibn Humayd "Ibn Mas'ud was sent to preside over the judiciary and bayt al-mal.” It would not mean that ‘Umar sent him as a doorman to the bayt al-mal, rather with responsible authority of collecting and spending the funds. This is the same meaning as narrated by Ibn Al- Mubarak in Al-Zuhd from Al-Hasan, when the amirs of Al-Basrah came with Abu Musa Al-Ash’ari and requested from him to assign food for them. He said in concluding his words to them: "O folk of amirs! I have assigned to you from the Bayt al-maltwo sheep and two gareeb (a patch of arable land)", thus it can mean the responsible authority.

Mtume wa Allah ﷺ alipokea msaada wa ‘Uthman kwa jeshi la dhiki (ʿusrah) akiwa amelishika mapajani mwake. Ahmad alisimulia, na Al-Tirmidhi alisimulia kutoka kwa Hasan na Gharib, na Al-Hakim alisimulia na kulisahihisha, Al-Dhahabi akakubaliana naye, kutoka kwa Abdul Rahman ibn Samrah kwamba alisema:

The Messenger of Allah (PBUH) was the one that received the donations of ‘Uthman to the army of hardship ('usrah) in his lap. Ahmad narrated and Al-Tirmidhi narrated from hasan and gharib, and Al-Hakim narrated it and corrected it, Al-Dhahabi agreed with him, from Abdul Rahman ibn Samrah that he said: .

‘Uthman alikuja kwa Mtume ﷺ na dinari elfu moja alipojiandaa jeshi la shida (ghazwah ya Tabuk), na akazimimina kwenye mapaja ya Mtume ﷺ. Alisema kwamba Mtume ﷺ alianza kuzigeuza na kusema: "‘Uthman hatadhurika kwa kitendo chochote atakachofanya baada ya leo," na alisema hivyo mara nyingi. Wakati mwingine alikuwa akizigawanya mwenyewe. Al-Bukhari amesimulia kutoka kwa Anas: .

"‘Uthman came to the Prophet (PBUH) with one thousand dinar when he prepared the army of the hardship (ghazwah of Tabuk) and he emptied it in the lap of the Prophet (PBUH). He said the Prophet (PBUH) started to turn them around and say: ‘Uthman will not be harmed by any work he does after today, and he said that many times". He used sometimes to divide them by himself. Al-Bukhari narrated from Anas: .

Mali kutoka Bahrain zilileta kwa Mtume ﷺ. Akasema: "Myatandazeni msikitini." Alipomaliza swala, alikaa karibu nazo, wala hakumwacha mtu yeyote aliyemwona bila kumpa. Basi, Mjumbe wa Allah ﷺ alipoinuka, hakubaki hata dirham moja pale. Abu Bakr alichukua jukumu la kugawa yeye mwenyewe mali iliyotoka Bahrain. Al-Bukhari amesimulia kutoka kwa Jabir, alisema:

"Funds from Bahrain were brought to the Prophet (PBUH). He said spread them in the mosque. When he finished the prayer, he sat down close to them and left nobody he saw without giving him. So, when the Messenger of Allah (PBUH) stood up there was no single dirham left with them.". Abu Bakr took responsibility of dividing by himself the funds coming from Bahrain. Al-Bukhari narrated from Jabir, he said: .

"Mtume wa Allah ﷺ alisema: ‘Kama fedha zingekuja kutoka Bahrain, ningekupa hivi na hivi na hivi,’ yaani mara tatu. Mtume wa Allah ﷺ alipofariki na fedha zikaja kutoka Bahrain, Abu Bakr aliamuru mtu aite: Yeyote aliye na deni au kitu chochote kwa Mtume wa Allah ﷺ, na aje kwetu. Basi nilimwendea na kumwambia kwamba Mtume wa Allah ﷺ alisema: ‘Kwangu ni hivi na hivi,’ akanipa mara tatu."

"The Messenger of Allah (PBUH) said: ‘If funds came from Bahrain, I would give you thus and thus and thus, i.e. three times. When the Messenger of Allah (PBUH) passed away and the funds came from Bahrain, Abu Bakr ordered somebody to call: Whoever has some debt or something with the Messenger of Allah (PBUH) let him come to us. So I went to him and said the Messenger of Allah (PBUH) said: ‘for me is thus and thus, so he gave me three times.’".