Bayt al-Mal — bu davlat daromadlari xarajat qilinguncha saqlanadigan joyni bildiruvchi murakkab birikma. U, shuningdek, musulmonlarga tegishli mablag'larni qabul qilish va sarflash uchun mas'ul bo'lgan idorani ham anglatishi mumkin.

Bayt al-Mal is a compound phrase construction, and indicates the place where the State's revenues are kept till they are spent. It could also mean the authority responsible for receiving and spending the funds entitled for the Muslims. .

Biz allaqachon qabul qilganmizki, vali armiya, sud va mablag'larni chetga qoldiruvchi maxsus vakolatga ega. Shunday ekan, butun armiya markaziy bo'lim bo'ladi (uning boshida Amir al-Jihad turadi). Sud tizimi markaziy bo'lim bo'ladi (sud deb ataladi), butun mablag'lar esa markaziy bo'lim tashkil etadi (bayt al-mol deb ataladi). Bu bo'lim Davlatdagi boshqa tashkilotlardan ajratilgan bo'lib, boshqa tashkilotlar singari Xalifaga bo'ysunadi.

We have already adopted that the wali is given a special authority that excludes the army, judiciary and funds. Thus, the whole army will be a central department (presided over by Amir al-Jihad). The judiciary will be a central department (known as judiciary), and the entire funds form a central department (known as bayt al-mal), which is separate from any other organisation in the State, and follows the Khalifah as do the other organisations. .

Bayt al-mol ustidan Rasululloh (PBUH) yoki Xalifa, yoki u tayinlagan shaxs bevosita nazorat qilgan, degan ko'plab dalillar mavjud. Rasulullo ﷺ ba'zan mablag'lar bilan bevosita shug'ullanar, ularni saqlaydigan joyi bo'lgan; mablag'ni qabul qilar, taqsimlar va o'z o'rnida sarflar edi. Boshqa hollarda esa u zot ﷺ bu ishni boshqarish uchun kimnidir tayinlar edi. Rosyidun xalifalar ham uning vafotidan keyin shunday qilar edilar: ya'ni ular bayt al-molni o'zlari boshqarar yoki bu ishni o'zlari nomidan boshqalarga topshirar edilar. Rasulullo ﷺ mablag'larni masjidda joylashtirar edi. Al-Buxoriy Anasdan rivoyat qilganidek, u aytdi: "Bahraindan Nabiy ﷺ ga mablag' olib kelindi. U dedi: "Uni masjidda yoyib qo'ying"" [Buxoriy, Sahih, #421]. Ba'zan u zot ﷺ mablag'ni xotinlaridan birining hujralaridan biriga qo'yar edi, xuddi Al-Buxoriy Uqbadan rivoyat qilganidek, u aytdi:

There are abundant evidences that the bayt al-mal was under the direct authority of the Messenger (PBUH) or the Khalifah, or whoever he appointed to preside over it. The Messenger of Allah (PBUH) used to on occasions deal directly with the funds, where they had a safe. He used to receive the funds, distribute them and spend them in their due place. On other occasions He (PBUH) used to appoint somebody to take care of that. This is what the Khulafaa' Rashidun used to do after him, where they either they took charge of the Bayt al-mal by themselves or they delegated others to do that on their behalf.. The Messenger of Allah (PBUH) used to place the funds in the mosque, as Al-Bukhari narrated from Anas, he said:. "Some funds were brought to the Prophet (PBUH) from Bahrain. He said: ‘Spread it in the mosque’" [Bukhari, Sahih, #421].. He would sometimes put it in one of the rooms of his wives, as it was narrated by Al-Bukhari from Uqbah, he said: .

...ushlab turing, va men buyurdimki, ular bo‘lib berilsin". U (Payg‘ambar ﷺ) ularni o‘z xazinasida saqlardi, aks holda — Muslim ‘Umardan rivoyat qilgan hadisda aytilganidek, u shunday degan: .

hold me back, and I ordered it should be divided’". He otherwise kept them in his safe as Muslim narrated from ‘Umar that he said: .

Men unga aytdim: «Allohning Elchisi (SAV) qayerda?» U dedi: «U o‘zining sandig‘ida, yog‘ochdan yasalgan xonachada.» Men Allohning Elchisi ﷺ ning sandig‘iga qaradim va to‘satdan xonaning bir tomonida bir sa' (kichik hajm o‘lchovi) miqdoridagi arpa va sharbat uchun ishlatiladigan daraxt mevalariga teng miqdordagi narsani ko‘rdim. Xonada osilgan ishlanmagan teri ham ko‘rdim. Ko‘zlarim yoshga to‘ldi. Payg‘ambar ﷺ dedi: «Nima seni yig‘latyapti, ey Xattobning o‘g‘li?» Men dedim: «Ey Allohning Payg‘ambari! Bu gilam sizning yon tomoningizga ta'sir qilganida nega yig‘lamasligim kerak? Bu sizning sandig‘ingiz, unda men ko‘rganimdan boshqa hech narsa ko‘rmayapman».

"So I said to her, ‘Where is the Messenger of Allah (PBUH)?’ She said ‘He is in his safe in the wooden oriel.’ I gazed in the safe of the Messenger of Allah (PBUH), and I suddenly saw an amount of barley of about one sa' (a small cubic measure) and equal to that of tree fruits used for juice on one side of the room. I saw as well an untanned skin hanging in the room. My eyes wept. The Prophet said ‘What does make you weep, son of Al-Khattab?’ I said ‘O Prophet of Allah! Why I should not weep when this mat has influenced your side and this is your safe in which I do not see except that which I see’.” .

Xulafoi Roshidin davrida mablag‘lar saqlanadigan joy bayt al-mol deb atala boshlandi. Sa’d “At-Tabaqot”da Shall ibn Abu Haythama va boshqalardan rivoyat qilib aytadi: “Abu Bakrning Al-Sanhda hech kim qo‘riqlamaydigan uyi bor edi. Unga: ‘Nega uni qo‘riqlash uchun birovni qo‘ymaysiz?’ deyishdi. U: ‘Unda qulf bor’, dedi. U ichidagi narsani, to u bo‘shagunicha, tarqatib yurdi. Madinaga ko‘chib kelganida, uni ko‘chirib, o‘z uyiga joylashtirdi.”

At the time of the khulafa’ al-rashidun, the place in which funds were kept came to be known as bayt al-mal. Sa'd mentioned in Al-Tabaqaat from Shall ibn Abi Haythma and others: "Abu Bakr used to have a house in Al-Sanh not guarded by anybody. So it was said to him, ‘Why do you not put somebody to guard it?’ He said, ‘It has a lock.’ He used to give out that which was in it till it became empty. When he moved to Madinah, he moved it and placed it in his house." .

Hinad "Al-Zuhd" kitobida yaxshi isnod bilan Anasdan rivoyat qiladi, u aytdi: "Bir kishi ‘Umarning oldiga kelib dedi: ‘Ey Amir al-mu'minin! Menga yordam bering, chunki men jihodga bormoqchiman. ‘Umar javob berdi: ‘Uning qo'lidan ushlab, uni bayt al-molga olib boringlar, u xohlagancha mablag' olsin.’" Al-Shofi'iy "Al-Umm" kitobida rivoyat qiladi, bu rivoyatni Ibn Hajar ‘Abdulloh ibn Vadi'adan sahih deb tasdiqlagan, u aytdi: "Abu Hudhayfaning xizmatkori Salim bizning bir ayolimizning quli edi, uni Salma bint Yea'ar ism bilan atashardi. U Johiliyat davrida uni ozod qilgan edi. U Al-Yamomada o'ldirilganda, uning merosi ‘Umar ibn al-Xattobning oldiga keltirildi. U Vadi'a ibn Xidhomni chaqirib dedi: ‘Bu sizning qulingizning merosi, sizga bundan ko'ra haqliroq kishi yo'q.’ U dedi: ‘Ey Amir al-mu'minin! Alloh bizni uning (merosiga) muhtoj qilmagan. Bizning ayolimiz uni shartsiz ozod qilgan; shuning uchun uning ishi tufayli o'zimizga nomus keltirishni yoki zarar yetkazishni istamaymiz.’ Shunda ‘Umar uning merosini bayt al-molga qo'ydi." Al-Bayhaqiy va Al-Doramiy rivoyat qilganlar, Ibn Hazm esa tuzatib aytganki: "Sufyon ibn ‘Abdulloh ibn Rabi'a as-Saqafiy bir chamadon topib, uni ‘Umar ibn al-Xattobning oldiga olib keldi. U dedi: ‘Bir yil davomida e'lon qiling; agar kimdir uni tanisa, unga berilsin, aks holda u sizniki bo'ladi.’"

Hinad narrated in Al-Zuhd through a good narration from Anas, he said: "A person came to ‘Umar and said, ‘O Amir ul-Mu'minin! Support me for I want to go in Jihad. ‘Umar replied, ‘Hold his hand and take him to bayt al-malso he can take the funds he wants." Al-Shafi'i narrated in Al-Umm, which was authenticated by Ibn Hajar from ‘Abdullah ibn Wadi’ah, he said: "Salim, the servant of Abu Hudhayfah was a servant to a woman from us called Salma bint Yeaar, she freed him in her days of Jahiliyyah. When he was killed in Al- Yamamah, his heritage was brought to ‘Umar ibn Al-Khattab. So he called upon Wadeeah ibn Khidham and said, ‘This is the heritage of your servant, and you deserve it more.’ He said, ‘O Amir ul-Mu'minin. Allah has made us of no need to him. Our woman has freed him unrestricted; so we do not want to bring disgrace to ourselves, (or to bring loss upon us) from his matter.’ So, ‘Umar put his heritage wealth in the Bayt al-Mal." Al-Bayhaqi and Al-Darimi narrated, and Ibn Hazim corrected that "Sufyan ibn Abdullah ibn Rabeeah Al- Thaqafy found a leather bag and brought it to ‘Umar ibn Al-Khattab. He said, announce it for one year; and if it was recognised then give it, otherwise it is yours.’ .

Hech kim buni tanimadi, shuning uchun u keyingi yili uni uchratib, bu haqda unga aytdi. ʿUmar dedi: "Bu sizniki, chunki Allohning Elchisi ﷺ bizga buyurganlar..." "Men Madinada Payg'ambar ﷺ orqasida asr namozini o'qidim. U salom berib namozni tugatdi va tezda o'rnidan turdi. Orqasidagi musulmonlar saflarini kesib o'tib, ayrim xotinlarining hujralariga bordi. Odamlar uning tezligidan hayratga tushdilar. U ularning oldiga qaytib keldi va ular uning tezligidan hayratda ekanini ko'rdi. U dedi: 'Men yonimizda bir oz oltin chang qolganini esladim, uning meni ushlab qolishini istamadim va uni taqsimlashga buyurdim'." Aks holda, u ularni o'z xazinasida saqlardi. Muslim ʿUmardan rivoyat qilgan: u dedi: "Shunda men unga dedim: 'Allohning Elchisi ﷺ qayerda?' U dedi: 'U yog'ochdan yasalgan xonadagi xazinasida.' Men Allohning Elchisi ﷺ xazinasiga qaradim va to'satdan xonaning bir tomonida taxminan bir sa' (kichik hajm o'lchovi) miqdorida arpa va sharbat uchun ishlatiladigan daraxt mevalariga teng miqdorda narsa ko'rdim. Shuningdek, xonada ishlov berilmagan teri osilgan edi. Ko'zlarim yosh to'kdi. Payg'ambar ﷺ dedi: 'Nima seni yig'latdi, ey Xattobning o'g'li?' Men dedim: 'Ey Allohning Payg'ambari ﷺ! Bu gilam sizning yonboshingizda iz qoldirganda, nega yig'lamayman? Bu sizning xazinangiz, unda men ko'rayotgan narsadan boshqasini ko'rmayapman'."

Nobody recognised it, so he met him the next year and mentioned it to him. ‘Umar said, ‘It is yours, for the Messenger of Allah (PBUH) ordered us "I prayed the asr behind the Prophet (PBUH) in Madinah. He gave salam at the end of the prayer and stood up quickly. He crossed the lines of the Muslims behind him going to some of his wives' rooms. The people were amazed of his speed. He came back to them, and saw they were surprised of his speed. He said, ‘I remembered some gold dust with us, so I hated it would hold me back, and I ordered it should be divided’". He otherwise kept them in his safe as Muslim narrated from ‘Umar that he said: "So I said to her, ‘Where is the Messenger of Allah (PBUH)?’ She said ‘He is in his safe in the wooden oriel.’ I gazed in the safe of the Messenger of Allah (PBUH), and I suddenly saw an amount of barley of about one sa' (a small cubic measure) and equal to that of tree fruits used for juice on one side of the room. I saw as well an untanned skin hanging in the room. My eyes wept. The Prophet said ‘What does make you weep, son of Al-Khattab?’ I said ‘O Prophet of Allah! Why I should not weep when this mat has influenced your side and this is your safe in which I do not see except that which I see’.” .

Khulafo'i roshidin davrida mablag'lar saqlanadigan joy bayt al-mal deb nomlana boshladi. Sa'd "At-Tabaqat"da Shall ibn Abu Haythama va boshqalardan rivoyat qilib aytadi: "Abu Bakr Al-Sanhda hech kim qo'riqlamaydigan uyga ega edi. Unga: «Nega uni qo'riqlash uchun birovni qo'ymaysiz?» deyilganda, u: «Uning qulfi bor», dedi. U ichidagi narsani, to u bo'shab qolguncha, tarqatib turardi. Madinaga ko'chib kelganida, uni ko'chirib, o'z uyiga joylashtirdi." Hinad "Az-Zuhd"da Anasdan yaxshi rivoyat orqali naql qiladi, u aytdi: "Bir kishi Umarning oldiga kelib dedi: «Ey Amir al-mu'minin! Menga yordam bering, chunki men jihodga bormoqchiman». Umar javob berdi: «Uning qo'lidan ushlab, bayt al-malga olib boringlar, shunda u xohlagan mablag'ni olsin»." Al-Shofe'iy "Al-Umm"da, Ibn Hajar tomonidan sahih deb tasdiqlangan rivoyatda, Abdulloh ibn Vadi'adan naql qiladi, u aytdi: "Abu Hudhayfaning xizmatkori Salim bizdan bo'lgan, Salma bint Yea'ar ismli ayolning xizmatkori edi. Ayol uni johiliyat davrida ozod qilgan edi. U Al-Yamomada o'ldirilganida, uning merosi Umar ibn al-Xattobga olib kelindi. U Vadi'a ibn Xidhamni chaqirib dedi: «Bu sizning xizmatkoringizning merosi, sizga esa bu boshqalardan ko'ra loyiqroqdir». U dedi: «Ey Amir al-mu'minin! Alloh bizni uning merosiga muhtoj qilmagan. Bizning ayolimiz uni shartsiz ozod qilgan; shuning uchun biz uning ishi tufayli o'zimizni sharmanda qilishni yoki zarar ko'rishni istamaymiz». Shunda Umar uning merosini bayt al-malga qo'ydi." Al-Bayhaqiy va Ad-Doramiy rivoyat qilgan, Ibn Hazm esa tuzatgan: "Sufyon ibn Abdulloh ibn Rabi'a As-Saqafiy charm xaltachani topib, Umar ibn al-Xattobga olib keldi. U dedi: «Bir yil davomida e'lon qiling; agar kimdir uni tanisa, unga bering, aks holda u sizniki bo'ladi»."

At the time of the khulafa’ al-rashidun, the place in which funds were kept came to be known as bayt al-mal. Sa'd mentioned in Al-Tabaqaat from Shall ibn Abi Haythma and others: "Abu Bakr used to have a house in Al-Sanh not guarded by anybody. So it was said to him, ‘Why do you not put somebody to guard it?’ He said, ‘It has a lock.’ He used to give out that which was in it till it became empty. When he moved to Madinah, he moved it and placed it in his house.". Hinad narrated in Al-Zuhd through a good narration from Anas, he said: "A person came to ‘Umar and said, ‘O Amir ul-Mu'minin! Support me for I want to go in Jihad. ‘Umar replied, ‘Hold his hand and take him to bayt al-malso he can take the funds he wants." Al-Shafi'i narrated in Al-Umm, which was authenticated by Ibn Hajar from ‘Abdullah ibn Wadi’ah, he said: "Salim, the servant of Abu Hudhayfah was a servant to a woman from us called Salma bint Yeaar, she freed him in her days of Jahiliyyah. When he was killed in Al- Yamamah, his heritage was brought to ‘Umar ibn Al-Khattab. So he called upon Wadeeah ibn Khidham and said, ‘This is the heritage of your servant, and you deserve it more.’ He said, ‘O Amir ul-Mu'minin. Allah has made us of no need to him. Our woman has freed him unrestricted; so we do not want to bring disgrace to ourselves, (or to bring loss upon us) from his matter.’ So, ‘Umar put his heritage wealth in the Bayt al-Mal." Al-Bayhaqi and Al-Darimi narrated, and Ibn Hazim corrected that "Sufyan ibn Abdullah ibn Rabeeah Al- Thaqafy found a leather bag and brought it to ‘Umar ibn Al-Khattab. He said, announce it for one year; and if it was recognised then give it, otherwise it is yours.’ .

Hech kim uni tanimadi, shuning uchun u keyingi yili uni uchratib, bu haqda unga gapirdi. ‘Umar dedi: «Bu sizniki, chunki Allohning Elchisi ﷺ bizga shunday qilishni buyurganlar.» U dedi: «Men buni istamayman.» ‘Umar uni olib, Bayt al-molga qo‘ydi. Al-Doriy Abdulloh ibn Amr orqali rivoyat qildi, u dedi: «‘Usmon davrida bir quldor vafot etdi, uning qarindoshi yo‘q edi. Shunda u (‘Usmon) uning molini Bayt al-molga qo‘yishni buyurdi.» Ibn Abd al-Barr «Al-Istidkor» kitobida Anas ibn Sirindan rivoyat qildi: «‘Ali mablag‘larni taqsimlar edi, to Bayt al-mol bo‘shab qolguncha. Keyin u tozalanar va unda o‘tirar edi.» Bu Bayt al-mol so‘zining birinchi ma’nosi — joy haqida. Ikkinchi ma’nosi — mas’ul hokimiyat bo‘lib, bu shunga asoslanadi: mablag‘lar ba’zan biror joyda saqlanmaydi, masalan, yerlar, neft quduqlari, gaz quduqlari, konlar va molning zakot mablag‘lari kabi, ular joyda saqlanmasdan, o‘z haqdor kishilariga beriladi. Bayt al-mol ba’zan mas’ul hokimiyat ma’nosida ham ishlatilgan, buni Al-Bayhaqiy, Ahmad «Al-Musnad»da va ‘Abd ar-Razzoq «Al-Musannaf»da Lahiq ibn Humaydan rivoyat qilgan: «Ibn Mas’ud sud va Bayt al-molga rahbarlik qilish uchun yuborildi.» Bu ‘Umar uni Bayt al-molga eshikbon qilib yuborgani degani emas, balki mablag‘larni yig‘ish va sarflash mas’uliyatiga ega qilgani demakdir. Bu ma’no Ibn al-Mubarak «Az-Zuhd»da Al-Hasandan rivoyat qilgan hadisdagi ma’noga ham mos keladi: Basra amirlari Abu Muso al-Ash’ariy bilan kelib, undan o‘zlariga ozuqa belgilashni so‘raganlarida, u so‘zini shunday yakunlagan: «Ey amirlar jamoasi! Men sizlarga Bayt al-moldan ikkita qo‘y va ikkita gareeb (haydaladigan yerning bir bo‘lagi) belgiladim.» Demak, bu so‘z mas’ul hokimiyat ma’nosida ham kelishi mumkin.

Nobody recognised it, so he met him the next year and mentioned it to him. ‘Umar said, ‘It is yours, for the Messenger of Allah (PBUH) ordered us to do that.’ He said, ‘I do not want it.’ ‘Umar took it and put it in the Bayt al- mal." Al-Darimi narrated from Abdullah ibn Amru, he said: "A servant passed away at the time of ‘Uthman without having a relative. So, he ordered that his wealth be put in Bayt al-mal." Ibn Abd al-Barr narrated in Al-Istidhkar from Anas ibn Sirin “Ali used to divide the funds until the bayt al-mal became empty. It would then be cleaned and he would sit in it.". This is in regards to the first meaning of Bayt al-mal, which is the place. With regards to the second meaning, which is the responsible authority, this is necessitated by the fact that the funds are sometimes not kept in a place, such as like the lands, oil wells, gas wells, mines, and the charity funds that are taken from the wealth and paid to its deserved people without being kept in a place. The Bayt al-malis sometimes used to mean the responsible authority as narrated by Al-Bayhaqi, Ahmad in Al-Musnad, and ‘Abd al-Razzaq in His Musannaf, from Lahiq ibn Humayd "Ibn Mas'ud was sent to preside over the judiciary and bayt al-mal.” It would not mean that ‘Umar sent him as a doorman to the bayt al-mal, rather with responsible authority of collecting and spending the funds. This is the same meaning as narrated by Ibn Al- Mubarak in Al-Zuhd from Al-Hasan, when the amirs of Al-Basrah came with Abu Musa Al-Ash’ari and requested from him to assign food for them. He said in concluding his words to them: "O folk of amirs! I have assigned to you from the Bayt al-maltwo sheep and two gareeb (a patch of arable land)", thus it can mean the responsible authority.

Allohning Elchisi ﷺ 'Usmonning qiyin ahvol (ʼusrah) lashkari uchun qilgan sadaqalarini o‘z qo‘ynida qabul qilgan edilar. Ahmad rivoyat qilgan, at-Termiziy esa hasan va g‘arib deb rivoyat qilgan, al-Hokim uni rivoyat qilib, to‘g‘riladi, az-Zahabiy ham unga qo‘shilgan, Abdurrahmon ibn Samrah dan, u aytdi:

The Messenger of Allah (PBUH) was the one that received the donations of ‘Uthman to the army of hardship ('usrah) in his lap. Ahmad narrated and Al-Tirmidhi narrated from hasan and gharib, and Al-Hakim narrated it and corrected it, Al-Dhahabi agreed with him, from Abdul Rahman ibn Samrah that he said: .

Usmon (roziyallohu anhu) mashaqqat jangi (Tabuk g'azovoti) uchun qo'shinni tayyorlaganda, Payg'ambar ﷺ huzuriga ming dinor olib keldi va uni Payg'ambar ﷺning qo'ynariga to'kdi. Rivoyat qilinishicha, Payg'ambar ﷺ ularni o'girib-o'girib qarar va: "Bugundan keyin Usmon qilgan hech qanday ish unga zarar yetkazmaydi", deb aytar edi va buni ko'p marta takrorlagan. U (Payg'ambar ﷺ) ba'zan ularni o'zi taqsimlab berar edi. Imom al-Buxoriy Anasdan rivoyat qilgan:

"‘Uthman came to the Prophet (PBUH) with one thousand dinar when he prepared the army of the hardship (ghazwah of Tabuk) and he emptied it in the lap of the Prophet (PBUH). He said the Prophet (PBUH) started to turn them around and say: ‘Uthman will not be harmed by any work he does after today, and he said that many times". He used sometimes to divide them by himself. Al-Bukhari narrated from Anas: .

Bahraynden keltirilgan mablag'lar Payg'ambarga ﷺ olib kelindi. U: «Ularni masjidga tarqating», dedi. Namoz tugagach, u ularning yoniga o'tirdi va ko'rgan hech kimni bermasdan qoldirmadi. Shunday qilib, Allahning Elchisi ﷺ o'rnidan turganda, ularning yonida bitta dirham ham qolmadi. Abu Bakr Bahraynden kelgan mablag'larni taqsimlash mas'uliyatini o'z zimmasiga oldi. Al-Buxoriy Jobirdan rivoyat qilgan, u shunday degan:

"Funds from Bahrain were brought to the Prophet (PBUH). He said spread them in the mosque. When he finished the prayer, he sat down close to them and left nobody he saw without giving him. So, when the Messenger of Allah (PBUH) stood up there was no single dirham left with them.". Abu Bakr took responsibility of dividing by himself the funds coming from Bahrain. Al-Bukhari narrated from Jabir, he said: .

Allohning Elchisi ﷺ dedilar: «Agar Bahraindan mol-mulk kelsa, sizga shunday-shunday va shunday beraman», ya'ni uch marta. Allohning Elchisi ﷺ vafot etib, Bahraindan mol-mulk kelganida, Abu Bakr bir kishiga: «Allohning Elchisi ﷺ dan qarzi yoki biror narsasi bo'lgan kishi bizning oldimizga kelsin», deb nido qildirdi. Shunda men uning oldiga borib dedim: Allohning Elchisi ﷺ menga shunday-shunday deganlar, bas, u menga uch marta berdi.