8.3 Uchinchidan: Sanoat
8.3 Thirdly: The industry
Elchi (ﷺ) katapulta va zirhli aravani tayyorlashni buyurdi. Al-Bayhaqiy "Sunan" kitobida Abu Ubayda (roziyallohu anhu) shunday degani haqida xabar bergan: "So'ng Allohning Elchisi Ta'if atrofini qamal qildi va ularga qarshi o'n yetti kun davomida katapulta o'rnatdi". Abu Dovud "al-Marosil" kitobida Makhuldan rivoyat qilgan: "Nabiy (ﷺ) Ta'if aholisiga qarshi katapulta o'rnatdi". As-San'oniy "Subul as-Salom" kitobida aytganidek, uning rivoyat qiluvchilari ishonchlidir. "As-Siyrat al-Halabiyya" muallifi shunday degan: "Uni Nabiy (ﷺ) ga bu ishni buyurgan Salmon al-Forisiy (roziyallohu anhu) bo'lgan. U aytdi: "Fors yurtida biz qal'alar tepasiga katapulta o'rnatib, dushmanimizga zarba berardik". Rivoyat qilinadiki, Salmon (roziyallohu anhu) uni o'z qo'li bilan yasagan". Ibn al-Qayyim Sa'd ibn Mu'odh'dan rivoyat qiladi, Ibn Hisham esa Ibn Ishoqning "Sirat" kitobida shunday xabar bergan: ..
The Messenger (PBUH) ordered the manufacture of the catapult and the armored car. Al-Bayhaqi mentioned in the Sunan that Abu ‘Ubaydah (ra) said:. “Then the Messenger of Allah put siege around Tai’f, and erected the catapult against them for seventeen days”. Abu Dawud reported in the al-Marasil from Makhul “That the Prophet (PBUH) erected the catapult against the people of Ta’if”. Al-San’ani said in Subul al-Salam that its narrators are reliable. The author of the Sirah Halabiyyah said: “It is Salman al- Farsi (ra) that directed him to do this. He said, ‘In Persia we used to erect the catapults on top of the castles and hit our enemy.’ It is said that Salman (ra) made it with his own hands”. Ibn Al-Qayyim reported from Sa’d ibn Al-Mu’adh and Ibn Hisham in Ibn Ishaq’s Sirah: ..
“Ta’if devori yonida parchalanish kuni bo‘lgan jangda Allohning Elchisi ﷺ ning sahobalaridan bir necha kishi zirhli aravacha ostida harakat qilib, Ta’if devoriga kirdilar, uni yoqish maqsadida. Saqif ularga olovda qizdirilgan temir tayoqlar yubordi, shuning uchun ular u yerdan chiqib ketishdi. So‘ng Saqif ularga o‘q yomg‘irini yog‘dirdi va ulardan ba’zilarini o‘ldirdi”. Shunday qilib, Salmon ularga katapultadan foydalanish haqida maslahat bergan kishi edi va rivoyat qilinishicha, u uni o‘z qo‘li bilan yasagan.
“Till the day of shatter took place near the wall of Ta’if, few people of the companions of the Messenger of Allah (PBUH) moved under an armored car and entered the wall of Ta’if so as to burn it. Thaqeef sent against them rods of iron heated with fire, so they got out of it. Thaqeef then hit them with arrows and killed some of them”. Thus, Salman was the one that advised them about the use of the catapult, and it is said that he made it with his own hands. .
Bu Rasulullah ﷺning buyrug'i bilan amalga oshirilgan bo'lishi kerak. Siyar kitoblarida al-Halabiyyaning gapi topiladi: "U uni unga yo'naltirdi". Bu shuni anglatadiki, u Rasulullah ﷺni bundan xabardor qilgan. Ushbu rivoyatlardan shu narsa tushuniladiki, harbiy sanoat Xalifaning mas'uliyatiga kiradi va u ularni amalga oshirish hamda tashkil etish uchun xohlagan kishisining yordamini so'raydi. Sanoatga amir kerak, menejer emas. Salmon harbiy sanoatga amir bo'lmagan, balki manjaniq ishlab chiqarish sanoatining menejeri bo'lgan; u o'z qo'li bilan ham ishlagan bo'lishi mumkin. Harbiy sanoatni tashkil etish farz, chunki Uning ﷺ so'zi bor: "Ular uchun qo'lingizdan kelgancha kuch va bog'langan otlarni tayyorlab qo'yinglar, shu bilan Allohning dushmanini, sizning dushmanингizni va ularning ortidagi, sizlar bilmaydigan, lekin Alloh bilgan boshqalarni qo'rqitasizlar." [TMQ 8:60].
This must have been done by the command of the Messenger (PBUH). You can find in the seerah, the saying of al-Halabiyyah: “he directed him to it”. This means he advised the Messenger (PBUH) of that. It is understood from these reports that military industries are of the responsibility of the Khalifah, and he seeks the help of whomever he likes to undertake them and organise them. The industry does need an amir, rather than a manager. Salman was not an amir to the military industries, rather a manager to the catapult industry; and he may have worked with his own hands. Establishing the military industries is compulsory, because of His (PBUH) saying:. “Make ready for them all you can of (armed) force and of horses tethered, that thereby you may dismay (place terror in) the enemy of Allah and your enemy, and others beside them whom you know not. Allah knows them.” [TMQ 8:60].
Bu dahshat tayyorgarliksiz amalga oshirilmaydi, tayyorgarlik esa zavodlarning mavjudligini talab qiladi. Shunday ekan, oyat dalolat al-iltizam (zaruriy ma'no) orqali, yoki "Vojib bo'lishi uchun zarur bo'lgan narsaning o'zi ham vojibdir" degan qoida asosida harbiy zavodlarni barpo etish vojibligiga ishora qiladi. Bundan tashqari, jihodni vojib qiluvchi dalillar ham zaruriy tarzda zavodlar barpo etish vojibligiga ishora qiladi.
This terror cannot take place without preparation, and preparation requires the presence of factories. Thus the verse indicates the obligation of establishing the military factories through the meaning of necessity (dalalat al- iltizam), or based on the rule that states (whatever is necessary to fulfil an obligation is itself obligatory). This is besides the evidences that oblige jihad, which indicate by necessity the obligation of establishing factories. .
Davlat tomonidan fabrikalar tashkil etilishi faqat harbiy fabrikalar bilan cheklanmaydi. Aksincha, davlat tashkil etishi shart bo'lgan boshqa fabrikalar ham bor, ular "Xilofat davlatidagi mablag'lar" kitobida keltirilgan bo'lib, quyidagilardir:
The establishment of factories by the State are not confined to only military factories. There are rather other factories that the state must establish, which came in the book of ‘the funds in the Khilafah State’ and are as follows: .
Fabrikalar: Davlat fuqarolarning manfaatlarini ko'zlash yuzasidan davlat zimmasiga qo'yilgan majburiyatga asoslangan holda ikki turdagi fabrikalarni tashkil etishi shart:
The factories: The state must establish two types of factories based on the obligation upon the State to look after the interests of the citizens: .
Birinchi turi: Jamoat mulkiga oid aktivlar bilan bog'liq zavodlar, masalan, minerallarni qazib olish, tozalash va eritish uchun ishlatiladigan zavodlar hamda neft qazib olish va qayta ishlash zavodlari. Bu turdagi zavodlar ular ishlab chiqaradigan mahsulot tufayli jamoat mulki hisoblanadi. Jamoat mulkining aktivlari barcha musulmonlarning umumiy mulki bo'lganligi sababli, ularning zavodlari ham barcha musulmonlarning jamoat mulki bo'ladi va Davlat ularni musulmonlar nomidan quradi.
The first type: The factories that are related to the assets of the public property such as the factories used in extracting, purifying and melting the minerals, and the factories of extracting and refinery of oil. These types of factories are of public property because of the material they produce. Since the assets of the public property are public property to all Muslims, then their factories are publicly owned by all Muslims, and the State establishes them on behalf of the Muslims. .
Ikkinchi tur: Og'ir sanoat va qurol-yarog' sanoatiga tegishli zavodlar. Bunday turdagi zavodlarni shaxslarga mulk qilib olishga ruxsat beriladi, chunki ular shaxsiy mulk turiga kiradi. Biroq bunday zavodlar va sanoat tarmoqlari katta mablag' talab qiladi, uni ko'pincha shaxslar moliyalashtira olmaydi, va bugungi kunda og'ir sanoat shaxslar mulkidagi qurollarni ta'minlamaydi, Payg'ambar ﷺ davrida va Xulafoi Roshidin davrida bo'lgani kabi. Aksincha, ular Davlat mulkiga aylandi, va Davlat ularni ta'minlash ustida ishlaydi, chunki g'amxo'rlik burchi uni shunga majbur qiladi. Bu, ayniqsa, qurollarning ulkan rivojlanishi va kerakli ishlab chiqarish inshootlarini ishlatishning xarajatlari hisobga olinganda shunday. Shuning uchun Davlat qurol ishlab chiqaradigan zavodlar va og'ir sanoat zavodlarini barpo etishi vojibdir. Biroq bu shaxslarning bu sanoatlarni barpo etishiga to'sqinlik qilish degani emas. Bu zavodlarni barpo etish Davlatning zimmasidagi burchdir, ya'ni ular Xalifaning vazifasidir. U ularga, o'zi yoki o'rinbosari bilan bevosita bog'liq bo'lgan, o'zi afzal ko'rgan umumiy menejerni tayinlaydi.
The second type: The factories that are related to the heavy industry and the weapons industry. These types of factories are allowed to be owned by individuals because it is of the individual property. However, such types of factories and industries need huge funds, which individuals can not often finance, and the heavy industry nowadays does not cater for weapons owned by individuals, as was the case in the time of the Messenger (PBUH) and the time of the Khulafaa’ Rashidun. They rather became owned by the State, and the State works on providing them, because the duty of caring obliges it to do so. This is particularly true considering the vast development of weapons, and the expense in running the required manufacturing facilities... Therefore, it is obligatory that the State establishes factories for manufacturing weapons, and factories for the heavy industries. However, this would not mean preventing the individuals from establishing these industries. These factories are obliged upon the State to establish, i.e. they are the duty of the Khalifah. He appoints to them a general manager linked directly to him, or to his deputy, choosing the one he prefers.