4.9 科学与医学 - 最后的先知 | Quran Course

4.9 科学与医学 - 最后的先知 | Quran Course

0% read · 3 min left

最后的先知 Bookmark

This chapter was translated automatically from English and may contain mistakes. Read the original

Show original

4.9 科学与医学

4.9 Science And Medicine

by Mohammad Elshinawy3 min readViewed 45 times

在安拉最初启示给先知穆罕默德ﷺ的经文中，安拉说：{你应当奉你创造者的名义诵读}。

In the first passages ever revealed to the Prophet Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم, Allah said, Read [O Prophet] in the name of your Lord who created.

[他]用凝血创造了人。你应当诵读，你的主是最尊贵的，他以笔教导，

[He] created humans from a clinging substance. Read, and your Lord is the Most Generous. Who taught by the pen.

他教导人类那些他们所不知道的事物。251

[He] taught mankind what they knew not.251

或许是最容易被忽视的教诲，却也是我们欠先知穆罕默德ﷺ最大的恩情之一，便是他教导世界认识到知识的重要性。

What may be the most overlooked teaching of the Prophet Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم, and yet one of the greatest debts owed to him, is the fact that he taught the world the importance of knowledge.

将他们从几个世纪的迷信中解放出来，他教导追随者们，必须把生命投入到求知之中。

Liberating them from centuries of superstition, he taught his followers the necessity of investing their lives in pursuing education.

历史学家认可，正是在他的倡导下，识字率远超同时代的其他社会，而在他出生的阿拉伯，文盲本是常态。在很短的时间内，麦加、麦地那、巴格达和科尔多瓦（穆斯林西班牙）等主要穆斯林城市便成为知识与学术的中心。仅以中世纪科尔多瓦的哈里发图书馆为例便可见一斑：当时该城七十座图书馆之一，据称藏书达四十万册，而当时欧洲基督教世界最大的图书馆，大概只有四百部手稿。252

251 《古兰经》96:1-5,作者译文。

251 The Qur’an 96:1-5, author’s translation.

252 Maria Menocal, The Ornament of the World (Boston: Back Bay Books, 2002), 33.

252 Maria Menocal, The Ornament of the World (Boston: Back Bay Books, 2002), 33.

253 Muslim，《穆斯林圣训实录》（Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim），4:1836 #2363。

253 Muslim, Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim, 4:1836 #2363.

254 伊本·马哲,《伊本·马哲圣训集》,8:52 #4830;据阿勒巴尼在注释中的说明,其传述系统为 ḥasan(可接受的)。

254 Ibn Mājah, Sunan Ibn Mājah, 8:52 #4830; a ḥasan (acceptable) chain according to al-Albānī in the comments.

255 Firas Alkhateeb,《失落的伊斯兰历史：从过去收回穆斯林文明》（伦敦：Hurst，2014年），第72页。

255 Firas Alkhateeb, Lost Islamic History: Reclaiming Muslim Civilisation from the Past (London: Hurst, 2014), 72.

256 伊本·罕百勒,《艾哈迈德圣训集》,6:50 #3578;阿尔纳欧特在注释中认定其为可信(ṣaḥīḥ)。另一段传述中,乌萨mah·本·舍里克传述说,贝都因人问道:“安拉的使者啊,我们是否应当求医治疗?”他ﷺ说:“你们当求医治疗,因为安拉没有创造任何疾病而不同时创造其药,唯独一种除外。”他们问:“安拉的使者啊,是哪一种?”他ﷺ说:“衰老。”(《提尔米兹圣训集》,3:451 #2038;提尔米兹在注释中认定其为可信)

256 Ibn Ḥanbal, Musnad Aḥmad, 6:50 #3578; authenticated by al-Arnā’ūṭ in the comments. In another narration, Usāmah ibn Sharīk  reports that the Bedouins said, “O Messenger of Allah, should we seek treatments?” He said, “Seek treatments, for Allah has not created an ailment except that He created its cure, except for one.” They said, “O Messenger of Allah, what is it?” He said, “Aging.” (Sunan al-Tirmidhī, 3:451 #2038; authenticated by al-Tirmidhī in the comments)

257 Evelyn B. Kelly,《伊本·西纳〈医典〉在阿拉伯世界与西方世界的意义》,Encyclopedia.com（Cengage出品），更新于2020年6月13日。

257 Evelyn B. Kelly, “The Significance of Ibn Sina’s Canon of Medicine in the Arab and Western Worlds,” Encyclopedia.com by Cengage, updated June 13th, 2020.

258 al-Bukhārī,《古兰经》学者/《萨希赫·布哈里》,7:130 #5728;Muslim,《萨希赫·穆斯林》,4:1737 #2218。

258 al-Bukhārī, Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī, 7:130 #5728; Muslim, Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim, 4:1737 #2218.

259 Franz Rosenthal, Knowledge Triumphant: The Concept of Knowledge in Medieval Islam (Leiden: Brill, 2007), 2.

259 Franz Rosenthal, Knowledge Triumphant: The Concept of Knowledge in Medieval Islam (Leiden: Brill, 2007), 2.

260 Franz Rosenthal, The Classical Heritage in Islam（伦敦：Routledge，2003），第5页。

260 Franz Rosenthal, The Classical Heritage in Islam (London: Routledge, 2003), 5.

罗森塔尔还在其他地方补充说，《古兰经》的降示也激发了历史研究，这在史学编纂方面改变了历史的进程。

Rosenthal adds elsewhere that the advent of the Qur’an also stimulated historical research in a way that changed the course of history when it came to historiography.

他认为，其原因在于：先知们的言行、过往的事件以及地球上各民族的境况，突然都变成了具有宗教意义的事务；此外，穆罕默德ﷺ所带来的《古兰经》中有大量历史资料，激励人们去探寻更多用以说明问题的历史信息。（参见：Franz Rosenthal, A History of Muslim Historiography (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1968), 28）

The reason, he argues, is that suddenly the actions of individuals (like prophets), the events of the past, and the circumstances of all peoples of the earth had now become matters of religious importance, in addition to the abundance of historical data in the Qur’an which Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم brought that incentivized pursuing additional illustrative historical information. (See: Franz Rosenthal, A History of Muslim Historiography (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1968), 28)

261 Robert Briffault, The Making of Humanity (London: G. Allen & Unwin Ltd, 1919), 191.

261 Robert Briffault, The Making of Humanity (London: G. Allen & Unwin Ltd, 1919), 191.

262 同上，第201-202页。

262 Ibid., 201-202.