5.14 阿mmār的命运
5.14 The Fate Of ‘ammār
Abū Saʿīd al-Khudrī 叙述说,穆斯林在建造麦地那的清真寺时,ʿAmmār ibn Yāsir 每次搬两块砖,而别人只搬一块。先知ﷺ看见他,便开始用手为ʿAmmār拂去身上的灰尘,并说:“ʿAmmār有祸了!他将被叛逆的一伙人杀死。他会召唤他们进入乐园,而他们会召唤他进入火狱。”ʿAmmār回答说:“我们向安拉寻求庇护,以免遭受考验。”297 三十年后,当锡芬之战爆发时,ʿAmmār被沙姆军队杀害。这支军队违抗了穆斯林的统治者ʿAlī,却借口要为被杀的哈里发ʿUthmān复仇。有趣的是,沙姆军队并没有声称这段圣训是伪造的,而是辩称那些召唤他参战的人,才是最终应对他的死负责的“叛逆一伙”。
Abū Sa‘īd al-Khudrī narrated that, as the Muslims were building the mosque in Madinah, ‘Ammār ibn Yāsir would carry two bricks at a time while others lifted one. When the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم saw him, he began wiping the dust off ‘Ammār with his hands and said, “Woe to ‘Ammār, who will be killed by the transgressing party! He will be inviting them to Paradise, and they will be inviting him to the Fire.” To that, ‘Ammār replied, “We seek refuge with Allah from the trials.”297 Three decades after that prophecy, when the Battle of Ṣiffīn took place, ‘Ammār was killed by the army of Shām who transgressed against the Muslim ruler, ‘Alī, while seeking to avenge the murdered caliph, ‘Uthmān. Interestingly, the army of Shām did not claim that this hadith had been fabricated, but rather argued that those who called him to fight were the “transgressing party” ultimately responsible for his death.
这足以证明,伪造圣训在圣门弟子看来是不可想象的,因此他们并未质疑预言的真实性,只是在如何理解它上存在分歧。最后,在锡芬之战前夕,有人递给阿玛尔一些牛奶,他喝后笑了。他说:"先知ﷺ曾告诉我,我临死前喝的最后一样东西将是牛奶。"298 随后他起身去践行先知ﷺ的承诺,战斗至死。
This substantiates that forging hadith was unfathomable by the Companions, and thus, they did not question the authenticity of the prophecy and only differed on how to interpret it. Finally, moments before the Battle of Ṣiffīn, some milk was passed to ‘Ammār which caused him to smile. He said, “The Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم told me that the last thing I would drink before dying would be some milk.”298 Then he rose to meet the promise of his Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم and fought until his death.
297 al-Bukhārī,《Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī》,1:97 #337。
297 al-Bukhārī, Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī, 1:97 #337.
‘Ammār被“他们召向火狱”,是因为他正确地认为追随穆斯林统治者是必须的,因此背弃‘Alī将是有罪的叛乱。至于那些真诚地持不同看法的人,逊尼派的官方立场是,他们在追求真理的过程中犯了错误,因此并不有罪。一些学者,如Ibn Baṭṭāl,认为“他们将召他前往火狱”并非指另一方的军队,而是指Khārijites(哈瓦利吉派),‘Alī曾派‘Ammār前去与他们作为使者和谈判者。这些人也正是挑起事端、最终促使‘Alī的军队在Ṣiffīn与之交战的那批叛乱者。
‘Ammār was “invited by them to the Fire” because he rightfully believed that standing by the Muslim ruler was mandatory, and hence abandoning ‘Alī would have been sinful rebellion. As for those who sincerely believed otherwise, the official Sunni position is that they were mistaken while pursuing the truth and therefore not sinful. Some scholars, like Ibn Baṭṭ āl, held that “they will be inviting him to the Fire” does not refer to the other army, but rather to the Khārijites to whom ‘Alī sent ‘Ammār as an ambassador and negotiator. They were also the same rebels who provoked the army of ‘Alī to eventually raise arms against them at Ṣiffīn.
298 Ibn Ḥanbal,《穆斯奈德·艾哈迈德》,31:178 #18883;阿尔-阿尔纳乌特在注释中认定其为可信(sahih)。
298 Ibn Ḥanbal, Musnad Aḥmad, 31:178 #18883; authenticated by al-Arna’ūṭ in the comments.