Samuel P. Huntington menyebut dalam bukunya, The Clash of Civilization, bahawa pemisahan antara kuasa rohani dan kuasa duniawi termasuk antara ciri utama tamadun Barat. Pemisahan itu dianggap sebagai intipati tamadun Barat. Huntington menyatakan, "Pembahagian kuasa ini telah menyumbang secara besar-besaran kepada perkembangan kebebasan di Barat." Beliau juga menyatakan, "Dari segi sejarah, identiti nasional Amerika ditakrifkan secara budaya oleh warisan tamadun Barat dan secara politik oleh prinsip-prinsip kepercayaan Amerika yang mana rakyat Amerika sebahagian besarnya bersetuju: kebebasan, demokrasi, individualisme, kesamarataan di sisi undang-undang, perlembagaan, hak milik persendirian." Huntington menulis, "Eropah, sebagaimana kata Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., ialah "sumber—sumber yang unik" bagi "idea-idea kebebasan individu, demokrasi politik, kedaulatan undang-undang, hak asasi manusia, dan kebebasan budaya.... Ini adalah idea-idea Eropah, bukan idea Asia, bukan Afrika, bukan Timur Tengah, kecuali melalui penerimaan."" Huntington kemudian meneruskan, "Idea-idea ini menjadikan tamadun Barat unik, dan tamadun Barat bernilai bukan kerana ia universal, tetapi kerana ia unik." Philippe Nemo dalam bukunya, What is the West? (Perancis: Qu'est-ce que I'Occident?) berkata, "Sebenarnya, tamadun Barat boleh mentakrifkan dirinya, secara anggaran sekurang-kurangnya, dari segi negara berperlembagaan, demokrasi, kebebasan intelek, akal kritikal, sains, dan ekonomi liberal yang berakar pada prinsip hak milik persendirian."

Samuel P. Huntington mentions in his book, The Clash of Civilization that the separation between spiritual and temporal authority is amongst the main features of the Western civilization. The separation is considered to be the essence of Western civilization. Huntington states, “This division of authority contributed immeasurably to the development of freedom in the West.” He also states, “Historically American national identity has been defined culturally by the heritage of Western civilization and politically by the principles of the American creed on which Americans overwhelmingly agree: liberty, democracy, individualism, equality before the law, constitutionalism, private property.” Huntington wrote, “Europe, as Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., has said, is “the source—the unique source” of the “ideas of individual liberty, political democracy, the rule of law, human rights, and cultural freedom.... These are European ideas, not Asian, nor African, nor Middle Eastern ideas, except by adoption.”” Huntington then continues to say, “They make Western civilization unique, and Western civilization is valuable not because it is universal but because it is unique.” Philippe Nemo says in his book, What is the West? (French: Qu'est-ce que I'Occident?) that “As a matter of fact, Western civilization may define itself, by approximation in any case, in terms of the constitutional state, democracy, intellectual freedom, critical reason, science, and the liberal economy rooted in the principle of private property.”.

Dalam bukunya, Civilization: The West and the Rest, Niall Ferguson berbicara tentang "pencapaian peradaban Barat - kapitalisme, sains, kedaulatan undang-undang dan demokrasi." Sejarawan Sir Ramsay Muir dalam esainya untuk Foreign Affairs pada tahun 1933 menulis, "kebebasan individu untuk menjalani hidupnya dengan cara yang dipilihnya bergantung kepada wujudnya suatu sistem undang-undang, yang dikuatkuasakan oleh kehendak bersama, yang dapat menahan golongan kuat daripada menyalahgunakan kekuatan mereka dengan mengorbankan jiran mereka." Repositori europaeischewerte.info dalam penerbitannya, "Definition of the most basic European Values and their significance for our modern society," mentakrifkan enam nilai asas Eropah, iaitu pemikiran humanistik, rasionaliti, sekularisme, kedaulatan undang-undang, demokrasi dan hak asasi manusia. Milan Zafirovski menegaskan dalam bukunya, The Enlightenment and Its Effects on Modern Society, bahawa nilai-nilai yang membezakan Barat, yang membentuk asas peradabannya, ialah "kebebasan, kesaksamaan, keadilan, demokrasi, keterangkuman, hak asasi manusia, maruah, kesejahteraan dan kebahagiaan, kehidupan yang berperikemanusiaan, kebebasan awam, rasionalisme saintifik, kemajuan dan optimisme teknologi serta sosial, kemakmuran ekonomi, pasaran bebas, sekularisme, pluralisme dan kepelbagaian, individualisme, universalisme, humanisme, dan seumpamanya."

In his book, Civilization: The West and the Rest, Niall Ferguson speaks of “the achievements of Western civilization - capitalism, science, the rule of law and democracy.” The historian Sir Ramsay Muir in his essay for Foreign Affairs in 1933, “the freedom of the individual to live his own life in his own way depends upon the existence of a system of law, enforced by the common will, which can restrain the strong from abuse of their strength at the expense of their neighbors.” The repository europaeischewerte.info defined six basic European values in its publication, “Definition of the most basic European Values and their significance for our modern society,” which are humanistic thinking, rationality, secularity, rule of law, democracy and human rights. Milan Zafirovski asserts in his book, The Enlightenment and Its Effects on Modern Society, that the values that distinguish the West, forming the foundation of its civilization, are “liberty, equality, justice, democracy, inclusion, human rights, dignity, well-being and happiness, humane life, civil liberties, scientific rationalism, technological and social progress and optimism, economic prosperity, free markets, secularism, pluralism and diversity, individualism, universalism, humanism, and the like.”.

Semua ini adalah hasil daripada gerakan intelektual dan revolusi budaya Pencerahan di Eropah Barat. Jika kita bergantung kepada kata-kata ini yang mendefinisikan intipati pemikiran Barat, dan mengintegrasikannya dengan apa yang telah disebutkan tentang asal-usulnya, kita dapat memberikan gambaran yang jelas dan padat yang merangkumi asas struktur ideologi Barat, serta menggariskan tiang-tiang peradaban dan budayanya.

All these were the result of the intellectual movement and cultural revolution of Enlightenment in Western Europe. If we rely on these sayings that define the essence of Western thought, integrating it with what has been mentioned of its origination, we can give a crystallized picture that encapsulates the structural foundation of the Western ideology, delineating the pillars of its civilization and culture.

Dan selepas konflik dengan Gereja, pemikiran Barat sampai kepada satu kesimpulan yang membentuk asas intelektual dan doktrinnya, iaitu sekularisme (Perancis: Lai’cite). Sekularisme bermakna pembebasan daripada belenggu Gereja, kebebasan daripada hukum-hukum agama yang bersumberkan wahyu, dan pergantungan kepada akal manusia, yang dilengkapi dengan kaedah saintifik, untuk membina satu sistem bagi manusia Barat, baik secara individu mahupun kolektif, dalam menguruskan hal ehwal kehidupannya. Maka kebebasan, dalam dimensi intelektual, politik, ekonomi dan kemasyarakatannya, lahir daripada sekularisme. Sekularisme ialah konsep pokok yang atasnya Barat membina konsepsinya tentang sistem yang menyusun hal ehwal individu, masyarakat dan negara. Maka sekularisme ialah kedua-dua asal dan tujuan. Sehubungan itu, pemikiran ini menjadi suci bagi Barat sebagai negara dan rakyat. Demokrasi yang diterima pakai oleh Barat mewakili struktur formal dan kerangka politik yang memelihara gagasan kebebasan. Ideologi terdiri daripada doktrin rasional yang di atasnya muncul sesuatu sistem. Ideologi Barat berasaskan doktrin sekularisme, yang di atasnya muncul sistem demokrasi. Ideologi Barat ini dinamakan Kapitalisme, sempena ciri yang paling menonjol, iaitu sistem ekonominya. Sistem ekonomi Kapitalisme berasaskan idea kebebasan pemilikan. Ia dirangkumkan dalam frasa Perancis yang terkenal, Laissez-faire, yang bermaksud "biarkannya." Ia menekankan tidak campur tangannya kerajaan dalam ekonomi. Frasa laissez faire itu sendiri berasal daripada frasa Perancis laissez faire et laissez passer, "Biarkan dan biarkan lalu." Ia kadangkala dipanggil Kapitalisme Liberal kerana idea kebebasannya yang menonjol, atau falsafah menonjol yang melahirkannya.

And after the conflict with the Church, the Western thought reached to a conclusion that forms its intellectual basis and its doctrine, which is, secularism (French: Lai’cite). Secularism means the liberation from the chains of the Church, freedom from the rulings of divine religion and the reliance upon the human mind, equipped with the scientific method, for establishing a system for the Western man, both individually and collectively, to manage the affairs of his life. Thus freedom, in its intellectual, political, economic and societal dimensions, emerged from secularism. Secularism is the pivotal concept on which the West built its conception of the system organizing the affairs of the individual, society and the state. So secularism is both the origin and the destination. Accordingly, this thought became sacred to the West as a state and people. The democracy adopted by the West represents the formal structure and political framework that nurtures the notion of freedom. Ideology comprises of a rational doctrine upon which a system emerges. The Western ideology is based on the doctrine of secularism, upon which the democratic system emerges. This Western ideology is called Capitalism, after its most prominent feature, which is its economic system. Capitalism’s economic system is based on the idea of freedom of ownership. It is encapsulated by the well-known French phrase, Laissez-faire, which means “leave it alone.” It stresses the non-interference of government in the economy. The phrase laissez faire itself comes from the French phrase laissez faire et laissez passer, “Let be and let pass.” It is sometimes called Liberal Capitalism due to its prominent idea of freedom, or the prominent philosophy that produces it.

Adapun tamadun, iaitu kumpulan konsep tentang kehidupan yang dianuti oleh sesebuah bangsa, konsep-konsep penting tamadun Barat, yang dianuti oleh manusia Barat dan dilaksanakan oleh negara Barat, yang menjadi teras kepada masyarakatnya serta untuk menyebarkannya ke seluruh dunia, ialah:

As for the civilization which is a collection of concepts about life adopted by a nation, the important concepts of the Western civilization, adopted by the Western man and acted upon by the Western state, which are central to its society and for propagating it around the world are:

- Sekularisme (Perancis: Lai'cite). Ia, seperti yang telah dibincangkan sebelum ini, ialah doktrin Barat dan asas tamadunnya.

- Secularism (French: Lai'cite). It is, as discussed previously, the doctrine of the West and the foundation of its civilization.

- Demokrasi dalam bentuk dan substansinya: iaitu, seperti mana-mana bentuk pemerintahan, ia mempunyai ciri-ciri tertentu, yang dalam hal ini termasuk perkara-perkara berkaitan pilihan raya, undang-undang berdaulat dan pemisahan kuasa. Ia sebagai satu sistem yang memupuk nilai-nilai berdasarkan apa yang dinamakan kebebasan asasi.

- Democracy in its form and substance: i.e. as in any of the forms of ruling, it has specific characteristics, which in its case includes matters related to elections, sovereign laws and separation of powers. It is as a system nurturing values based on the so- called fundamental freedoms.

- Rasionalisme, dalam erti bahawa akal menjadi hakim ke atas segala-galanya.

- Rationalism, in the sense that the mind judges upon everything.

- Kebebasan individu dan awam dalam dimensi intelektual, politik, ekonomi dan sosialnya.

- Individual and public freedom in its intellectual, political, economic and social dimensions.

- Individualisme.

- Individualism.

- Pluralisme dalam dimensi intelektual, budaya, politik dan sosialnya.

- Pluralism in its intellectual, cultural, political and social dimensions.

Hak asasi manusia, yang merangkumi gagasan kesamaan dari segi asal-usul, serta gagasan kesamaan yang bercabang kepada apa yang dinamakan kesamaan gender.

- Human rights, which includes the idea of equality in origin, as well as the idea of equality branching into so-called gender equality.

Utilitarianisme, sebagai satu konsepsi hidup yang mendefinisikan makna kebahagiaan, beserta hubungannya dengan hedonisme dan kebajikan sosial, pada skala teleologi.

- Utilitarianism, as a conception of life that defines the meaning of happiness, along with its relation to both hedonism and social welfare, upon a teleological scale.

Adapun budaya, yang merupakan kumpulan ilmu pengetahuan, kini di Barat lazim digunakan dengan istilah sains, beserta pemisahan antara ilmu-ilmu mengikut bidang, pengkhususan dan kurikulum. Orang Barat memiliki apa yang disebut sains tabii, yang merangkumi mana-mana sains (seperti fizik, kimia, atau biologi) yang berurusan dengan jirim, tenaga, serta hubungan dan perubahan antara keduanya, atau dengan fenomena yang dapat diukur secara objektif. Sains formal ialah cabang sains yang mengkaji disiplin bahasa formal yang berkaitan dengan sistem formal, seperti logik, matematik,

As for the culture which is a collective of knowledge, it is prevalent now in the West to use culture with the term sciences, along with separation between the sciences, according to fields, specializations and curricula. The Westerners have what is called natural science which includes any of the sciences (such as physics, chemistry, or biology) that deal with matter, energy, and their interrelations and transformations or with objectively measurable phenomena. Formal science is a branch of science studying formal language disciplines concerned with formal systems, such as logic, mathematics,

statistik, sains komputer teori, kecerdasan buatan, teori maklumat, teori permainan, teori sistem, teori keputusan dan linguistik teori. Sains sosial ialah cabang sains yang menumpukan kepada kajian masyarakat dan hubungan antara individu dalam masyarakat tersebut. Selain sosiologi, sains sosial merangkumi antropologi, arkeologi, ekonomi, geografi manusia, linguistik, sains pengurusan, sains politik, psikologi dan sejarah.

statistics, theoretical computer science, artificial intelligence, information theory, game theory, systems theory, decision theory and theoretical linguistics. Social science is the branch of science devoted to the study of societies and the relationships among individuals within those societies. In addition to sociology, social science includes anthropology, archaeology, economics, human geography, linguistics, management science, political science, psychology and history.

Badan-badan ilmu ini dipanggil sains, bersama-sama dengan kaedah penyelidikan yang bercabang daripadanya, seperti kaedah statistik, yang menggunakan induksi dan deduksi. Ia juga merangkumi pelbagai jenis kritikan, seperti kritikan estetik, logik, fakta, konstruktif dan destruktif. Semuanya berasaskan pandangan Barat dan didirikan atas dasar pemikirannya tentang kehidupan. Ia juga dipengaruhi sama ada oleh metodologi rasionalismenya atau teori empirismenya. Keadaan ini menjadikan pemisahan antara yang objektif dan yang subjektif antara perkara yang paling sukar. Ia memerlukan sikap berhati-hati dan berwaspada untuk membezakan antara penyelidikan intelektual yang semata-mata objektif dengan penyelidikan intelektual subjektif yang dipengaruhi oleh asas intelektual Barat dan kaedahnya.

These bodies of knowledge are called sciences, along with the research methods that branch out from them, such as the statistical method, using induction and deduction. They also encompass varieties of criticism, such as aesthetic, logical, factual, constructive and destructive. They are all based on the Western viewpoint and are established upon the basis of its thought about life. They are also influenced by either its methodology of rationalism or its theory of empiricism. This makes separation between the objective and the subjective from amongst the most difficult matters. It requires conscientiousness and vigilance to distinguish between the mere objective intellectual research, from the subjective intellectual research that is influenced by the Western intellectual basis and its method.

Sambil kita meneliti, mengkaji dan menyanggah budaya Barat, kita perlu menarik perhatian kepada keperluan membezakan antara dua perkara: aspek teori dan aspek praktikal. Aspek teori pemikiran Barat, atau yang dinamakan akal teoretikal, spekulatif atau akal tulen, merangkumi budaya Barat secara keseluruhan, dengan segala yang dihasilkannya daripada ilmu pengetahuan dan penyelidikan. Oleh itu, ia meliputi sejumlah aliran, orientasi, kaedah dan mazhab pemikiran yang secara kolektif membentuk falsafah Barat. Sebagai contoh, yang dinamakan epistemologi adalah khusus kepada penyelidikan teori ilmu pengetahuan pada masa lalu dan masa kini, tanpa mengira aspek praktikal dan pengaruhnya terhadap masyarakat, negara dan individu, dari segi membentuk pemikiran, sistem dan tingkah laku. Oleh itu, dalam konteks penyelidikan praktikal kita, kita tidak mengambil berat sama ada teori Durasi Bergson, falsafah analitik Russell, pesimisme Schopenhauer atau teori-teori lain yang dianggap pusat kepada budaya Barat. Teori-teori ini tidak mempunyai kesan yang bererti terhadap perumusan praktikal ideologi Barat dan tamadunnya sebagaimana keadaannya sekarang. Di Barat, terdapat sejumlah aliran, teori dan mazhab pemikiran intelektual, namun pada hakikatnya ia tidak lain daripada pancaran tamadun Barat dan konsep-konsep dominannya, walaupun ia kelihatan sebagai sanggahan atau kritikan. Sebahagiannya berpengaruh seperti falsafah feminisme, manakala yang lain tidak. Maka seseorang tidak seharusnya tertipu dengan perkara ini. Perbezaan antara dua perkara ini, teori dan praktikal, iaitu perbezaan antara pemikiran sebagai ilmu semata-mata di satu pihak, dan di pihak lain, pemikiran sebagai konsep yang menjadi asas ideologi, yang mengikutnya tamadun dibentuk. Ini adalah konsep-konsep yang ditetapkan sebagai standard dan nilai dalam masyarakat, yang menjadi tunduk kepadanya individu dan kelompok, dan di atasnya negara didirikan, dengan sistem serta perlakuannya. Walaupun dalam buku ini kami tidak membincangkan aliran pemikiran, orientasi dan trend tersebut, yang termasuk dalam apa yang dinamakan budaya Barat umum, bantahan kami terhadap pemikiran Barat secara keseluruhan tidak mengabaikan asas yang menjadi dasar pemikiran ini, bersama-sama dengan segala yang dihasilkannya.

Whilst we are examining, researching and refuting Western culture, we should draw attention to the necessity of distinguishing between two matters: the theoretical aspect and the practical aspect. The theoretical aspect of the Western thought, or the so-called theoretical, speculative or pure reason, encompasses Western culture as a whole, with all that it produces of knowledge and research. Thus, it includes a number of trends, orientations, methods and schools of thought that collectively comprise Western philosophy. For example, the so-called epistemology is specific to the research of the theory of knowledge in the past and present, regardless of the practical aspect and its influence on the society, state and individual, in terms of formulating thoughts, systems and behavior. Therefore, in the context of our practical research, we are neither concerned with Bergson’s theory of Duration, nor with Russell’s analytic philosophy nor with Schopenhauer’s pessimism or other theories that are considered central to Western culture. These theories have no significant impact on the practical formulation of the Western ideology and its civilization as they are now. In the West, there are a number of trends, theories and intellectual schools of thought, however, in reality, they are nothing but emanations of the Western civilization and its dominant concepts, even if they appear as refutation or criticism. Some of them are influential like the philosophy of feminism, whilst others are not. Thus one should not be deceived by this. The differentiation between the two matters, theoretical and practical i.e. the differentiation between thoughts as knowledge alone on the one hand, and on the other hand, thoughts as concepts upon which the ideology is established, according to which the civilization is formulated. These are the concepts that are established as standards and values in the society, to which individuals and groups are subjected to and upon which the state is established, with its systems and treatments. Although we did not discuss in this book such trends, orientations and intellectual schools of thought, that fall under the so-called general Western culture, our refutation to Western thought as a whole does not neglect the basis upon which this thought is established, along with all that its produces.

Ini adalah pemikiran, ideologi, metode, peradaban dan budaya Barat yang ingin kami sangkal. Ia merangkumi keseluruhan pemikiran Barat (Euro-Amerika), sama ada metodologi rasionalismenya atau teori empirisisnya serta kaedah saintifiknya, dan juga hasilnya, iaitu apa yang dinamakan Pencerahan atau modenisme. Ideologinya dinamakan Kapitalisme, dan doktrinnya dinamakan Sekularisme (Perancis: LaTcite). Kaedahnya untuk menyebarkan ideologi ini dinamakan kolonialisme. Sistemnya dinamakan demokrasi, yang berasaskan pemikiran kebebasan. Falsafahnya ialah kebebasan dan individualisme, manakala konsepsinya terhadap kehidupan dinamakan utilitarianisme.

This is the Western thought, ideology, method, civilization and culture which we would like to refute. It is the Western (Euro-American) thinking overall, whether its methodology of rationalism or its theory of empiricism and its scientific method, as well as its product, the so-called Enlightenment or modernity. Its ideology is called Capitalism and its doctrine is called Secularism (French: LaTcite). Its method is to spread the ideology is called colonialism. Its system is called democracy that is based on the thought of freedom. Its philosophy is liberty and individualism, whilst its conception towards life is called utilitarianism.