Qur'on, Sunnat va Sahobalar hamda olimlarning ijmoi kabirani va sag'iraning nima ekanligini belgilab berdi. Alloh ~ aytdi: («Agar sizlar man etilgan katta gunohlardan saqlansangiz, sizlardan kichik gunohlaringizni o'chirib yuboramiz va sizlarni go'zal kirish joyiga (ya'ni jannatga) kiritamiz»)1 va («Katta gunohlardan va fahshlardan (noqonuniy jinsiy aloqadan) saqlanganlar — mayda xatolar bundan mustasno. Albatta, Rabbingiz keng magfiratli zotdir»)2. Payg'ambar ﷺ aytdilar: «Besh vaqt namoz va bir juma namozidan keyingi juma namozigacha bo'lgan oraliq — agar katta gunohlar qilinmasa, o'sha oraliqdagi gunohlarga kafforat bo'ladi»3. Bu kafforat qiluvchi amallarning uch darajasi bor: birinchisi, ular faqat kichik gunohlarni kafforat qiladi, chunki ular kuchsiz bo'lib, amallarning ixlosi ham zaif bo'ladi (ya'ni amal to'liq sadoqat bilan, biroz beparvolik bilan bajariladi). Shuning uchun ular kuchsiz dorига o'xshaydi, u kasallikka qarshi unchalik ta'sirchan bo'lmaydi. Ikkinchisi, ular kichik gunohlarga qarshi turadi, ammo katta gunohlarga qarshi turish darajasiga yetolmaydi. Uchinchisi, ular kichik gunohlarni kafforat qilishga yetarlicha kuchli bo'lib, ba'zi katta gunohlarni ham kafforat qilish quvvatiga ega bo'ladi. Payg'ambar ﷺ aytdilar: «Sizlarga katta gunohlarning eng kattasini aytib bermaymanmi?» Ular dedilar: «Ha, ey Allahning Elchisi!» U zot ﷺ dedilar: «Allohga shirk keltirish; ota-onaga oq bo'lish; yolg'on guvohlik berish va yolg'on so'zlash»4. Payg'ambar ﷺ aytdilar: «Yetti halokatli katta gunohdan saqlaninglar». Odamlar so'radilar: «Ey Allahning Elchisi! Ular qaysilar?» U zot ﷺ dedilar: «Allohga shirk keltirish; sehr qilish; Alloh haram qilgan jonni qasddan o'ldirish, faqat haq sabab bilan (Islom qonunlariga ko'ra) bundan mustasno; riboxo'rlik qilish; yetimning molini yeyish; jang paytida dushmanga orqa o'girib qochish; va pok, iffatli, faqat iymonli ayollarga tuhmat qilish»5. 5. Abdulloh ibn Mas'ud ~ aytdi: "Men Payg'ambar ﷺ dan so'radim: 'Allohning nazdida eng katta gunoh qaysi?' U zot ﷺ javob berdilar: 'Seni yaratgan Allohga sherik keltirishing, holbuki U Yagona yaratgan.' Men dedim: 'Albatta, bu katta gunoh.' Keyin so'radim: 'Undan keyin-chi?' U zot ﷺ dedilar: 'Ovqatingni o'zing bilan birga yeydi, deb o'g'lingni o'ldirishing.' Men so'radim: 'Undan keyin-chi?' U zot ﷺ dedilar: 'Qo'shnging xotini bilan zino qilishing.' 1 Shunda Alloh ~ nozil qildi: ( ... va ular Alloh bilan birga boshqa iloh chaqirmaydilar, Alloh haram qilgan jonni, haq sabab bo'lmasa, o'ldirmaydilar va ...) 2

The Qur'an, Sunnah and consensus of Companions and Scholars have determined what constitutes a major or minor sin. Allah ~ said: (If you avoid the great sins which you are forbidden to do, We shall expiate from you Your small sins, and admit you to a noble entrance (i.e. Paradise))' and (Those who avoid great sins and fawahish (illegal sexual intercourse), except the small faults. Verily, your Lord is of Vast Forgiveness.)2 The Prophet :_;i said: "The Five (daily) prayers, and from one Friday Prayer to (the next) Friday Prayer is an expiation ( of the sins committed in between them), if major sins are not committed. "3 These expiating deeds have three degrees: First, they are confined to expiating small sins, because of their weakness and the weakness in the sincerity of the deeds (i.e. not implemented with utmost devotion because of some slackness in the performance), and so they act like weak medicine, which is not very effective in resisting the ailment. Second, they resist small sins, and are not able to reach the level of resisting great sins. Third, they are powerful enough to expiate small sins and still possess some power to expiate some great sins . The Prophet ~ · said: "Shall I not inform you of the biggest of the great sins?" They said: "Yes, 0 Messenger of Allah" He ~ said: "To join partners in worship with Allah; to be undutiful to one's parents, to give a forged statement and a false witness."4 The Prophet ~ said: "A void the seven great destructive sins." They (the people) asked: "O Messenger of Allah! What are they?" He :i said: "Joining partners in worship with Allah; practicing sorcery; killing a life which Allah has forbidden, except for a just cause (according to Islamic law); eating up usury (Riha), eating up the property of an orphan; turning one's back to the enemy and fleeing from the battlefield, at a time of fighting; and accusing chaste women, who never even think of anything except chastity and are good believers."5 Abdullah bin Mas'ud ~ said: "I asked the Prophet ~ : ' What is the greatest sin in the Sight of Allah?' He ~ replied: 'That you set up a rival unto Allah, though He Alone created you.' I said: 'That is indeed a great sin.' Then asked: 'What is next?' He ~ said: 'To kill your son, lest he should share your food with you.' I asked: 'What is next?' He ~ said: 'To commit illegal sexual intercourse with the wife of your neighbour' 1 so Allah ~ sent down: ( •.. and those who invoke not with Allah any other god, nor kill such life as Allah has made sacred except for a just cause, nor 2

(zina qilish). Sahobiylar orasida olimlar katta gunohlar sonini turlicha aytishgan: Abdulloh ibn Mas'ud ~ dedilar: "Ular to'rtta." Abdulloh ibn Umar ~ dedilar: "Ular yettita." Abdulloh ibn Amr ibn al-'As dedilar: "Ular to'qqizta." Boshqalar esa: "Ular o'n bittа, hatto yetmishtа..." deganlar. Abu Tolib al-Makkiy dedilar: "Men sahobalarning gaplarini to'plab ko'rdim va gunohlar quyidagilar ekanini topdim: Qalb bilan bog'liq to'rttasi: Allohdan boshqasiga ibodat qilish (shirk); gunohda qat'iy turish; Allohning rahmatidan umidsizlik; Allohning rejasidan (azobidan) o'zini xavfsiz his qilish. Til bilan bog'liq to'rttasi: yolg'on guvohlik berish; pok imonli ayollarga tuhmat qilish; falokatli qasamlar ichish; sehr-jodu qilish. Qorin bilan bog'liq uchtasi: sharob (spirtli ichimliklar) ichish; yetimning molini yeyish; ribo (foizli pul) yeyish. Shahvat a'zolari bilan bog'liq ikkitasi: zino qilish; gomoseksual amallar qilish. Qo'llar bilan bog'liq ikkitasi: nohaq qotillik qilish; birovning molini o'g'irlash. Oyoq bilan bog'liq bittasi: jang maydonidan qochish. Butun tana bilan bog'liq bittasi: ota-onaga itoatsizlik qilish." Katta gunohlarni tasniflamagan olimlar esa shunday degan: "Katta gunohlar — Qur'onda Alloh ~ taqiqlagan barcha narsalardir; kichik gunohlar esa Payg'ambar ~ taqiqlagan narsalardir." Boshqalar: "Bu dunyoda yoki oxiratda jazo belgilangan har qanday amal katta gunohdir, Qisos qonunida belgilangan jazo bo'lmagan amal esa kichik gunoh hisoblanadi, masalan..." deganlar. Yana boshqalar: "Qaysi amal bajaruvchisiga Alloh va Uning Rasuli la'nat aytishiga sabab bo'lsa, u katta gunohdir" deganlar. Shuningdek aytilgan: "Katta gunoh — Niso surasining boshidan to quyidagi oyatgacha zikr qilingan hamma narsadir: (Agar sizlar taqiqlangan katta gunohlardan saqlansangiz, Biz sizlardan kichik gunohlaringizni o'chirib yuboramiz)."

commit illegal sexual intercourse) " The scholars have differed over the number of the great sins: Abdullah bin Mas'ud ~ stated: "There are four." Abdullah bin Umar ~ stated: "There are seven." Abdullah bin Amru bin Al- ' As stated: "There are nine." Others have said: "There are eleven, or even seventy . .. " Abu Talib Al-Makki said: "I have gathered the statements of the Companions and found that the sins are: Four of the heart: Worshipping others besides Allah ~ (polytheism); insisting on committing a sin; despair of the Mercy of Allah; feeling safe from the Plan of Allah (Punishment). Four of the tongue: g1vmg false witness; accusing chaste believing women; making calamitous vows; practicing sorcery. Three of the stomach: Drinking wine (alcoholic drinks); consuming an orphan's property; consuming usury. Two of the private parts: committing adultery; committing homosexual acts. Two of the hands: killing unlawfully; stealing another's property. One of the feet: running away from the battlefield. One of all the body: being undutiful to one's parents." Those scholars who did not categorize great sins have said: "Great sins are everything forbidden by Allah ~ in the Qur' an; while small sins are those forbidden by the Prophet ~ -" Others have said: "Any act which is ordained to be punished in this world or in the Hereafter is a great sin, and that which is not followed by a punishment defined in the Law of Equality, for example, is regarded as a small sin." Others have also said: "Whatever act, resulting in Allah and His Messenger cursing its performer, is a great sin." It was also said: "A great sin is everything mentioned from the beginning of Surat an-Nisa' until the Verse: (If you avoid the great sins which you are forbidden to do, We shall expiate from you your (small) sins) " 3

Gunohlarni kichik va katta gunohlarga bo‘lmagan kishilar shunday deganlar: "Barcha gunohlar — Allohga ochiqdan-ochiq itoatsizlik qilish va Uning amrlarini rad etish nuqtai nazaridan — katta gunohlardir." Ular o‘z so‘zlarini shu bilan asoslaydilar: Alloh ~ bandalarining gunohlari, kichik bo‘lsin yoki katta, bilan zararlanmaydi; ular barchasi Unga qarshi itoatsizlik amallaridir, U esa ularga ta’sirlanmaydi. Ular aytadilarki, inson gunohning o‘zidagi kichiklik yoki kattalikka emas, balki itoatsizlik qilgan Rabbisining ulug‘ligi va buyukligiga nazar solishi kerak.

Those who did not divide sins into small and great ones have said: "All sins - considering the fact of boldly disobeying Allah and rejecting His Commands - are great sins." They justify their statement with the fact that Allah ~ is not harmed by the sins of His servants, whether they are small or great; they are all acts of disobedience to Hirn, and He ~ is not affected by them. They have said that a person should not look at the smallness or the greatness of the sin, in himself, but should consider the Worthiness and the Greatness of his Lord, whom he has disobeyed.