11.1 Ciniki - Tsarin Tattalin Arziki na Musulunci | Quran Course

11.1 Ciniki - Tsarin Tattalin Arziki na Musulunci | Quran Course

"Alhali Allah ya halatta ciniki, kuma ya haramta riba." [Al-Baqarah: 275] Daga wannan muka fahimci cewa kowannensu ciniki ne, kuma wanda Shari'a ta halatta shi ne sayarwa. Ana kammala tsarin sayarwa ta hanyar bangarori biyu. Daya daga cikinsu yana bayar da tayi (Ijab), dayan kuma yana karɓa (Qabool). Ana bayyana waɗannan da kalmar "na sayar" da "na saya" ko duk wata kalma ko aiki da ke da waɗannan ma'anoni. Mai kayan kasuwanci yana da hakkin ya yi sayarwar, kuma ya nada wani a matsayin wakili ko manzo don aiwatar da sayarwar a madadinsa. Haka kuma an halatta masa ya ɗauki mutum ya yi sayarwar a madadinsa, bisa sharadin cewa an ayyana ladansa. Idan ya ba wani wani sashi na riba, to zai zama abokin tarayya mai shiru, kuma dokar abokin tarayya ba ma'aikaci ba ce za ta shafe shi. Haka kuma an halatta masa ya saya kayan da kansa ko ta wakilinsa, ko ya ɗauki mutum ya saya masa. A takaice, ciniki halal ne. Hanya ce ta ƙara mallaka, kuma tana bayyana a cikin dokokin sayarwa da haɗin kai (kamfani). Ciniki ya zo a cikin Alƙur'ani da Hadisi. Allah (SWT) ya ce:

“Whereas Allah permitted selling and prohibited usury.” [Al-Baqarah: 275] We understood from this that each of them is trading, and the one which is permitted by Shar’a is selling. The selling process is concluded by two parties. One of them gives the offer (Ijab) and the other accepts (Qabool). These are expressed with the word “I sold” and “I bought” or any words or action which hold these meanings. The owner of the commodity has the right to carry out the selling and to deputise somebody as an agent or as a Messenger to execute the selling on his behalf. He is allowed also to employ a person to perform the selling on his behalf, on condition that his wage is defined. If He employed someone for part of the profit He would be a silent partner, and the rule of the partner rather than the employee will be applied upon him. He is also allowed to buy the property himself or through his agent, his representative or to hire a person who will buy for him. In summary, trading is allowed. It is a form of increasing the ownership, and it is evident in the laws of selling and company (partnership). Trading came in the Qur’an and the Hadith. Allah (swt) said:

Rifa'a ya ruwaito cewa ya fita tare da Manzon Allah (ﷺ) zuwa wurin sallah, sai ya ga mutane suna ciniki. Sai Manzon Allah (ﷺ) ya ce, "Ya ku 'yan kasuwa!" Suka amsa wa Manzon Allah (ﷺ), suka ɗaga wuyansu da idanunsu zuwa gare shi. Sai ya ce, "'Yan kasuwa za a tashe su a Ranar Alkiyama a matsayin fujjar (masu fasikanci), sai dai waɗanda suka kasance masu taƙawa da gaskiya." Al-Tirmidhi ya ruwaito cewa Abu Sa'id ya ruwaito cewa Manzon Allah (ﷺ) ya ce: "Dan kasuwa mai gaskiya kuma amintacce za a tashe shi tare da annabawa, da masu adalci, da shahidai." Ciniki nau'i biyu ne: na cikin gida da na waje. Ciniki na cikin gida shi ne sayarwa da saye da ke faruwa tsakanin mutane kan kayayyaki, ko na samfuransu ne, na noma ko na masana'antu, ko na samfuran wasu mutane, waɗanda ake yaɗawa a cikin ƙasarsu. Ciniki na cikin gida an halatta shi ba tare da takura ba, sai dai ta hanyar dokokin da ke da alaƙa da sayarwa. Dangane da kayayyaki, nau'ikansu, da safararsu a cikin ƙasa daga wuri zuwa wuri, an bar shi ga kowane ɗan kasuwa ya yi ciniki bisa dokokin Shari'a. Gwamnati ba ta da abin yi da cinikin cikin gida sai dai ta hanyar sa ido kawai. Dangane da cinikin waje kuwa, shi ne sayen kayayyaki daga ƙasashen waje, ko na noma ne ko na masana'antu. Wannan nau'in ciniki yana ƙarƙashin kulawa kai tsaye ta gwamnati, don haka tana sa ido kai tsaye kan shigo da fitar da waɗannan kayayyaki, tana kuma sa ido kan 'yan kasuwa masu yaƙi da masu zaman lafiya (waɗanda ke ɗaure da yarjejeniya).

Rifa’a narrated that He went out with the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) to the prayer place and He saw the people trading. The Messenger of Allah (pbuh) said, “O traders!” They responded to the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) and raised their necks and eyes towards him. He (pbuh) said, “Traders will be resurrected on the Day of Judgement as fujjar (wrongdoers) except those who were righteous and honest.” Al-Tirmidhi reported that Abu Sa’id narrated that the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) said: “The honest trustworthy merchant will be resurrected with the prophets, righteous and the martyrs.” Trading is of two types, domestic and foreign. Domestic trading is the selling and buying which occurs among the people over commodities, whether they are of their own products, agricultural or industrial, or of other peoples products, where they are circulated in their own country. Domestic trading is allowed without constraints, except by those rules connected with selling. With regard to the commodities, their types, and their transfer inside the country from place to place, it is left to every merchant to trade within the rules of Shar’a. The State has nothing to do with the domestic trading except through supervision only. Regarding foreign trade, it is the purchase of commodities from abroad, whether such commodities were agricultural or industrial. This type of trading is subject to the direct supervision of the State, so it directly supervises the import and export of these commodities and supervises the belligerent and peaceful (those bound by treaties) merchants.