24.7 Bayar da Kuɗi - Tsarin Tattalin Arziki na Musulunci | Quran Course

24.7 Bayar da Kuɗi - Tsarin Tattalin Arziki na Musulunci | Quran Course

Idan ƙasashe suna fitar da kuɗi, za su iya ko dai su karɓi tsarin zinariya da azurfa, ko kuma kuɗin takarda wanda ba a iya musanya shi. Game da ƙasashen da suke aiki da tsarin zinariya da azurfa, suna bin hanyoyi guda biyu na fitarwa: hanyar kuɗin ƙarfe, watau ko dai tsarin ƙarfe guda ɗaya ko biyu, ko kuma hanyar kuɗin takarda. Hanyar ƙarfe ita ce inda ake fitar da tsabar zinariya da azurfa ta hanyar yin sikirin zinariya ko azurfa don wakiltar kima daban-daban, amma bisa tushen naúrar kuɗi guda ɗaya da dukan kimar kuɗi da kayayyaki za a komar da su gare ta. Kowane yanki za a yi shi bisa wannan naúrar, kuma waɗannan guntayen za su yi yawo a matsayin kuɗin ƙasar. Hanyar takarda da ake amfani da ita a ƙasashen da suke aiki da tsarin zinariya da azurfa tana nufin kawai ƙasa za ta yi amfani da kuɗin takarda, watau kuɗin takarda wanda za a iya musanya shi zuwa zinariya da azurfa idan an nema. Ana iya amfani da hanyoyi biyu wajen gudanar da irin wannan tsarin: hanya ta farko ita ce lokacin da ƙasa ta sa kuɗin takarda ya wakilci wani adadin zinariya da azurfa da aka ajiye a wani wuri ƙayyadadde a matsayin kuɗi ko ɗanyen ƙarfe. A wannan yanayi, wannan adadin zai kasance yana da kimar ƙarfe daidai da ƙimar suna da kuɗin takarda ke ɗauka, kuma ana iya musanya takardun a duk lokacin da aka nema. Wannan ana kiransa kuɗin takarda na ainihi. Ita kuma hanya ta biyu, za a yi amfani da ita ne idan ƙasa ta yanke shawarar cewa kuɗin takarda ya kamata ya wakilci takarda wadda a cikinta wanda ya sanya hannu ya yi alkawarin biyan mai riƙe da ita wani adadin kuɗi idan an nema. A wannan yanayi, kuɗin takarda ba zai wakilci adadin zinariya da azurfa mai kimar ƙarfe daidai da ƙimar suna da aka fitar ba; sai dai gidan da ke fitar da kuɗin, ko banki ne ko baitul-mali na gwamnati, zai ajiye adadin zinariya da azurfa da ya yi ƙasa da ƙimar sunansa, misali, kashi uku cikin huɗu na ƙimar, kashi biyu cikin uku, kashi ɗaya cikin uku, kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu ko wani kaso na ƙimar suna. Misali, banki ko Baitul-mali na Gwamnati za su fitar da kuɗin takarda mai darajar dinare miliyan 500, sannan su ajiye a cikin rumbunansu zinariya da azurfa kawai mai darajar dinare miliyan 200. Irin wannan kuɗin takarda ana kiransa kuɗin takarda na amana (fiduciary paper money). Wadannan ajiyar karafa kuma ana kiransu ajiyar zinariya ko murfin zinariya. Ko da yaushe, kasar da take fitar da kuɗi a irin wannan yanayi, a zahiri tana aiki da tsarin ma'aunin zinariya (gold standard).

When issuing money, countries may either adopt the gold and silver standard, or the non-exchangeable paper money. As for the countries which operate the gold and silver standard, they follow two methods of issuing: the metallic money method, i.e. either the single/dual metallic standard or the paper money method. The metallic method is where gold and silver coins are issued by minting pieces of gold or silver to represent various values, but based on one monetary unit to which all the various values of money and goods would be referred. Each piece would be coined to be based on this unit, and these pieces would be circulated as the country’s currency. The paper method used in the countries which operate the gold and silver standard means simply that a country would use paper money i.e. paper currency that can be exchanged to gold and silver upon demand. Two methods can be used in operating such a standard; the first method is when a country makes the paper money represent a certain amount of gold and silver deposited in a specific place as money or bullion. In this case, this amount would have a metallic value equal to the nominal value which the paper money holds and the notes can be exchanged on demand. This is known as intrinsic paper money. As for the second way, this would be used when a country decides that the paper money should represent a document in which the undersigned, promises to pay the bearer on demand a certain amount of money. This paper money would not in this case represent the amount of gold and silver which has a metallic value equal to the issued nominal value; the issuing house, be it a bank or a government treasury, would however maintain a lesser amount of gold and silver than its nominal value, for example, three-quarters of the value, two thirds, one third, a quarter or any other percentage of the nominal value. For instance, a bank or the State’s treasury would issue paper money worth 500 million Dinars and maintain in its safes 200 million Dinars worth of gold and silver only. This type of paper money is known as fiduciary paper money. The metallic reserves are known as gold reserves or gold cover. In any case, a country which issues money under these conditions would in fact be operating the gold standard.