12.3 Ƙungiyoyin Jikuna - Al-Abdan
12.3 The Companies of Bodies - Al-Abdan
Wannan kamfani ne wanda mutum biyu ko sama da haka suke shiga cikinsa da jikinsu kawai, ba tare da jari ba. Suna raba abin da suke samu ta hanyar aikinsu, ko na tunani ko na hannu. Misalan irin waɗannan ayyuka su ne na masu sana'a waɗanda ke raba aiki ta hanyar sana'arsu, suna raba ribar da suka samu tsakaninsu, kamar injiniyoyi, likitoci, masunta, dillalan kaya, masu aikin kafinta, direbobin mota da makamantansu. Ba lallai ba ne abokan kamfanin su kasance masu sana'a iri ɗaya, ko kuma dukkansu masu sana'a ne. Ana halatta masu sana'o'i daban-daban su haɗa kai a cikin wata riba mai halal. Haɗin kansu yana da inganci (Sahihi) kamar dai suna sana'a ɗaya ne. Yana yiwuwa abokan kamfanin su yi wata rawa ta musamman a cikin kamfanin, ta yadda wani zai tafiyar da kamfanin, wani ya karɓi kuɗi, wani kuma ya yi aiki da hannunsa. Wannan na nufin ana halatta ma'aikatan masana'anta su haɗa kai, ko sun fahimci tsarin kera kaya ko ba su fahimta ba. Suna iya haɗa kai da sauran masu sana'a, ma'aikata, ma'aikatan ofis da masu tsaro, kuma dukkansu su zama abokan masana'antar. Duk da haka, an sharadanta cewa aikin da suke haɗa kai a kansa domin samun riba ya zama halal. Idan irin aikin haram ne, to kafa kamfani don gudanar da irin wannan aiki haramun ne.
This is a company in which two or more persons participate by their bodies only, without their capital. They share in that which they gain by their labour of whether an intellectual or physical nature. Examples of such labours are by craftsmen who share in work using their craft and divide that which they profit amongst themselves such as engineers, doctors, fishermen, porters, carpenters, car drivers and the like. It is not necessary that the partners be of the same craft, nor that they are all craftsmen. It is allowed that craftsmen of different crafts associate in an allowable (Halal) form of profit. Their partnership is valid (Sahih) just as if they were of the same craft. It is acceptable for the partners to perform a particular role in the company, so that one administers the company, another receives the money and the third works by his hands. This means that it is allowed for labourers in a factory to enter into partnership together, whether or not all of them understand the process of manufacturing. They can associate with other craftsmen, labourers, clerks and guards, and they can all become partners in the factory. However, it is stipulated that the work they associate together in for the purpose of making a profit be Halal. If the type of work is Haram, then to form a company undertaking such work is forbidden.
Ribar a cikin kamfanin ayyuka ana rarraba shi bisa ga yarjejeniyar abokan kasuwanci, ko daidai ko kuma fifiko. Domin shi ne ya samar da ribar, kuma tun da an halatta abokan kasuwanci su bambanta a aiki, an halatta su bambanta a riba da ke samuwa daga aikin. Kowane daga cikin abokan kasuwanci yana da hakkin ya karɓi dukkan kuɗin aikinsa daga wanda ya ɗauke shi aiki, kuma ya nemi farashin kayan da ya ƙera daga masu siye na gaba. Haka kuma, wanda ya ɗauke su aiki ko wanda ya sayi kaya daga gare su yana da hakkin ya biya dukkan kuɗin aiki ko ya biya cikakken farashin kayan ga kowane ɗaya daga cikinsu. Zai kuɓuta daga alhakin da zarar ya biya kowane ɗaya daga cikinsu. Ko da ɗaya daga cikin abokan kasuwanci ne kaɗai ya yi aiki, har yanzu ana raba kuɗin shiga tsakanin dukkansu, domin aikin yana tabbata ga dukkansu tare, kuma ta hanyar alhakinsu na haɗin gwiwa a kan aikin. Wato, kuɗin aikin ya cancanci a raba shi. Wato, kuɗin aikin nasu ne duka, kamar yadda alhakin yake a kan dukkansu. Babu wanda daga cikinsu da aka halatta ya wakilta a madadinsa wani mutum a matsayin abokin kasuwanci a cikin kamfanin, ko ya ɗauki wani mutum yă yi aikin a madadinsa a matsayin abokin kasuwanci. Shi kansa dole ne ya zama wanda ke aiwatar da aikin kai tsaye, kamar yadda kwangilar ta tanadar a irin wannan kamfani. Duk da haka, kowane abokin kasuwanci an halatta ya ɗauki ma'aikata, kuma irin wannan ɗaukar aiki zai kasance ta hanyar kamfanin kuma don kamfanin, ko da ɗaya daga cikin abokan kasuwanci ne kaɗai ya yi aikin ɗaukar. Ma'aikacin ba zai zama wakili, mai wakiltar ko ma'aikacin wannan abokin kasuwancin ba. Tasarrufin kowane abokin kasuwanci zai kasance a madadin kamfanin, kuma kowane ɗayansu yana ɗaure da aikin da abokin kasuwancinsa ya karɓa.
The profit in the company of bodies is distributed according to the agreement of the partners, whether equally or preferentially. For it is that which produced the profit and since it is allowed for the partners to differ in work, it is allowed that they differ in profit which is derived from the work. Each of the partners has the right to collect all of their wages from their employer, and to demand the price of the goods they manufactured from prospective purchasers. Similarly, the one who employed them or the one who bought goods from them has the right to pay all wages or to pay the whole price of the goods to anyone of them. He will be cleared of responsibility once He has made the payment to any one of them. Even if only one of the partners worked, the income is still divided amongst all of them, because the work is guaranteed by all of them together, and through their joint responsibility for the work. The wage in other words, deserves to be shared. In other words, the wage is for all of them as the responsibility is carried by all of them. None of them is allowed to deputise on his behalf a person as partner in the company or to employ a person to do the work on his behalf as a partner. He himself must be the one who handles the work directly as the contract stipulates this in this type of company. However, each partner is allowed to hire employees and such hiring would be by the company and for the company, even if only one of the partners handled the employment. The employee would then not be that partner’s own deputy, agent or employee. The disposal of each partner would be on behalf of the company, and every one of them is bound by the work accepted by his partner.
Wannan irin haɗin kai an halatta shi saboda abin da Abu Dawud da al-Athram suka ruwaito daga Abu ‘Ubaydah, daga mahaifinsa, ‘Abdullah ibn Mas’ud, wanda ya ce: “Na yi tarayya da ‘Ammar ibn Yasir da Sa’ad ibn Abu Waqqas a cikin duk abin da muka samu a ranar Badr. Sa’ad ya zo da fursunoni biyu, shi kuwa ‘Ammar da ni ba mu kawo komai ba”, Manzon Allah ﷺ kuma ya amince da wannan ga su biyun. Ahmad ibn Hanbal ya ce: “Manzon Allah ﷺ ya haɗa su tare.” Wannan Hadisi hujja ce bayyananna game da haɗin jikin wata ƙungiya ta Sahabbai don aiwatar da wani aiki, wato yaƙi da abokan gaba, da kuma raba tsakaninsu abin da suka samu na ganima idan sun ci yaƙin. Dangane da hukuncin ganima da ke saɓa wa wannan haɗin, wannan ba shi da alaƙa da wannan Hadisi, domin hukuncin ganima an saukar da shi ne bayan yaƙin Badr. Lokacin da wannan haɗin jiki ya faru, babu wani hukuncin ganima tukuna. Haka kuma, hukuncin ganima da aka saukar bayan yaƙin bai soke haɗin da ya faru a baya ba. Sai dai ya bayyana rabon waɗanda suka ba da gudunmawa, kuma hukuncin haɗin jiki ya ci gaba da kasancewa kamar yadda wannan Hadisi ya kafa shi.
This form of company is allowed due to what Abu Dawud and al- Athram narrated from Abu ‘Ubaydah from his father, ‘Abdullah ibn Mas’ud, who said: “I shared with ‘Ammar ibn Yasir and Sa’ad ibn Abu Waqqas in whatever we gained at the day of Badr. Sa’ad came with two captives, while ‘Ammar and I brought nothing” and the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) consented to this to both of them. Ahmad ibn Hanbal said: “The Messenger of Allah (pbuh) associated them together.” This Hadith is an explicit evidence about the partnership of bodies of a group of the Sahabah to perform an action, which was fighting against the enemies, and to divide amongst themselves that which they gained in terms of booty if they won the battle. With respect to the rule of the booties being in disagreement with this partnership, this is not relevant to this Hadith because the rule of the booties was revealed after the battle of Badr. When this company of bodies occurred there was not yet any rule of booties. In addition, the rule of booties which was revealed after the battle did not abrogate the company which occurred before. Rather it clarified the shares of the benefactors, and the rule of the company of bodies remains as established by this Hadith.