12.6 Kamfanin Tattaunawa - Mufawadha
12.6 Company of Negotiation - Mufawadha
Wannan shi ne inda abokan hulda biyu ke rabawa a dukkan nau'o'in kamfanonin da aka ambata a baya, kamar haɗuwar kamfanonin 'Inan, Abdan, Mudharaba da Wujooh. Misali, mutum na iya ba da wasu dukiya ko jari ga injiniyoyi biyu da ke hulɗa da dukiyarsu, domin su gina gidaje don sayarwa. Injiniyoyin biyu sun amince su yi aiki da dukiya fiye da wadda suke da ita, don haka sai su fara karɓar kaya ba tare da biya nan take ba, bisa amincewar 'yan kasuwa a kansu. Don haka, hulɗar injiniyoyin biyu tare da jikinsu kamfani ne na jiki. Dangane da sana'arsu da biyan dukiyar da suke aiki da ita, kamfani ne na 'Inan (daidai). Kasancewar suna karɓar dukiya daga wasu mutane yana nufin kamfani ne na Mudharaba. Kuma kasancewar suna rabawa a cikin kayan da suke saya bisa amincewar 'yan kasuwa a kansu yana nufin kamfani ne na Wujooh. Don haka wannan kamfani ya haɗa dukkan nau'o'in kamfanonin da Musulunci ya halatta. Yana da inganci domin kowane nau'i daga cikin waɗannan kamfanoni halal ne da kansa, kuma suna da inganci tare. Riba tana bisa ga yarjejeniyarsu. Ana halatta a sa ta bisa ga rabon dukiyoyin biyu. Haka kuma ana halatta a sa ta daidai ko da dukiyoyin sun bambanta. Kuma ana halatta a sa ta fifiko ko da dukiyoyin sun daidaita.
This is where two partners share in all the types of companies mentioned before, like a combination between the companies of ‘Inan, Abdan, Mudharaba and Wujooh. For example a person may contribute some property or capital to two engineers in partnership with their properties so that they build houses to sell. The two engineers agree to work with property greater than that which they hold, so they start to take goods without paying for them immediately, based on the traders’ trust in them. Thus, the partnership of the two engineers together with their bodies is a company of bodies. With regard to their craft and paying for property with which they work, it is a company of ‘Inan (equal). The fact that they take property from other people means it is a company of Mudharaba. As they share in the goods which they buy based on the trust of the traders in them means it is a Wujooh company. This company has therefore combined all the types of companies allowed in Islam. It is valid because each type of these companies is allowed by itself and they are also valid together. The profit is according to their agreement. It is allowed to make it proportional to the two properties. It is also allowed to make it equal even if the properties are different. And it is allowed to make it preferential even if the properties are equal.
Wannan irin haɗin kai na ciniki yana da izini, domin nassin Shari'a ya halatta shi. Sai dai wasu masana shari'a sun ambaci wasu nau'ikan haɗin kai na ciniki, inda mutum biyu ke shiga, ta yadda su biyun suke daidai a dukiyarsu, da ikon tafiyar da ita, da bashin da ke kansu, kowannensu kuma zai iya wakiltar abokin harkallarsa ta kowace fuska. Wannan nau'in haɗin kai an haramta shi gaba ɗaya. Babu wata hujja daga nassin Shari'a da ke tabbatar da shi. Dangane da Hadisin da suke kawowa suna cewa: 'Idan kun yi haɗin kai na ciniki, to ku inganta shi,' ko kuma Hadisin: 'Ku yi haɗin kai na ciniki, domin shi ya fi albarka,' babu ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan Hadisai biyu da aka tabbatar da ingancinsa (Sahihi), ko da an ɗauka cewa ma'anarsu daidai ce. Haka kuma, wannan haɗin kai yana cikin nau'in hadin dukiya wadda ba a san ta ba da kuma aikin da ba a sani ba, wannan kaɗai ya isa ya sa haɗin kai ya zama bai inganta ba. Bugu da ƙari, cikin dukiyarsu akwai gadon da ake ba su bayan rasuwar wanda ya gada, kuma ɗaya daga cikin abokan harkallar na iya zama Dhimmi (wanda ba Musulmi ba). To ta yaya zai karɓi rabon gado? Ƙari a kan haka, ba a halatta shi ba, domin haɗin kai ya ƙunshi wakilci, kuma wakilci a kan abubuwan da ba a sani ba ba a halatta shi ba. Duk wannan yana nuna rashin ingancin wannan nau'in haɗin kai na ciniki.
This type of company of negotiation is allowed, because the Shari’ah text allows it. Some jurisprudents have, however, mentioned other types of negotiation company, where two persons participate, such that they are equal in their property, their right of disposal and their debts and each of them can deputise for his colleague in absolute terms. This type of company is absolutely prohibited. There is no Shari’ah text that is a proof for it. As for the Hadith which they quote to say: ‘If you negotiate then improve the negotiation’ or the Hadith, ‘Negotiate as it is more blessing,’ neither of these two Hadith have proven to be valid (Sahih), even assuming that their meaning is correct. Moreover, this company is a partnership of unknown property and unknown action, which is enough by itself to make the company invalid. Additionally, included in their property is the inheritance which is given to them after the death of an inheriting person, and one of the partners could be a Dhimmi (non- Muslim). How then could He receive a share of the inheritance? Further, it is not allowed, because the company includes deputation, which is not allowed over unknown things. All this indicates the invalidity of this type of negotiation company.