27 Perang Hunayn - Khilafah Islamiyah | Quran Course

27 Perang Hunayn - Khilafah Islamiyah | Quran Course

Selepas beberapa hari, kaum Muslimin pun tiba. Rasulullah ﷺ telah berangkat bersama dua ribu orang Makkah dan sepuluh ribu lagi dari tentera yang telah memasuki Makkah. Pasukan yang gagah ini bergerak menuju medan pertempuran dan tiba di Hunayn pada waktu petang, di mana mereka berehat sehingga menjelang fajar. Kemudian mereka bergerak masuk ke dalam lembah ketika waktu remang subuh. Rasulullah ﷺ sedang menunggang bagal putihnya di belakang tentera ketika mereka memasuki lembah itu apabila skuad-skuad musuh menyerang, mengikut perintah komander mereka. Mereka menghujani kaum Muslimin dengan tombak, dan dalam kegelapan itu kaum Muslimin terkejut dengan serangan mengejut tersebut. Ketika tombak menghujani mereka dari setiap arah, kaum Muslimin berpecah dan melarikan diri dalam ketakutan, tanpa seorang pun memperdulikan yang lain. Mereka melintasi Rasulullah ﷺ tanpa berhenti dan terus lari beramai-ramai. Hanya al-‘Abbas dan Rasulullah ﷺ yang tinggal di medan pertempuran. Adapun selebihnya daripada tentera itu, mereka hampir-hampir kalah dan melarikan diri demi menyelamatkan nyawa. Rasulullah ﷺ berdiri di tempatnya, dikelilingi oleh sekumpulan kecil kaum Ansar, Muhajirin dan keluarga baginda, lalu baginda memanggil orang ramai, "Hendak ke mana kamu, wahai sekalian manusia?" Tetapi orang ramai tidak dapat mendengar seruannya, mereka terus berlari tanpa menoleh ke belakang, sentiasa takut akan kematian. Hawazin dan Thaqif mengejar mereka dan membunuh sesiapa sahaja yang mereka dapat tangkap.

After a few days the Muslims appeared. The Messenger of Allah (pbuh) had marched with two thousand Makkans and another ten thousand men from the army which had entered Makkah. This formidable force marched towards the battlefield and reached Hunayn in the evening, where they rested until just before dawn. Then they moved on into the valley during the twilight. The Messenger of Allah (pbuh) was riding his white mule at the rear of the army as they entered the valley when the enemy squadrons attacked, following the order of his commander. They showered the Muslims with spears, and amidst the darkness the Muslims were stunned by the sudden surprise attack. As the spears hit them from every direction, the Muslims broke and fled in terror, none heeding the other. They passed by the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) without stopping and continued running en masse. Only al-‘Abbas and the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) were left on the battlefield. As for the rest of the army, they were as good as defeated and fleeing for their lives. The Messenger of Allah (pbuh) stood where he was, surrounded by a small group of the Ansar, Muhajireen and his family, and he called to the people, “Where are you going O people?” But the people were unable to hear his call, they just continued running without turning back fearing death all the while. Hawazin and Thaqif chased them and killed them wherever they reached them.

Kaum Muslimin terus mengejar, dan dalam perjalanan mereka menawan ramai golongan musyrikin. Mereka mengejar musuh lebih jauh lagi ke dalam lembah dan membunuh ramai daripada mereka. Panglima mereka, Malik bin 'Auf, melarikan diri ke Ta'if dan memohon perlindungan di sana. Allah (SWT) membantu kaum Muslimin meraih kemenangan besar pada hari itu, dan ayat-ayat berikut diturunkan berkaitan dengan peristiwa tersebut: "Sesungguhnya Allah telah menolong kamu (orang-orang mukmin) di medan peperangan yang banyak, dan (ingatlah) pada hari peperangan Hunain, iaitu ketika kamu menjadi bangga kerana banyaknya jumlahmu, maka jumlah yang banyak itu tidak memberi manfaat kepadamu sedikit pun, dan bumi yang luas itu telah terasa sempit bagimu, kemudian kamu lari ke belakang dengan bercerai-berai. Kemudian Allah menurunkan ketenangan-Nya kepada Rasul-Nya dan kepada orang-orang yang beriman, dan Allah menurunkan tentara yang tidak kamu lihat, dan Allah menimpakan azab kepada orang-orang kafir. Itulah balasan bagi orang-orang kafir. Kemudian Allah menerima taubat setelah itu bagi siapa yang Dia kehendaki. Dan Allah Maha Pengampun lagi Maha Penyayang." [At-Taubah, 9:25-27].

The Muslims continued to give chase, imprisoning many polytheists on the way. They pursued them even further up the valley and killed many of them. Their commander, Malik ibn ‘Auf fled to Ta’if where he sought protection. Allah (swt) helped the Muslims gain a great victory that day, and the following verses were revealed in conjunction with the events: “Truly Allah has given you victory in many battlefields, and on the day of Hunayn when you rejoiced at your great number but it availed you naught and the earth, vast as it is, was constraitened for you, then you turned back in flight. Then Allah did send down His Sakinah (calmness, tranquillity) on the Messenger and the believers, and sent down forces (angels) which you saw not, and punished the disbelievers. Such is the recompense of disbelievers. Then after that, Allah will accept the repentance of whom He will. And Allah is Oft-Forgiving, Most Merciful.” [At-Tauba, 9:25-27].

Rasulullah ﷺ meninggalkan harta rampasan dan tawanan di al-Ji'ranah, lalu mengepung Ta'if, tempat Malik bin 'Auf berlindung selepas kekalahannya. Ta'if adalah milik suku Thaqif. Kotanya dibina seperti kubu, dan penduduknya pakar dalam seni peperangan kepungan. Mereka juga sangat kaya dan mempunyai bekalan yang banyak. Suku Thaqif mahir memanah, dan mereka menghujani sekumpulan orang Islam yang cuba menghampiri kota itu, lalu membunuh mereka. Ternyata amat sukar bagi orang Islam untuk menyerbu kubu itu, lalu mereka berkhemah di luar jarak panahan, menunggu untuk melihat apa yang akan dilakukan oleh Rasulullah ﷺ. Rasulullah ﷺ meminta bantuan Banu Daus untuk menghujani Ta'if dengan manjanik, dan mereka tiba empat hari selepas kepungan bermula dengan senjata mereka. Kini orang Islam menyerang dengan manjanik, dan mereka menghantar kereta perang untuk merangkak ke hadapan dan menghampiri dinding kota dalam percubaan membakar dinding Ta'if. Namun ketika mereka menghampiri, mereka dihujani kepingan logam panas yang membakar kereta perang itu, sehingga para pengendali Islam di dalamnya terpaksa melarikan diri. Thaqif mengambil peluang ini untuk menghujani orang Islam yang berundur dengan anak panah, lalu membunuh ramai daripada mereka. Orang Islam gagal menyerbu Ta'if secara langsung, lalu mereka beralih kepada menebang dan membakar kebun anggur dalam percubaan memaksa Thaqif menyerah diri. Thaqif tidak berbuat demikian, dan akhirnya masa kehabisan bagi para pengepung Islam.

The Messenger of Allah (pbuh) left the spoils and the prisoners in al-Ji’ranah and besieged Ta’if where Malik ibn ‘Auf had gained sanctuary after his defeat. Ta’if belonged to the tribe of Thaqif. It was built like a fortress and its people were experts in the art of siege warfare. They were also extremely wealthy and had plenty of provisions. Thaqif were experts at archery and they showered a group of Muslims, as they attempted to advance on the city, killing them. It proved very difficult for the Muslims to storm the fort and they instead camped out of shooting range waiting to see what the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) would do. The Messenger of Allah (pbuh) sought the help of Banu Daus to bombard Ta’if with the catapult and they arrived four days after the siege had begun with their armaments. Now the Muslims attacked with the catapult and they sent out tanks to creep forward and make contact with the city walls in an attempt to burn down the wall of Ta’if. As they approached, however, they were showered with hot pieces of metal which burnt the tanks forcing the Muslim operators inside to flee. Thaqif seized the opportunity to shower the retreating Muslims with arrows, killing many of them. The Muslims failed to storm Ta’if directly so they resorted to cutting down and burning the vineyards in an attempt to force Thaqif to surrender. This Thaqif did not do and time finally ran out for the Muslim besiegers.

Akhirnya, orang ramai bimbang bahawa bahagian rampasan perang mereka akan berkurangan jika Rasulullah ﷺ terus memberikan rampasan kepada sesiapa sahaja yang datang kepada baginda dari Hawazin. Mereka meminta agar rampasan itu dibahagikan supaya setiap orang dapat mengambil bahagiannya. Mereka merungut sesama sendiri tentang konsesi-konsesi ini, dan rungutan mereka sampai ke telinga Rasulullah ﷺ. Baginda ﷺ secara terbuka mencabut sehelai bulu dari bonggol seekor unta yang berdekatan, lalu mengangkatnya di antara jari-jemarinya dan bersabda, "Wahai manusia! Demi Allah (SWT), kamu tidak mempunyai apa-apa daripada rampasan kamu melainkan seperlima, walaupun sehelai bulu ini, dan yang seperlima itu akan aku kembalikan kepada kamu. Maka sesiapa yang mengambil sesuatu dengan khianat, walaupun sebatang jarum, ia akan menjadi aib, api dan kehinaan yang besar baginya dan keluarganya pada Hari Kiamat." Rasulullah ﷺ mengambil seperlima bahagian untuk dirinya dan membahagikan selebihnya kepada para Sahabat baginda. Daripada bahagian baginda, baginda ﷺ memberikan kepada mereka yang hatinya hendak dijinakkan, iaitu mereka yang pada masa lalu adalah musuh-musuh baginda yang paling ketara. Baginda ﷺ memberikan kepada Abu Sufyan, anaknya Mu'awiyah, al-Harith ibn al-Harith, al-Harith ibn al-Hisham, Suhayl ibn 'Amr, Huwaytib ibn 'Abd al-'Uzza dan para pemimpin kabilah masing-masing seratus ekor unta, di samping bahagian rampasan mereka. Baginda ﷺ memberikan kepada yang lain, selain bahagian mereka, masing-masing lima puluh ekor unta.

Eventually, the people feared that their share of the spoils would diminish if Allah’s Messenger (pbuh) continued to give out the spoils to whoever came to him from Hawazin. They asked that the spoils be divided so that each could get his share. They murmured amongst themselves about these concessions and their murmuring reached the ears of the Messenger of Allah (pbuh). He (pbuh) publicly removed a hair from the hump of a nearby camel and holding it aloft in his fingers said, “O People! By Allah (swt) have nothing but a fifth of your booty even to this hair, and the fifth I will return to you; so whoever took anything in dishonesty, even a needle, it will be a shame and a flame and an utter ignominy on him and his family on the Day of Resurrection.” The Messenger of Allah (pbuh) took a fifth of the share for himself and split the rest among his Sahabah. From his share he (pbuh) gave to those whose hearts were to be won over, those in the past who had been his arch enemies. He (pbuh) gave Abu Sufyan, his son Mu’awiyah, al-Harith ibn al-Harith, al-Harith ibn al-Hisham, Suhayl ibn ‘Amr, Huwaytib ibn ‘Abd al-‘Uzza and the leaders of the tribes one hundred camels each on top of their share of the booty. He (pbuh) gave others, in addition to their share, fifty camels each.

Dalam membahagikan harta rampasan perang, Rasulullah ﷺ menunjukkan sifat murah hati dan pengampunan yang luar biasa. Baginda ﷺ juga memperlihatkan kebijaksanaan dan kesedaran politik yang tinggi. Namun, sebahagian kaum Muslimin tidak memahami motif di sebalik tindakan-tindakan baginda ﷺ tersebut. Golongan Ansar, yang tidak mendapat apa-apa daripada harta rampasan itu, mula berbisik sesama sendiri tentang tindakan Rasulullah ﷺ. Malangnya, mereka mengambil perkara itu ke dalam hati. Salah seorang daripada mereka merumuskan perasaan kolektif yang lain dengan kata-kata, "Demi Allah, Rasulullah ﷺ telah bertemu dengan kaumnya sendiri." Sa'd bin 'Ubadah pergi menemui Rasulullah ﷺ dan memberitahu baginda tentang apa yang telah berlaku. Baginda ﷺ bertanya, "Di manakah kedudukanmu dalam perkara ini, Sa'd?" Sa'd menjawab, "Aku berada bersama kaumku." Rasulullah ﷺ bersabda kepadanya, "Kalau begitu, kumpulkan kaummu di tempat berpagar ini." Apabila semua yang berkenaan telah berhimpun, Rasulullah ﷺ menyampaikan ucapan kepada mereka, "Apakah yang aku dengar daripada kamu ini? Adakah kamu berprasangka buruk terhadapku dalam hati kamu? Tidakkah aku datang kepada kamu ketika kamu sesat, lalu Allah memberi hidayah kepada kamu? Kamu miskin, lalu Allah menjadikan kamu kaya? Kamu bermusuhan, lalu Allah melembutkan hati kamu?" Mereka menjawab, "Benar, Allah dan Rasul-Nya amat pemurah dan dermawan." Baginda ﷺ meneruskan, "Mengapa kamu tidak menjawab aku, wahai kaum Ansar?" Mereka berkata, "Bagaimanakah kami hendak menjawab kamu, wahai Rasulullah? Kemurahan hati dan kedermawanan itu milik Allah dan Rasul-Nya." Baginda ﷺ bersabda, "Demi Allah, sekiranya kamu mahu, kamu boleh berkata — dan kamu akan berkata benar serta dipercayai — 'Engkau datang kepada kami dalam keadaan didustakan, lalu kami membenarkanmu; ditinggalkan, lalu kami menolongmu; sebagai orang buangan, lalu kami melindungimu; miskin, lalu kami membantumu.' Adakah kamu resah dalam hati kerana kesenangan dunia yang dengannya aku menarik hati suatu kaum supaya mereka memeluk Islam, sedangkan aku menyerahkan kamu kepada Islam kamu? Tidakkah kamu puas hati bahawa orang lain membawa pulang kambing dan unta, sementara kamu membawa pulang Rasulullah ﷺ ke tempat tinggal kamu?" Demi Dia yang jiwa Muhammad berada di tangan-Nya, sekiranya bukan kerana hijrah, nescaya aku termasuk dalam golongan Ansar. Jika semua manusia menempuh satu jalan dan kaum Ansar menempuh jalan lain, nescaya aku akan memilih jalan kaum Ansar. Ya Allah, rahmatilah kaum Ansar, anak-anak mereka dan cucu-cicit mereka." Orang ramai pun menangis sehingga air mata mereka membasahi janggut, lalu mereka berkata, "Kami reda dengan Rasulullah ﷺ sebagai bahagian dan bahagian kami."

In distributing the booty, the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) showed a great deal of generosity and forgiveness. He (pbuh) also exhibited supreme shrewdness and political awareness. However, some of the Muslims did not realize the motives behind these maneuvers. The Ansar, who had been given nothing from the spoils, began to whisper among themselves about these actions of the Messenger of Allah (pbuh). Unfortunately, they took the matter to the heart. One of them summed up the collective feelings of the others with the words, “By Allah, the Messenger of Allah has met his own people.” Sa’d ibn ‘Ubadah went to the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) and told him what had happened. He (pbuh) asked, “Where do you stand in this matter Sa’d ?” In reply Sa’d said, “I stand with my people.” Allah’s Messenger (pbuh) said to him, “Then gather your people to this enclosure.” When all concerned were assembled the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) addressed them so, “What is this I hear of you? Do you think ill of me in your hearts? Did I not come to you when you were erring and Allah guided you? Poor and Allah made you rich? Enemies and Allah softened your hearts?” They answered, “Yes indeed, Allah and His Messenger are most kind and generous.” He (pbuh) continued, “Why don’t you answer me O people of Ansar?” They said, “How shall we answer you O Messenger of Allah? Kindness and generosity belong to Allah and His Messenger.” He (pbuh) said, “Had you by Allah so wished you could have said - and you would have spoken the truth and have been believed - you came to us discredited and we believed you; deserted and we helped you; a fugitive and we took you in; poor and we comforted you. Are you disturbed in mind because of the good things of this life by which I win over a people that they may become Muslims while I entrust you to your Islam? Are you not satisfied that men should take away flocks and herds while you take back with you the Messenger of Allah? By him in whose hand is the soul of Muhammad, but for the migration, I should be one of the Ansar myself. If all men went one way and the Ansar another I should take the way of the Ansar, O Allah, send Your mercy on the Ansar, their sons and their sons’ sons.” The people wept until the tears ran down their beards and they said, “We are satisfied with the Messenger of Allah as our lot and portion.”.