Selepas Perang Dunia Pertama, setelah gencatan senjata diisytiharkan dan pihak Berikat telah memperoleh kemenangan besar, Negara ‘Uthmaniyyah dihancurkan dan dipecah-pecahkan menjadi negeri-negeri kecil. Pihak Berikat merampas semua tanah Arab, Mesir, Syria, Palestin, Transjordan dan Iraq, dan memisahkannya daripada Negara sehingga yang tinggal di tangan ‘Uthmaniyyah hanyalah Turki, dan itu pun telah diceroboh oleh pihak Berikat. Kapal-kapal perang British merampas Selat Bosporus, dan tentera British menduduki sebahagian ibu kota, Istanbul, semua kubu Dardanelles, dan kebanyakan kedudukan strategik di seluruh Turki.

In the wake of the First World War, after a truce had been declared and once allies had secured their sweeping victory, the ‘Uthmani State was destroyed and fragmented into small statelets. The allies seized all the Arab lands, Egypt, Syria, Palestine, TransJordan and Iraq, stripping them from the State so that all that remained in the hands of the ‘Uthmanis was Turkey, and even she had been invaded by the allies. British warships seized the Bosporus and the British army occupied parts of the capital, Istanbul, all the Dardanelle fortresses, and most of the strategic points throughout the whole of Turkey.

Sementara itu, tentera Perancis juga telah menduduki sebahagian Istanbul, dan askar-askar Senegal mereka memenuhi jalan-jalannya. Tentera Itali menduduki Bira dan landasan kereta api, manakala pasukan berikat mengambil alih pengendalian polis, pengawal kebangsaan dan pelabuhan. Mereka melucutkan semua kubu daripada senjatanya dan memberhentikan sebahagian daripada tentera Turki. Parti "Kesatuan dan Kemajuan" dibubarkan, dan kedua-dua Jamal Pasha dan Anwar Pasha melarikan diri dari negara itu. Ahli-ahli parti yang selebihnya bersembunyi di bawah tanah. Kemudian sebuah kerajaan boneka dibentuk, diketuai oleh Tawfeeq Pasha, untuk melaksanakan arahan pasukan yang menduduki.

The French meanwhile had also occupied parts of Istanbul and their Senegalese soldiers filled its streets. The Italian army occupied Bira and the railways, and the allied forces took over the running of the police, the national guard and the ports. They stripped all the fortresses of their weaponry and discharged part of the Turkish army. The “Union and Progress Party” was dissolved and both Jamal Pasha and Anwar Pasha fled the country. The rest of its members went underground. A puppet government was then formed, headed by Tawfeeq Pasha, to execute the orders of the occupying forces.

Khalifah ketika itu ialah Waheed al-Deen. Beliau menyedari bahawa beliau perlu berhadapan dengan realiti dan menyelamatkan keadaan dengan cara yang bijaksana. Beliau membubarkan parlimen dan melantik Perdana Menteri kepada salah seorang sahabat beliau yang paling setia, Farid Pasha, yang menyokong dasar beliau untuk bersikap lembut terhadap pihak Berikat, bimbang mereka akan memusnahkan negara, yang ketika itu sangat terdedah, lebih-lebih lagi selepas perang berakhir. Beliau melaksanakan rancangannya, dan keadaan kekal begitu untuk beberapa ketika, dengan pihak Berikat menguasai keadaan dan Turki berada dalam keadaan tenang. Keadaan ini berterusan sehingga tahun 1919, apabila keadaan mula berubah dan kedudukan pihak Berikat semakin lemah. Satu siri krisis melanda Itali, Perancis dan Britain di dalam negara masing-masing, cukup serius untuk mengancam kestabilan dalaman mereka, dan tidak lama kemudian perselisihan timbul di antara mereka. Ini ketara di Istanbul, di mana mereka berebut rampasan, masing-masing mahukan bahagian terbesar daripada kedudukan ketenteraan dan kelebihan ekonomi. Pada ketika ini, Turki berada dalam kedudukan untuk merebut peluang terakhir dan menyelamatkan kewujudannya. Memandangkan perpecahan telah berlaku antara pihak Berikat dan kelemahan mereka telah terdedah, sampailah ke satu tahap di mana setiap seorang daripada mereka mula menghasut orang Turki menentang yang lain, dan dalam proses itu mereka memberikan bantuan kepada orang Turki.

The Khalifah at the time was Waheed al-Deen, he realised he had to face the reality and rescue the situation in a wise manner. He dissolved the parliament and assigned the Prime Minister’s post to one of his most faithful friends, Farid Pasha, who backed him in his policy of being lenient with the allies lest they destroy the country, which it was more than especially vulnerable to, now that the war had ended. He executed his plan and the situation remained as such for a while with the allies dominating and Turkey in a state of lull. This continued until 1919, when things began to change and the position of the allies weakened. A series of crises hit Italy, France and Britain at home, serious enough to threaten their internal stability, and soon differences emerged between them. This was evident in Istanbul, where they fought over the booty, each of them wanting the lion’s share of military positions and economic advantages. At this point, Turkey was in a position to seize a last chance and save her existence. Now that a rift had occurred between the allies and their weaknesses were revealed, a point was reached whereby each one of them began inciting the Turks against the other, and in the process they gave the Turks assistance.

Konferensi damai yang telah mereka rancang belum berlangsung dan syarat-syaratnya belum ditetapkan. Oleh itu, secercah harapan muncul di ufuk dan orang ramai mula percaya bahawa mereka boleh menganjurkan gerakan penentangan yang serius. Lebih sepuluh persatuan rahsia telah ditubuhkan di Istanbul. Tujuan mereka adalah untuk memperoleh senjata dan gudang yang berada di bawah kawalan musuh, lalu menghantarnya kepada organisasi rahsia di dalam negara. Beberapa pegawai kerajaan turut terlibat dalam usaha ini. Ismat, timbalan di Kementerian Peperangan; Fawzi, Ketua Staf; Fathi, Menteri Dalam Negeri; dan Ra'uf, Menteri Tentera Laut termasuk antara mereka yang membantu gerakan-gerakan ini. Maka, tugas menentang musuh secara rahsia diambil alih oleh banyak persatuan yang ditubuhkan dengan tujuan tersebut; "Parti Kesatuan dan Kemajuan" juga kembali aktif dengan begitu giat. Gerakan-gerakan ini disertai oleh sebahagian tentera, sehinggalah akhirnya ia disatukan di bawah satu gerakan yang diketuai oleh Mustafa Kemal. Beliau menubuhkan gerakan untuk memerangi pihak Sekutu dan mengusir mereka dari negara itu, dan beliau bersumpah akan memerangi tentera Khalifah sekiranya ia menghalang perjuangannya.

The peace conference, which they had been planning, had not yet taken place and its conditions not laid down. Therefore, a glimmer of hope appeared on the horizon and people began to believe that they could organize a serious resistance movement. More than ten secret associations were established in Istanbul. Their aim was to acquire weapons and depots under the control of the enemy and send them to secret organizations within the country. Some officials were also involved in this work. Ismat, a deputy in the War Ministry; Fawzi, the Chief of Staff; Fathi, the Interior Minister; and Ra’uf, Minister of the Navy were amongst those who helped these movements. Thus, the task of secretly resisting the enemy was taken up by the many associations formed with that purpose in mind; the “Union and Progress Party” also became very active again. These movements were joined by some of the military until eventually they came to be unified under one movement headed by Mustafa Kemal. He established a movement to fight the allies and expel them from the country and he vowed to fight the Khalifah’s army if it stood in his way.

Kejayaan Mustafa Kemal dalam usaha ini adalah luar biasa. Setelah menyedari bahawa kerajaan pusat dan pihak berkuasa di Istanbul berada di bawah kawalan musuh, beliau memutuskan untuk menubuhkan sebuah kerajaan nasional di Anatolia. Beliau lalu menganjurkan sebuah persidangan (perhimpunan) nasional di Sywas, tempat dasar-dasar dan cara-cara untuk menjaga Kemerdekaan Turki dibincangkan. Persidangan itu menerima beberapa resolusi dan sebuah jawatankuasa eksekutif telah dibentuk, yang akan dipimpin oleh Mustafa Kemal. Persidangan itu menghantar amaran kepada Sultan yang menuntut agar Perdana Menteri Farid dilucutkan jawatan dan diadakan pilihan raya parlimen yang bebas. Di bawah tekanan sedemikian, Sultan terpaksa tunduk kepada tuntutan persidangan, lalu beliau memecat Perdana Menteri dan melantik Ali Redha sebagai penggantinya, kemudian beliau memerintahkan agar pilihan raya baharu diadakan. Para perwakilan dari persidangan itu menyertai pilihan raya sebagai sebuah kumpulan dengan manifesto yang direka untuk menyelamatkan negara, dan mereka memperoleh majoriti besar dalam parlimen baharu.

Mustafa Kemal’s success in this quest was remarkable. Having realized that the central government and the authority in Istanbul were under the enemy’s control he decided to establish a national government in Anatolia. So he organized a national conference (rally) in Sywas, where the policies and means to safeguard Turkey’s Independence were discussed. The conference adopted a few resolutions and an executive committee was formed, to be headed by Mustafa Kemal. The conference sent a warning to the Sultan demanding the removal of Prime Minister Farid and the holding of free parliamentary elections. Under such pressure, the Sultan was forced to submit to the conferences’ demands, and so he dismissed the Prime Minister and appointed Ali Redha as his successor, then he ordered new elections to be held. The delegates from the conference entered the elections as a group with a manifesto designed to salvage the country and they achieved a sweeping majority in the new parliament.

Selepas kejayaan mereka, mereka bergerak ke Ankara dan menubuhkan ibu pejabat mereka di sana. Di sana mereka mengadakan mesyuarat dan mencadangkan agar parlimen bersidang di Istanbul dan Majlis Wakil mereka dibubarkan kerana ahlinya kini telah menjadi timbalan rasmi. Namun, Mustafa Kemal dengan tegas menentang kedua-dua cadangan ini sambil berkata, "Majlis Wakil hendaklah diteruskan sehingga komitmen dan integriti parlimen jelas dan sehingga dasarnya diketahui. Adapun langkah berpindah ke ibu negara, ini adalah kegilaan semata-mata, kerana jika kamu berbuat demikian, kamu akan berada di bawah belas kasihan musuh. British masih menguasai negara dan pihak berkuasa pasti akan campur tangan dalam urusan kamu dan mungkin menangkap kamu. Oleh itu, parlimen hendaklah bersidang di sini di Ankara supaya ia kekal bebas." Mustafa Kemal terus bertegas dan mempertahankan pendapatnya dengan kuat, tetapi gagal meyakinkan timbalan-timbalan untuk mengadakan persidangan parlimen di Ankara. Para timbalan pun pergi ke ibu negara dengan sewajarnya, menyatakan kesetiaan mereka kepada Khalifah, dan meneruskan kerja mereka. Ini berlaku pada Januari 1920.

After their success they moved on to Ankara and established their headquarters there where they held a meeting and proposed that the parliament should meet in Istanbul and their Council of Representatives should be dissolved since its members had now become official deputies. However, Mustafa Kemal strongly opposed these two proposals saying, “The Council of Representatives should continue until the parliament’s commitment and integrity is made clear and until its policy becomes known. As for the move to the capital, this would be sheer madness, for if you did this you would be under the mercy of the enemy. The British still control the country and the authorities will undoubtedly meddle in your affairs and perhaps arrest you. The parliament should therefore convene here in Ankara so that it remains independent.” Mustafa Kemal persisted and defended his opinion strongly, but failed to persuade the deputies to hold the parliament’s sessions in Ankara. The deputies duly went to the capital and expressed their loyalty to the Khalifah, and continued on with their work. This was in January 1920.

Khalifah itu cuba memaksakan kehendaknya ke atas wakil-wakil rakyat, tetapi mereka menentang dan menunjukkan kesediaan untuk mempertahankan hak-hak negara. Apabila tekanan daripada pihak Berikat semakin meningkat ke atas mereka, mereka menggerakkan pendapat umum demi perjanjian yang telah mereka persetujui semasa persidangan Sywas. Perjanjian itu mengandungi syarat-syarat yang menjadi asas kesediaan mereka untuk menerima perdamaian. Yang paling penting daripada syarat-syarat ini ialah Turki hendaklah menjadi sebuah negara yang bebas dan merdeka dalam sempadan yang telah ditetapkan. Pihak Berikat, terutamanya British, bergembira kerana inilah tepat yang mereka sasarkan. Lebih-lebih lagi, mereka mahukan perkara itu datang daripada orang Turki sendiri.

The Khalifah tried to impose his will on the deputies but they resisted and showed their willingness to hold on to the country’s rights. When pressure from the allies mounted on them, they rallied public opinion for the covenant which they had agreed upon during the Sywas conference. The covenant included the conditions according to which they were prepared to accept peace. Most important of these conditions was that Turkey should become a free and independent state within specified borders. The allies, especially the British, rejoiced, for this was exactly what they had been aiming at. Moreover, they wanted it to come from the Turks themselves.

Perlu disebutkan di sini bahawa semua negara yang pernah dikuasai oleh Negara ‘Uthmaniyyah sebagai Wilayah, dalam kedudukannya sebagai Negara Islam, masing-masing telah mempunyai satu perjanjian yang disediakan untuk mereka oleh pihak Berikat selepas Perang Dunia Pertama, dan perjanjian itu mengisytiharkan kemerdekaan bagi bahagian yang dikehendaki oleh pihak Berikat untuk dipisahkan. Oleh itu, Iraq mempunyai satu perjanjian yang mengandungi kemerdekaan Iraq, begitu juga Syria, Palestin, Mesir dan seterusnya. Maka, adalah wajar sahaja pihak Berikat, terutamanya British, bergembira dengan Perjanjian Nasionalis Turki ini, kerana ia betul-betul apa yang mereka mahukan; iaitu memecahbelahkan Negara ‘Uthmaniyyah dan membahagikannya kepada negeri-negeri kecil supaya ia tidak kembali menjadi sebuah negara yang kuat. Impian mereka untuk memusnahkan Negara kaum Muslimin kelihatan seolah-olah akan menjadi kenyataan.

It is worth mentioning here that all the countries which the ‘Uthmani State used to rule over as Wilayat in her capacity, as the Islamic State, had each had, in the wake of the First World War, a covenant drawn up for them by the allies and which proclaimed for them the independence of the part which the allies wanted to keep separate. Iraq, therefore, had a covenant comprising the independence of Iraq, as did Syria, Palestine, Egypt and so on. Thus, it was only natural for the allies, especially the British, to rejoice at this Turkish Nationalistic Covenant, for it was exactly what they wanted; the dismembering of the ‘Uthmani State and its division into statelets lest it return again as one strong State. Their dream of destroying the Muslims’ State looked as though it would now come to fruition.

Sekiranya tidak kerana perjanjian-perjanjian yang berjaya diatur oleh pihak Berikat di segenap tempat, keadaan tentu akan berubah ke arah yang lain. Ini kerana Negara ‘Uthmani ialah sebuah entiti tunggal yang menganggap semua Wilayahnya sebagai sebahagian daripadanya. Ia telah menerima pakai sistem Kesatuan (iaitu persekutuan), bukan Ittihad (iaitu konfederasi), maka tiada perbezaan dalam dasar Negara antara Hijaz atau Turki, mahupun antara daerah al-Quds dan daerah Iskandarona. Kesemuanya merupakan sebahagian daripada satu Negara yang tunggal.

Had it not been for the covenants, which the allies managed to set up everywhere, the situation would have taken a different turn. The reason for this was because the ‘Uthmani State was a single entity which considered all of its Wilayat as part of it. It had adopted a system of Unity (i.e., a federation) and not Union (i.e., a confederation) and so there was no difference in the State’s policy between Hijaz or Turkey, nor between the district of al-Quds and the district of Iskandarona. All of them were part of one single State.

Selain itu, keadaan ini sepatutnya menjadi lebih rumit lagi disebabkan syarat-syarat yang dikenakan ke atas kuasa-kuasa yang kalah pada akhir perang. Ini kerana kekalahan Turki adalah serupa dengan kekalahan Jerman, kerana kedua-duanya adalah sekutu dalam perang tersebut, dan syarat-syarat perdamaian yang dikenakan ke atas satu negara sepatutnya turut dikenakan ke atas negara yang satu lagi. Maka, jika rakyat Jerman menentang gagasan untuk melepaskan walau sejengkal tanah mereka, dan berjuang menentang negara mereka dipecah-pecahkan, maka demikian jugalah sepatutnya keadaan bagi Negara ‘Uthmani, dan ia juga sepatutnya tidak pernah dipecah-pecahkan. Pihak Sekutu menyedari realiti-realiti ini dan mengambilnya kira. Namun, apabila orang-orang ‘Uthmani sendiri meminta negara mereka dipecah-pecahkan, satu permintaan yang diingini oleh orang Arab dan Turki sama-sama, pihak Sekutu menyambutnya dengan pantas dan dengan penuh semangat menggalakkan langkah-langkah sedemikian; terutama sekali di pusat Negara (Turki), tempat kebanyakan pemerintahan dalam Negara berasal dan tempat ia diwakili.

In addition, the situation should have been further complicated by the conditions imposed on the defeated powers at war’s end. This was because the defeat of Turkey was similar to that of Germany, since they were allies in the war together, and the conditions of peace laid down on one country should have applied to the other. Thus, if the people of Germany resisted the idea of having to part with as much as a handspan of their land, and fought against their country being dismembered, so should have been the case for the ‘Uthmani State, and she too should never have been dismembered. The allies were aware of these realities and took them into account. However, when the ‘Uthmanis themselves requested their country to be dismembered, a request sought by Arabs and Turks alike, the allies leaped at the chance and ardently encouraged such moves; especially in the State’s center (Turkey) where most of the rule within the State originated and where it was represented.

Oleh itu, pihak Berikat menganggap perjanjian itu sebagai kemenangan akhir mereka. Orang Turki kemudiannya diberi kebebasan untuk menentang, sebaik sahaja perjanjian itu diumumkan, dan pihak Berikat mula menarik balik tentera mereka dari setiap sudut negara. Tentera British dan Perancis dikeluarkan dari negara itu. Pada masa yang sama, orang Turki mula mengumpulkan kekuatan. Satu gerakan penentangan telah dibentuk dan akhirnya berubah menjadi revolusi menentang Khalifah, sehingga memaksanya menghantar tentera untuk menghancurkan gerakan itu. Tentera itu berjaya melakukannya sehingga semua rakyat berpihak kepada Sultan kecuali mereka yang berada di Ankara, tempat kubu revolusi itu. Akhirnya, Ankara sendiri hampir mengalami kekalahan. Berhadapan dengan tentera Khalifah, kampung-kampung di sekelilingnya tumbang satu demi satu dan kemudian menyertainya. Mustafa Kemal dan mereka yang bersamanya berada dalam keadaan yang sangat genting, tetapi Mustafa Kemal bertekad untuk terus berjuang, lalu dia membangkitkan semangat golongan nasionalis. Mereka memberi respons dan semakin kuat. Khabar angin tersebar di wilayah dan kampung-kampung Turki bahawa tentera British akan menduduki ibu kota, menangkap golongan nasionalis dan menutup dewan parlimen dengan paksa.

Therefore, the allies considered the covenant to be their final victory. The Turks were thus allowed the freedom of resistance, once it had been published, and the allies then began to pull their troops out from every corner of the land. The British and the French troops were removed from the country. Concomitantly, the Turks began gathering strength. A resistance movement was formed which eventually turned into a revolution against the Khalifah, thus forcing him to send in an army to crush the movement. This it managed to do until all the people stood by the Sultan except those in Ankara where the stronghold of the revolution was. Eventually, Ankara itself was on the brink of defeat. In the face of the Khalifah’s army, the surrounding villages fell one after the other and then joined it. Mustafa Kemal and those with him were placed in a very critical situation, but Mustafa Kemal was determined to fight on and so he incited the nationalists. They responded and gathered strength. Rumors were spread in the Turkish provinces and villages that the British army was about to occupy the capital, arrest the nationalists and shut down the house of parliament by force.

Juga tersebar khabar angin bahawa Khalifah dan kerajaannya menyokong pendudukan itu. Keadaan tidak lama kemudian berubah. Rakyat mula meninggalkan Khalifah dan pendapat umum beralih kepada golongan nasionalis di Ankara. Lelaki dan wanita berduyun-duyun menuju ke Ankara secara sukarela untuk mempertahankan Turki. Ramai tentera meninggalkan tentera Khalifah dan menyertai tentera Mustafa Kemal, yang ketika itu telah menjadi wira bagi orang Turki dan lambang harapan mereka. Kedudukannya semakin kukuh dan hampir seluruh negara jatuh ke dalam kawalannya. Beliau mengeluarkan risalah yang menyeru supaya diadakan pilihan raya bagi Majlis Wakil Rakyat Negara yang menjadikan Ankara sebagai ibu pejabatnya. Pilihan raya itu berlangsung dan ahli-ahli yang baru dipilih bersidang, menamakan diri mereka Dewan Negara. Mereka menganggap diri mereka sebagai kerajaan yang sah. Mereka mengundi Mustafa Kemal sebagai presiden Majlis Wakil Rakyat. Ankara menjadi pusat kerajaan nasional dan semua orang Turki menyokongnya. Mustafa Kemal kemudian bergerak dan memusnahkan sisa-sisa tentera Khalifah, lalu menamatkan perang saudara. Beliau seterusnya menumpukan perhatian kepada memerangi tentera Greek, dan beberapa pertempuran berdarah berlaku. Pada mulanya tentera Greek mempunyai kelebihan, tetapi tidak lama kemudian keseimbangan beralih memihak kepada Mustafa Kemal.

Rumors about the Khalifah and his government supporting the occupation were also spread. The situation soon changed. People began deserting the Khalifah and public opinion shifted towards the nationalists in Ankara. Men and women drifted towards Ankara volunteering to defend Turkey. Many soldiers deserted the Khalifah’s army and joined the army of Mustafa Kemal, who by then had become a hero for the Turks and a symbol of their hopes. His position gathered strength and almost the entire country came under his control. He issued a leaflet calling for the election of a national Council of Representatives that would position Ankara as its headquarters. The election took place and the newly elected members convened, calling themselves the National Assembly. They considered themselves the legitimate government. They voted Mustafa Kemal as president of the Council of Representatives. Ankara became the center of the national government and all the Turks approved of it. Mustafa Kemal then moved and destroyed what remained of the Khalifah’s army, putting an end to the civil war. He then concentrated on fighting the Greeks, and several bloody battles ensued. The Greeks had the upper hand at first but soon the balance shifted in Mustafa Kemal’s favor.

Pada Ogos 1921, beliau melancarkan serangan yang pantas dan berjaya ke atas orang Greek yang ketika itu menduduki Izmir dan bahagian-bahagian lain di pantai Turki. Pada awal September, beliau memanggil Ismat untuk bertemu Harrington dan menyelesaikan butiran-butirannya. Dalam pertemuan itu, pihak Bersekutu bersetuju untuk mengusir orang Greek dari Tarees serta menarik diri mereka dari Istanbul dan seluruh Turki. Jika kita menelusuri dengan teliti langkah-langkah Mustafa Kemal, kita dapat menyimpulkan bahawa pihak Bersekutu hanya bersetuju dengan tuntutannya apabila mereka memperoleh jaminan bahawa beliau akan memusnahkan pemerintahan Islam sebagai balasan. Perkara ini menjadi lebih jelas apabila Dewan Negara membincangkan dengannya tentang masa depan Turki selepas kemenangan yang telah beliau capai. Beliau menjawab, "Saya tidak percaya kepada liga negara-negara Islam, mahupun kepada liga bangsa 'Uthmani, dan setiap daripada kita bebas untuk menganut apa-apa pendapat yang dikehendakinya. Namun, kerajaan hendaklah berpegang kepada dasar yang tetap dan dirangka berdasarkan realiti. Dasar yang mempunyai satu matlamat sahaja, iaitu melindungi negara dan kemerdekaannya dalam sempadan semula jadinya. Sentimen dan khayalan tidak boleh mempengaruhi dasar kita, dan celakalah impian serta mitos, kerana pada masa lalu ia telah menyebabkan kita menanggung kerugian yang besar."

By August 1921, he launched a swift and successful attack on the Greeks who at the time occupied Izmir and other parts of the Turkish coasts. In the beginning of September, he sent for Ismat to meet Harrington and work out the details. At that meeting, the allies agreed to expel the Greeks from Tarees and to withdraw themselves from Istanbul and the whole of Turkey. If we closely followed Mustafa Kemal’s moves, we deduce that the allies agreed to his demands only when they secured a promise that he would destroy Islamic rule in return. This was made clearer when the National Assembly discussed with him the future of Turkey in the wake of the victories he had achieved. He replied, “I do not believe in a league of Islamic countries, nor in a league of the ‘Uthmani people, and each one of us is free to embrace any opinion he wishes. However, the government should adhere to a fixed and devised policy based on realities. A policy that carries one single objective, that is to protect the country and its independence within its natural borders. Sentiments and illusions should not affect our policy, and damn to the dreams and the myths, they have in the past cost us dearly.”.

Dengan pengisytiharan ini, beliau mahu membina kemerdekaan Turki atas dasar bahawa Turki adalah negara bagi bangsa Turki, bukan bagi Ummah Islam. Sebahagian daripada wakil rakyat dan ahli politik bertanya kepadanya tentang bagaimana kerajaan Turki yang baharu harus dibentuk, kerana adalah tidak terbayangkan bagi negara itu untuk mempunyai dua kerajaan seperti yang berlaku pada masa itu: sebuah kerajaan peralihan yang berkuasa dengan Ankara sebagai ibu pejabatnya, dan sebuah kerajaan rasmi tetapi hanya dari segi nama di ibu kota yang diketuai oleh Khalifah dan menteri-menterinya. Ahli-ahli politik itu mendesak Kemal supaya beliau menyatakan pendapatnya dengan jelas mengenai isu ini. Beliau tidak menjawab mereka dan menyembunyikan niatnya. Sebaliknya, beliau mula menghasut pendapat umum menentang Khalifah Waheed al-Deen, dengan menuduhnya bekerjasama dengan British dan Greek. Rakyat menjadi marah terhadap Khalifah, dan dalam keghairahan awam yang menyokongnya, Mustafa Kemal menyeru perhimpunan Dewan Negara untuk menggariskan rancangannya mengenai Sultan dan kerajaan. Sejak awal lagi beliau tahu bahawa beliau mampu meyakinkan wakil-wakil rakyat untuk menyingkirkan Waheed al-Deen dan melucutkan kuasa Khalifah, tetapi beliau tidak cukup berani untuk mengambil risiko menyerang Khilafah secara langsung, kerana tindakan itu akan mencetuskan perasaan Islam. Oleh itu, beliau tidak membubarkan Khilafah dan mengelak daripada menangani isu tersebut secara terus. Sebaliknya, beliau secara licik mencadangkan agar Khalifah dilucutkan segala kuasa.

By this declaration, he wanted to forge the independence of Turkey on the basis of being a country for the Turkish people and not the Islamic Ummah. Some of the deputies and politicians asked him about how the government of the new Turkey should be shaped, for it would be inconceivable for her to have two governments as was the case at that time: a transitional government with power and Ankara as its headquarters and an official yet nominal government in the capital headed by the Khalifah and his ministers. The politicians insisted upon Kemal that he should clearly state his opinion about this issue. He did not answer them and concealed his intentions. Instead he began to incite public opinion against Khalifah Waheed al-Deen, accusing him of collaborating with the British and the Greeks. People were enraged against the Khalifah and amidst the public euphoria behind him, Mustafa Kemal called for a meeting of the National Assembly to outline his plan regarding the Sultan and the government. He had known all along that he was capable of convincing the deputies to remove Waheed al-Deen and strip the Khalifah of authority, but he could not be so daring as to risk a direct attack on the Khilafah, since this would have triggered Islamic sentiment. He did not therefore dissolve the Khilafah and avoided tackling the issue head on. Instead, he slyly suggested stripping the Khalifah of all power.

Dengan itu, Kesultanan boleh dimansuhkan dan Waheed al-Deen disingkirkan. Sebaik sahaja para wakil mendengar perkara ini, mereka terdiam, dan dengan segera menyedari implikasi berbahaya cadangan yang diminta supaya mereka sokong itu, lalu mereka bergerak untuk membahaskan terlebih dahulu isu yang sedang dibincangkan. Mustafa Kemal sangat bimbang dan takut akan perbahasan sedemikian, lalu beliau sebaliknya meminta supaya satu usul (undian) mengenai cadangan itu diadakan. Beliau mendapat sokongan lapan puluh orang wakil, yang terdiri daripada kalangan penyokong peribadinya.

Thus, the Sultanate could be dissolved and Waheed al-Deen removed. As soon as the deputies heard this they became speechless, and quickly realized the dangerous implications of the proposal which they had been asked to endorse and they moved to first debate the issue at hand. Mustafa Kemal was exceedingly apprehensive and fearful of such a debate, so he asked instead for a motion (vote) regarding the proposal to take place. He received the backing of eighty of the deputies, who were from among his personal supporters.

Namun, Dewan Negara enggan memenuhi permintaannya dan sebagai gantinya merujuk usul tersebut kepada jawatankuasa perundangan untuk dikaji. Apabila jawatankuasa itu bersidang keesokan harinya, Mustafa Kemal hadir dan memerhatikan dengan teliti jalannya peristiwa. Jawatankuasa yang terdiri daripada ulama dan peguam itu berbahas tentang isu tersebut selama beberapa jam dan tidak lama kemudian menyedari bahawa usul itu bertentangan dengan nas-nas Shari'ah, kerana dalam Islam tidak ada yang dinamakan kuasa agama dan kuasa duniawi; "Sultanah dan Khilafah" adalah satu dan sama. Konsep memisahkan Deen daripada Negara tidak wujud dalam Islam dan tidak pernah wujud sepanjang sejarahnya. Yang ada ialah Sistem Islam, dan Negara melaksanakan Sistem tersebut. Sewajarnya, jawatankuasa perundangan tidak dapat mencari sebarang justifikasi bagi pemisahan sedemikian, dan tidak juga dapat mencari sebab untuk berbahas mengenai isu itu, kerana nas-nas Islam jelas dan muktamad (tidak terbuka kepada tafsiran) mengenai perkara ini. Tidak menghairankan, jawatankuasa itu menolak usul tersebut.

However, the National Assembly refused to grant him his wish and alternatively referred the proposal to the legal committee to look into. When the committee convened the next day, Mustafa Kemal attended and watched the course of events closely. The committee, comprising of scholars and lawyers, debated the issue for a few hours and soon realized that the proposal violated the Shari’ah texts, since in Islam there is nothing called religious authority and temporal authority, “Sultana and Khilafah”, are one and the same. The concept of separating the Deen from the State does not exist in Islam and had never existed throughout its history. There was an Islamic System and the State implemented the System. Inevitably, the legal committee could not find any justification for such a separation nor could it find a reason for conducting a debate on the issue because the Islamic texts are clear-cut and decisive (not open to interpretation) about this issue. Not surprisingly, the committee rejected the proposal.

Namun, Mustafa Kemal bertekad untuk memisahkan Deen daripada Negara dengan memisahkan Sultanah daripada Khilafah, yang merupakan tercapainya tujuan-tujuan pihak Sekutu; yakni penghancuran sisa-sisa Negara Islam oleh tangan rakyatnya sendiri. Budaya penjajahnya, yang membuatnya meniru orang-orang Barat dalam memisahkan kekuasaan duniawi daripada kekuasaan rohani, mendorongnya untuk memisahkan Sultanah daripada Khilafah, sebagaimana Gereja telah dipisahkan daripada negara di Barat. Ketika Mustafa Kemal menyedari bahawa perbahasan jawatankuasa itu mengambil haluan yang berbeza daripada kehendaknya, dia hilang sabar lalu melompat dari kerusinya, berdiri di atas kerusi dengan penuh kemarahan dan mengganggu perbahasan jawatankuasa dengan menjerit, "Tuan-tuan yang mulia! Sultan 'Uthmaniyy telah merampas kuasa rakyat dengan kekerasan, dan dengan kekerasanlah rakyat telah memutuskan untuk merebutnya kembali. Sultanah mesti dipisahkan daripada Khilafah dan dibubarkan, perkara ini akan berlaku sama ada kamu setuju atau tidak; apa yang perlu difahami ialah sebahagian daripada kepala kamu akan gugur dalam proses ini." Dia bercakap seperti seorang diktator, kemudian mesyuarat jawatankuasa itu bersurai. Dewan Negara segera dipanggil untuk bersidang dan membincangkan cadangan tersebut.

However, Mustafa Kemal was determined to separate the Deen from the State by separating the Sultanate from the Khilafah, which was the fulfillment of the aims of the allies; the destruction of the remains of the Islamic State by the hands of its own people. His colonialist culture, which makes him imitate the Westerners in their separation of the temporal power from the spiritual one drove him to separate the Sultanate from the Khilafah, just as the Church had come to be separated from the state in the West. When Mustafa Kemal realized that the debate of the committee was taking a course different to his, he lost his temper and leaped off his seat, he stood on a chair fuming with rage and interrupted the debate of the committee by shouting, “Your excellencies! The ‘Uthmani Sultan has seized the authority of the people by force, and it is by force that the people have decided to regain it. The Sultanate must be separated from the Khilafah and dissolved, this shall take place whether you agree or not, all there is to it is that some of your heads will fall in the process.” He spoke like a dictator, then the meeting of the committee broke up. The National Assembly was immediately called for to meet and discuss the proposal.

Sepanjang perbahasan, Mustafa Kemal menyedari bahawa majoriti wakil menentang cadangan itu, lalu dia mengumpulkan penyokongnya di sekelilingnya dan menyeru supaya undian dibuat ke atas cadangan itu dengan mengangkat tangan sekali sahaja. Para wakil membantah dan berkata, "Jika memang perlu mengundi, biarlah ia dijalankan dengan menyebut nama setiap wakil." Mustafa Kemal menolak perkara ini dan menjerit dengan nada mengugut, "Saya yakin Dewan Negara akan meluluskan cadangan itu dengan persetujuan umum dan memadai dengan undian melalui angkat tangan sahaja." Cadangan itu dikemukakan untuk undian dan hanya beberapa tangan diangkat. Namun, keputusannya diumumkan seolah-olah Dewan Negara telah menerima cadangan itu dengan majoriti yang jelas. Para wakil terkejut dengan perkara ini dan sebahagian daripada mereka melompat dari tempat duduk sambil membantah dan menjerit, "Ini tidak benar, kami tidak bersetuju!" Penyokong Mustafa Kemal membalas jeritan mereka dan menahan mereka, lalu berlaku pertukaran cacian. Kemudian Yang Dipertua Dewan Negara sekali lagi mengumumkan keputusan undian, dengan menyatakan bahawa Dewan Negara telah meluluskan dengan majoriti yang jelas pembubaran Kesultanan. Mesyuarat ditangguhkan. Mustafa Kemal meninggalkan pusat persidangan dikelilingi penyokongnya. Apabila Waheed al-Deen, Khalifah, menerima berita ini, dia melarikan diri dari negara itu, dan tidak lama kemudian anak saudaranya, 'Abdul Majid, dilantik sebagai Khalifah kaum Muslimin, walaupun tanpa sebarang kuasa. Namun, negara itu tetap tiada pemerintah yang sah.

Throughout the debate, Mustafa Kemal realized that the majority of the deputies were against the proposal, so he gathered his supporters around him and called for a vote on the proposal by raising hands once. The deputies objected to this and said, “If it is absolutely necessary to vote, let this take place by calling out the name of each deputy.” Mustafa Kemal rejected this and shouted out menacingly, “I am confident that the National Assembly will endorse the proposal by general consensus and it will be sufficient to take votes by raising hands only.” The proposal was put to the vote and only a few hands were raised. However, the result was declared as though the National Assembly had accepted the proposal by a clear majority. The deputies were stunned by this and some of them leaped from their seats protesting and shouting, “This is not true, we did not agree!” The supporters of Mustafa Kemal shouted back at them and restrained them, insults were exchanged then the President of the National Assembly declared the result of the vote once more stating that the National Assembly had approved by a clear majority the dissolution of the Sultanate. The meeting was adjourned. Mustafa Kemal left the conference center surrounded by his supporters. When Waheed al-Deen, the Khaleefah, received news of this he fled the country and soon after his nephew, ‘Abdul Majid, was nominated as the Khalifah of the Muslims, albeit stripped of any authority. The country, however, remained without a legitimate ruler.

Sekiranya Kesultanan dipisahkan daripada Khilafah, siapakah kalau begitu pemerintah yang sah? Mustafa Kemal sejak awal sangat bimbang untuk memisahkan Kesultanan daripada Khilafah, dan beliau melakukannya tanpa mendedahkan struktur pemerintahan yang akan diamalkan oleh Turki. Dengan pembubaran Kesultanan, perlu ditentukan bentuk kerajaan yang baharu. Adakah Mustafa Kemal akan membentuk kerajaan dan menjadi Presiden sebuah kerajaan perlembagaan sambil mengekalkan Khalifah sebagai figura berkuasa? Jika benar, bukankah keputusan untuk membubarkan Kesultanan itu sendiri menjadi sia-sia sejak awal lagi?

If the Sultanate was separated from the Khilafah, who then was the legal ruler? Mustafa Kemal had all along been very anxious to separate the Sultanate from the Khilafah, and he did so without revealing the structure of government which Turkey was to adopt. With the dissolution of the Sultanate it had become necessary to decide the format of the new government. Would Mustafa Kemal form the government and become the President of a constitutional government while keeping the Khalifah as the authoritative figure? If so, then would not the decision to dissolve the Sultanate have been ineffectual in the first place?

Mustafa Kemal enggan membentuk kerajaan dan tidak mendedahkan niatnya. Dengan disokong oleh kuasa dan autoritinya, yang melaluinya dia mengawal rakyat, dia meneruskan dengan membentuk sebuah parti yang dinamakannya “Parti Rakyat”. Niatnya adalah untuk memenangi pendapat umum kepada pihaknya, kerana walaupun dia berkuasa, majoriti besar dalam Majlis Wakil-Wakil rakyat masih menentangnya walaupun selepas pengisytiharan pemisahan Kesultanan daripada Khilafah. Ini membawa dia untuk mempertimbangkan pendedahan bentuk kerajaan baharu yang telah diputuskannya untuk dibentuk, dengan mengisytiharkan Turki sebagai sebuah republik dengan dirinya sendiri sebagai Presidennya. Dia memulakannya dengan melancarkan kempen fitnah terhadap Dewan Negara, dan ini menimbulkan krisis politik yang memalukan, lalu membawa kepada peletakan jawatan kerajaan yang sedang memerintah. Kerajaan mengemukakan peletakan jawatannya kepada Dewan Negara, sekali gus mewujudkan kekosongan kuasa. Di tengah-tengah krisis yang semakin mendalam, sebahagian wakil rakyat mencadangkan kepada Majlis Wakil-Wakil rakyat agar melantik Mustafa Kemal sebagai ketua kerajaan bagi menyelesaikan krisis tersebut. Pada mulanya dia berpura-pura tidak mempunyai cita-cita terhadap jawatan itu, kemudian dia bersetuju dan naik ke pentas untuk berucap kepada Dewan Negara.

Mustafa Kemal refused to form a government and did not reveal his intentions. Backed up by his power and authority, through which he had control over the people, he went on to form a party which he called the “People’s Party”. His intention was to gain public opinion in his favor because despite his power, the sweeping majority in the Council of Representatives were still against him even after the declaration of the separation of the Sultanate from the Khilafah. This led him to consider disclosing the shape of the new government which he had decided to form, declaring Turkey to be a republic with himself as its President. He started by initiating a smear campaign against the National Assembly and this produced an embarrassing political crisis, thus leading to the resignation of the government in office. The government tendered its resignation to the National Assembly creating a power vacuum. Amidst the deepening crisis, some of the deputies suggested to the Council of Representatives that it should appoint Mustafa Kemal as the head of the government in order to solve the crisis. At first he pretended that he held no ambitions for the job, then he agreed and went up to the stand to address the National Assembly.

Dalam ucapannya, beliau berkata kepada para wakil rakyat, "Kamu telah memanggil saya untuk datang menyelamatkan keadaan pada saat yang genting ini. Namun, keadaan genting ini adalah akibat perbuatan kamu sendiri. Oleh itu, keadaan ini bukanlah satu kejadian sementara, tetapi satu kesilapan asas dalam pertimbangan dalam sistem pemerintahan kita. Dewan Negara pada masa ini mempunyai dua fungsi, perundangan dan eksekutif. Setiap wakil rakyat mahu mengambil bahagian dalam setiap keputusan kementerian dan mencampuri setiap jabatan kerajaan serta setiap keputusan yang dibuat oleh seorang menteri. Tuan-tuan sekalian, tiada menteri yang dapat menguasai tugas dan tanggungjawabnya, dan menerima sesuatu jawatan dalam keadaan sedemikian. Kamu perlu menyedari bahawa sebuah kerajaan yang didirikan atas asas ini mustahil untuk ditubuhkan, dan jika ia ditubuhkan, kamu tidak akan menganggapnya sebagai sebuah kerajaan, sebaliknya sebagai kekacauan, dan kita perlu memahami keadaan ini. Oleh itu, saya telah memutuskan untuk menjadikan Turki sebuah republik, dengan seorang Presiden yang dipilih." Sebaik sahaja beliau selesai berucap, ternyata beliau telah pun menyediakan satu dekri yang menjadikan Turki sebuah republik serta melantik dirinya sendiri sebagai Presiden pertama republik Turki. Beliau menjadikan dirinya penguasa sah negara itu.

In his speech he said to the deputies, “You have sent for me to come to the rescue at this critical hour. However, the critical situation is of your own doing. Therefore, this state of affairs is not a passing incident, but a fundamental error of judgment in the system of our government. The National Assembly has at the moment two functions, legislative and executive. Each deputy wants to take part in every ministerial decision and stick his nose into every government department and every decision made by a minister. Your excellencies, no minister can become familiar with his job and responsibility, and accept a post in such circumstances. You have to realize that a government founded on this basis is impossible to establish, and if it were established, you would not call it a government, but shambles, and we have to appreciate this state of affairs. Therefore, I have decided to turn Turkey into a republic, with an elected President.” Once he had finished his speech, it was soon realized that he had already prepared a decree, making Turkey a republic and electing himself as the first President of the Turkish republic. He turned himself into the lawful ruler of the country.

Namun, perkara tidak berjalan selancar yang diharapkan Mustafa Kemal. Pertama, rakyat Turki beragama Islam, dan apa yang dilakukan Mustafa Kemal bertentangan dengan Islam. Perasaan bahawa Mustafa Kemal berniat memusnahkan Islam tersebar, dimarakkan oleh tindakan peribadi Kamal sendiri. Dalam kehidupan peribadinya, dia memandang rendah Islam, melanggar semua hukum Shari'ah Ilahi, dan mengejek segala yang dimuliakan dan disucikan oleh umat Islam. Tidak lama kemudian, rakyat menyedari bahawa pemerintah baharu di Ankara adalah kafir-kafir yang terkutuk, lalu mereka mula berkumpul di sekeliling Khalifah 'Abdul Majid. Mereka cuba menyerahkan semula kuasa kepadanya dan menjadikannya pemerintah sebenar supaya dia dapat menyingkirkan golongan murtad ini. Mustafa Kemal menyedari bahaya yang semakin meningkat dan sedar bahawa sebahagian besar rakyat membencinya, menuduhnya sebagai zindiq dan kafir. Dia memikirkan perkara ini dengan panjang lebar dan akibatnya meningkatkan kempen fitnahnya terhadap Khalifah dan Khilafah, membangkitkan semangat Dewan Negara sehingga ia meluluskan dan menguatkuasakan undang-undang yang menyatakan bahawa sebarang penentangan terhadap republik dan sebarang sokongan terhadap Sultan akan dianggap sebagai pengkhianatan, dengan hukuman mati. Mustafa Kemal kemudian mula bercakap tentang keburukan Khilafah dalam setiap mesyuarat, terutamanya di Dewan Negara. Dia mula menyediakan landasan untuk memansuhkan Khilafah. Sebahagian wakil rakyat menentang ancaman ini dengan bercakap tentang kelebihan diplomatik Khilafah, dan mereka pula diserang dengan hebat oleh Mustafa Kemal. Dia berkata kepada Dewan Negara, "Bukankah kerana Khilafah, Islam dan para ulama, maka petani Turki berjuang dan mati selama lima abad? Sudah tiba masanya Turki menjaga kepentingannya sendiri dan mengabaikan orang India dan Arab. Turki hendaklah membebaskan dirinya daripada memimpin umat Islam."

However, things did not run as smoothly for Mustafa Kemal as he had wished. For one thing, the Turkish people are Muslim and what Mustafa Kemal did contradicts Islam. A feeling that Mustafa Kemal intended to destroy Islam spread, fueled by Kamal’s own personal actions. In his private life, he held Islam in contempt, violating all the Divine Shari’ah rules, mocking everything that Muslims hold in high esteem and sanctity. People soon realized that the new rulers of Ankara were damned Kafireen and they began to gather around the Khalifah ‘Abdul Majid. They attempted to hand him back the authority and make him the effective ruler so that he could get rid of these apostates. Mustafa Kemal sensed the growing danger and realized that the majority of the people despised him, accusing him of being a Zindiq and Kafir. He thought long and hard about the matter and as a result intensified his smear campaign against the Khalifah and the Khilafah, inciting the fervor of the National Assembly, until it adopted and enacted a law stating that any opposition to the republic and any siding with the Sultan would be considered an act of treachery, carrying the death penalty. Mustafa Kemal then began to talk about the disadvantages of the Khilafah at every meeting, especially the National Assembly. He started to prepare the ground to abolish the Khilafah. Some of the deputies countered this threat by speaking out about the diplomatic advantages of the Khilafah, they were met in turn by a fierce attack from Mustafa Kemal. He said to the National Assembly, “Was it not because of the Khilafah, Islam and the clergy, that the Turkish peasants fought and died for five centuries? It is high time Turkey looked after her own interests and ignored the Indians and the Arabs. Turkey should rid itself of leading the Muslims.”.

Mustafa Kemal meneruskan kempen fitnahnya terhadap Khilafah, dengan menonjolkan keburukan-keburukannya kepada rakyat Turki. Dia juga memburukkan Khalifah sendiri dengan menggambarkan beliau dan para penyokongnya sebagai pengkhianat sebenar dan boneka British. Mustafa Kemal tidak berhenti di situ, malah dia meneruskan dengan menaja kempen keganasan terhadap mereka yang membela Khilafah. Reaksinya terhadap salah seorang wakil rakyat yang secara terbuka mengisytiharkan kewajipan berpegang kepada Khilafah dan menjaga Deen ialah dengan mengupah seseorang untuk membunuhnya pada malam beliau sepatutnya berucap. Maka salah seorang pengikutnya membunuh beliau malam itu ketika dalam perjalanan pulang dari Dewan Negara. Seorang wakil rakyat yang lain pula menyampaikan ucapan Islam, lalu Mustafa Kemal memanggilnya dan mengugutnya dengan hukuman gantung jika dia membuka mulut lagi.

Mustafa Kemal pursued his smear campaign against the Khilafah, highlighting its disadvantages to the Turkish people. He also smeared the Khalifah himself by portraying him and his supporters as the real traitors and as British puppets. Mustafa Kemal did not stop there, but went on to sponsor a terror campaign against those who championed the Khilafah. His reaction towards one of the deputies who openly declared the obligation of holding onto the Khilafah and safeguarding the Deen was to hire someone to kill him the very night that he was meant to speak. So one of his followers assassinated him that night while he was on his way back home from the National Assembly. Another deputy delivered an Islamic speech, so Mustafa Kemal summoned him and threatened him with hanging if he opened his mouth again.

Mustafa Kemal menyebarkan ketakutan di mana-mana. Lama-kelamaan, beliau memerintahkan Gabenor Istanbul supaya mengurangkan protokol dan paparan istiadat yang mengiringi perarakan Khalifah semasa Solat Jumaat. Beliau juga memotong gaji Khalifah kepada tahap yang paling minimum dan menggesa para pengikutnya supaya meninggalkannya. Apabila sebahagian penyokong sederhana Mustafa Kemal menyaksikan perkara ini, perasaan Islam mereka mula membara semula dan mereka bimbang akan pemansuhan Khilafah. Mereka mencadangkan kepada Mustafa Kemal agar beliau melantik dirinya sendiri sebagai Khalifah ke atas umat Islam. Beliau menolak dengan tegas. Kemudian, beliau dikunjungi oleh dua delegasi, satu dari Mesir dan satu lagi dari India, meminta beliau melantik dirinya sendiri sebagai Khalifah umat Islam. Mereka memohon berulang kali, tetapi sia-sia. Pada ketika itu, Mustafa Kemal telah pun membuka jalan untuk membunyikan loceng kematian dan memberikan pukulan terakhirnya ke atas Khilafah.

Mustafa Kemal spread terror everywhere. In time, he ordered the Governor of Istanbul to scale down the protocol and ceremonial display that surrounds the Khalifah’s cortege during Salat ul Jumu’ah. He also cut down the Khalifah’s salary to the minimum and exhorted his followers to desert him. When some of Mustafa Kemal’s moderate supporters witnessed this, their Islamic feelings began to run high again and they feared the annulment of the Khilafah. They proposed to Mustafa Kemal the idea of appointing himself as Khalifah over the Muslims. He flatly refused. Then he was visited by two delegations, one from Egypt and the other from India, asking him to appoint himself as Khalifah of the Muslims, pleading with him repeatedly but to no avail. Mustafa Kemal had by now prepared the way to ring the death knell and deal his final blow to the Khilafah.

Kebencian dan penghinaan terhadap orang asing, musuh, dan sekutu yang didakwa mereka, iaitu Khalifah, telah disebarkan oleh Kemal di kalangan rakyat, angkatan tentera, dan Perhimpunan Negara. Membangkitkan perasaan benci terhadap orang asing hanyalah satu helah yang bertujuan untuk menuduh Khalifah sebagai sekutu mereka. Apabila pendapat umum telah beralih kepada beliau dan perasaan terhadap Khalifah memuncak, Mustafa Kemal membentangkan kepada Perhimpunan Negara pada 3 Mac 1924 satu usul yang menyatakan pemansuhan Khilafah serta penyingkiran dan pengusiran Khalifah, dengan itu secara rasmi memisahkan Deen daripada Negara.

Hatred and contempt for foreigners, the enemy and their supposed ally the Khalifah was spread by Kemal amongst the people, the armed forces and the National Assembly. Inciting the feeling of hatred towards foreigners was merely a ploy intended to accuse the Khalifah of being their ally. When public opinion had shifted towards him and with feelings against the Khalifah running high, Mustafa Kemal presented to the National Assembly on March 3rd, 1924 a motion stating the annulment of the Khilafah and the removal and expulsion of the Khalifah, thereby formally separating the Deen from the State.

Sebahagian daripada kata-kata yang beliau ucapkan ketika membentangkan usul kepada wakil-wakil ialah seperti berikut, "Dengan harga apakah republik yang terancam ini harus dipertahankan dan didirikan di atas asas saintifik yang kukuh? Khalifah dan warisan "Ahl ul Uthman" mesti dihapuskan, mahkamah-mahkamah agama purba beserta undang-undangnya mesti digantikan dengan mahkamah dan undang-undang moden, sekolah-sekolah golongan ulama mesti memberi laluan kepada sekolah-sekolah kerajaan sekular." Kemudian beliau meneruskan dengan menyerang agama dan apa yang beliau namakan sebagai orang-orang agama. Dengan menunjukkan kuasa diktator yang sebenar, beliau sendiri menerima usul itu dan memperoleh kelulusan Dewan Negara tanpa sebarang perbahasan. Beliau kemudian menghantar arahan kepada Gabenor Istanbul, menyatakan bahawa Khalifah, 'Abdul Majid, hendaklah meninggalkan Turki sebelum subuh keesokan harinya. Gabenor itu sendiri pergi bersama sekumpulan polis dan tentera ke Istana Khalifah pada tengah malam. Mereka memaksa baginda masuk ke dalam sebuah kereta kuda dan mengiringi baginda ke sempadan, tidak membenarkan baginda membawa lebih daripada satu beg pakaian yang mengandungi sedikit pakaian dan sedikit wang.

Some of the words which he said when he presented the motion to the deputies were as follows, “At what cost should the threatened republic be safeguarded and be established on a strong scientific basis? The Khalifah and the legacies of “Ahl ul Uthman” must go, the ancient religious courts and their laws must be replaced by modern courts and modern laws, the schools of the clergy must give way to secular government schools.” He then went on to attack the Deen and what he called religious men. Displaying real dictatorial authority, he adopted the motion himself and secured the National Assembly’s approval without any debate. He then sent an order to the Governor of Istanbul stating that the Khalifah, ‘Abdul Majid, should leave Turkey before dawn the following day. The Governor himself, went with a group of policemen and soldiers to the Khalifah’s Palace at midnight. They forced him to get into a cart and escorted him to the border not allowing him to take more than one suitcase containing some clothing and a little money.

Begitulah cara Mustafa Kemal menghapuskan Negara Islam dan Sistem Islam, lalu menggantikannya dengan sebuah negara Kapitalis dan sistem Kapitalis. Dengan menghancurkan Negara Islam, dia telah menunaikan impian orang-orang kafir yang telah mereka pelihara sejak zaman Perang Salib.

This is how Mustafa Kemal abolished the Islamic State and the Islamic System, and in its place established a Capitalist state and a Capitalist system. By destroying the Islamic State, he fulfilled the dream of the disbelievers which they had nurtured ever since the Crusades.