《古兰经》、《圣训》以及众圣门弟子和学者的共识，已经确定了何为大罪、何为小罪。安拉﹝至高无上﹞说：“如果你们避免所被禁止的大罪，我就消除你们的小罪，并使你们进入尊贵的门（即乐园）。”又说：“那些避免大罪和可耻之事（非法的性行为）的人，只是小过失，你们的主确是宽恕广大的。”先知ﷺ说：“每日五次拜功，从一个主麻日到下一个主麻日，以及从一次斋月到下一次斋月，若未犯大罪，便是两者之间所犯罪过的赎罪。” 这些赎罪的善功有三个层次：第一，它们只能赎小罪，因为善功本身力量薄弱，且行善时的诚意不足（即履行时因懈怠而未能全心全意），所以它们就像力量微弱的药物，对疾病的抵抗作用不大。第二，它们能抵抗小罪，却不能达到抵抗大罪的程度。第三，它们力量强大，足以赎小罪，并且仍有一定力量赎某些大罪。 先知ﷺ说：“我是否应当告诉你们最大的大罪？”他们说：“是的，安拉的使者啊。”他ﷺ说：“以物配主（与安拉并列以物配主）；不孝敬父母；作伪证和假见证。” 先知ﷺ又说：“你们应当远离七种毁灭性的大罪。”众人问道：“安拉的使者啊，是哪七种？”他ﷺ说：“以物配主；行巫术；杀害安拉所禁止杀害的生命，除非依伊斯兰教法有正当理由；吃高利贷（利息）；吞吃孤儿的财产；在战场上交战时转身逃离，背弃敌人；诬告贞洁的妇女，她们从不想任何事，只想贞洁，且是虔诚的信士。” 5 阿卜杜拉·本·麦斯欧德 说:"我问先知ﷺ:'在真主看来,最大的罪是什么?'他ﷺ回答:'你使真主有同伴,而他是创造你的主。'我说:'这确实是大罪。'然后我又问:'其次是什么?'他ﷺ说:'因怕他与你分享食物而杀你的孩子。'我问:'其次呢?'他ﷺ说:'与你邻居的妻子通奸。'于是真主降示了:(……那些不与真主同拜别的神明,除非依法,不杀真主所禁止杀害的生命,也不……)

The Qur'an, Sunnah and consensus of Companions and Scholars have determined what constitutes a major or minor sin. Allah ~ said: (If you avoid the great sins which you are forbidden to do, We shall expiate from you Your small sins, and admit you to a noble entrance (i.e. Paradise))' and (Those who avoid great sins and fawahish (illegal sexual intercourse), except the small faults. Verily, your Lord is of Vast Forgiveness.)2 The Prophet :_;i said: "The Five (daily) prayers, and from one Friday Prayer to (the next) Friday Prayer is an expiation ( of the sins committed in between them), if major sins are not committed. "3 These expiating deeds have three degrees: First, they are confined to expiating small sins, because of their weakness and the weakness in the sincerity of the deeds (i.e. not implemented with utmost devotion because of some slackness in the performance), and so they act like weak medicine, which is not very effective in resisting the ailment. Second, they resist small sins, and are not able to reach the level of resisting great sins. Third, they are powerful enough to expiate small sins and still possess some power to expiate some great sins . The Prophet ~ · said: "Shall I not inform you of the biggest of the great sins?" They said: "Yes, 0 Messenger of Allah" He ~ said: "To join partners in worship with Allah; to be undutiful to one's parents, to give a forged statement and a false witness."4 The Prophet ~ said: "A void the seven great destructive sins." They (the people) asked: "O Messenger of Allah! What are they?" He :i said: "Joining partners in worship with Allah; practicing sorcery; killing a life which Allah has forbidden, except for a just cause (according to Islamic law); eating up usury (Riha), eating up the property of an orphan; turning one's back to the enemy and fleeing from the battlefield, at a time of fighting; and accusing chaste women, who never even think of anything except chastity and are good believers."5 Abdullah bin Mas'ud ~ said: "I asked the Prophet ~ : ' What is the greatest sin in the Sight of Allah?' He ~ replied: 'That you set up a rival unto Allah, though He Alone created you.' I said: 'That is indeed a great sin.' Then asked: 'What is next?' He ~ said: 'To kill your son, lest he should share your food with you.' I asked: 'What is next?' He ~ said: 'To commit illegal sexual intercourse with the wife of your neighbour' 1 so Allah ~ sent down: ( •.. and those who invoke not with Allah any other god, nor kill such life as Allah has made sacred except for a just cause, nor 2