Mabadiliko kutoka jina la ukoo la Kiyidi kama Perelman, hadi jina la ukoo la Kiebrania kama Ben-Yehuda, yaliwapa walowezi wengi wa Kizayuni huko Palestina kielelezo cha kuigwa katika mchakato wa kujivumbua na kujifanya wenyeji wa asili. Mchakato huu pia uliwatia moyo Waziri Mkuu na Waziri wa Ulinzi David Ben-Gurion, ambaye baada ya 1948 alitumia jeshi la Israeli kulazimisha uebraishaji wa jumla na taratibu za kusafisha majina ya familia na ya watu binafsi. Ben-Gurion mwenyewe alizaliwa kwa jina la David Grün nchini Urusi; mama yake aliitwa Scheindel, na mkewe aliyezaliwa Urusi aliitwa Pauline Munweis alipokutana na kuolewa na Ben-Gurion mjini New York (baadaye alibadili jina lake kuwa Paula); baada ya kuhamia Palestina, David Grün alikuwa David Green; kisha akabadili jina lake la ukoo kuwa jina lenye sauti ya Kibiblia, David Ben-Gurion, jina lenye maana halisi ya simba na lenye sifa za kuwinda na kutesa (maana yake halisi ni ‘mwana wa mbwa wa simba’). Pia alimchagulia binti yake jina lenye sauti ya Kibiblia, Geula (‘ukombozi’), na mwanawe Amos, aliyepewa jina kwa heshima ya nabii mdogo katika Biblia ya Kiebrania.

The change from a Yiddish family name such as Perelman, to a Hebrew family name such as Ben-Yehuda, provided many Zionist settlers in Palestine with a prototype for emulation in a process of self-invention and self-indigenisation. This process also inspired Prime Minister and Defence Minister David Ben-Gurion who used the Israeli army after 1948 to impose general Hebraicisation and purification procedures of family and personal names. Ben-Gurion himself was born David Grün in Russia; his mother was called Scheindel and his Russian-born wife was called Pauline Munweis when she met and married Ben-Gurion in New York (she later changed her name to Paula); after immigrating to Palestine David Grün became David Green; and he subsequently changed his family name to the biblical- sounding, and literally lionised and predatory, name David Ben-Gurion (literally ‘son of the lion cub’). He also chose a biblical-sounding name for his daughter Geula (‘redemption’) and his son Amos, after a minor prophet in the Hebrew Bible.

Kwa Ben-Gurion, uvumbuzi wa utamaduni wa Kiebrania na kuunganishwa kwa taifa kulimaanisha kwamba Biblia ya Kiebrania haikuwa tena hati ya kidini wala hazina ya madai ya kitheolojia; ilibuniwa upya kama maandiko matakatifu yenye sura ya kitaifa na ya kikabila, yaliyo katikati ya hadithi za msingi za Usionisti wa kidunia wa kisasa. Kama itikadi ya msingi ya utaifa wa kidunia, inayodai kale ya utaifa wa Kiyahudi (Smith, A. 1986, 1989: 340‒367), na iliyochochewa na itikadi za Ulaya za völkisch na za kikabila, Usionisti wa Ben-Gurion uliitazama Biblia kwa namna ya kiutendaji kabisa: lugha ya Biblia, masimulizi yake na majina ya mahali vilitumika kama hadithi ya kuhamasisha watu na kama "simulizi la kihistoria" la "haki ya Wayahudi juu ya ardhi" – dai ambalo si lazima lithibitishwe na matokeo ya hivi karibuni ya kiakiolojia. Kwa Ben-Gurion, haikuwa muhimu kama simulizi la Biblia na majina ya mahali yalikuwa rekodi ya lengo na ya kweli ya matukio halisi ya kihistoria na ya zamani. Haijulikani wazi kama Ben-Gurion alidhani kwamba matukio hayo ya kale ambayo dola ya Israeli ilikuwa ikiyaigiza yalikuwa yametokea kweli. Lakini, kama anavyoeleza, "Si muhimu kama hadithi [ya Biblia] ni rekodi ya kweli ya tukio au la. Kinachojalisha ni kwamba hivi ndivyo Wayahudi walivyoamini tangu kipindi cha Hekalu la Kwanza" (Pearlman 1965: 227; pia Rose 2004: 9).

For Ben-Gurion, the invention of a Hebrew tradition and the synthesising of a nation meant that the Hebrew Bible became not a religious document or a repository of theological assertions; it was reinvented as a nationalised and racialised sacred text central to the modern foundational myths of secular Zionism. As a primordialist ideaology of secular nationalism, asserting the antiquity of Jewish nationalism (Smith, A. 1986, 1989: 340‒367), and inspired by Eurocentric völkisch and racial ideologies, Ben-Gurion’s Zionism viewed the Bible in an entirely functional way: the biblical language, narrative and place names functioned as a mobilising myth and as an ‘historical account’ of Jews’ ‘title to the land’ – a claim not necessarily borne out by recent archaeological findings. For Ben-Gurion, it was not important whether the biblical narrative and place names were an objective and true record of actual historical events and the past. It is not entirely clear whether Ben-Gurion assumed that the ancient events the Israeli state was re-enacting had actually occurred. But, as he explains, ‘It is not important whether the [biblical] story is a true record of an event or not. What is of importance is that this is what the Jews believed as far back as the period of the First Temple’ (Pearlman 1965: 227; also Rose 2004: 9).

Kama Ben-Gurion, wanamapinduzi wengi wa Kizayuni wa Wafanyakazi wenye msimamo wa kidunia walionyesha tangu mwanzo mtazamo wenye mashaka makubwa kuhusu dini. Ingawa jina la harakati hii limetokana na neno ‘Sayuni’, ambalo awali lilikuwa jina la ngome huko Yerusalemu, Uzayuni ulibuni upya Uyahudi na kutafsiri mada za Kiyahudi kuwa hatua za kisiasa. Zaidi ya hayo, Uzayuni ulikuwa na malengo ya kuunda jamii mpya ya Kiebrania ambayo ingekuwa tofauti na maisha ya Kiyahudi katika diaspora, na haukuiona Yerusalemu yenye dini nyingi na yenye wingi wa imani kuwa mahali panapofaa kuanzishwa kwa jamii hiyo mpya. Sio tu kwamba ilijaa wageni (Waarabu wenyeji wa Palestina), bali pia ilikaliwa na ‘Yishuv wa zamani wa Kiyahudi’ wenye amani, ambao wanachama wao walikuwa sehemu ya jumuiya ya Waorthodoksi wenye msimamo mkali wanaopinga Uzayuni. Kwa hiyo haishangazi kwamba Wazayuni walipendelea kujenga jiji jipya (na safi) la Kiyahudi la Tel Aviv kwenye pwani ya Mediterania, nje kidogo ya mji wa Kipalestina wa Jaffa. Tel Aviv ilianzishwa mwaka 1910 katika eneo ambalo, kwa mujibu wa Biblia, lilitawaliwa na Wafilisti (si Waisraeli).

Like Ben-Gurion, many secular labour Zionists displayed from the outset a deeply ambivalent attitude towards religion. Although the movement’s name is derived from the word ‘Zion’, which was originally the name of a fortress in Jerusalem, Zionism reinvented Judaism and translated Jewish themes into political action. Furthermore, Zionism had ambitions to create a new Hebrew society that would be different from Jewish life in the diaspora and did not see multi-religious and pluralistic Jerusalem as the appropriate place for the founding of such a new society. Not only was it full of aliens (native Palestinian Arabs), but it was also inhabited by the peaceful ‘old Jewish Yishuv’, whose members were part of the anti-Zionist ultra-Orthodox community. It is no wonder, therefore, that the Zionists preferred to build the new (and pure) Jewish city of Tel Aviv on the Mediterranean coast, just outside the Palestinian city of Jaffa. Tel Aviv was founded in 1910 in a region which, according to the Bible, was ruled by the Philistines (not the Israelites)

kutoka karne ya 12 KK na kuendelea. Jina lake lilitokana na jiji la Babeli lililotajwa katika Ezekieli (3:15). Lakini "usafi" wa kikabila na kidini wa koloni la Wayahudi wa Ulaya, Yishuv Mpya, ulionekana vizuri zaidi katika ukweli kwamba wakati wa kipindi cha Mamlaka ya Uingereza, viongozi wake wa Kizayuni walipendelea kuishi Tel Aviv, mji wenye wakazi wa jamii moja kidemografia, kuliko Yerusalemu au Yafa zenye dini nyingi.

from the 12th century BC onwards. It was named after a Babylonian city mentioned in Ezekiel (3:15). But the ethno-religious ‘purity’ of the European Hebrew colony, the New Yishuv, was best illustrated by the fact that during the Mandatory period its Zionist leaders preferred to live in the demographically exclusive Tel Aviv rather than in multi-religious Jerusalem or Jaffa.

Wahamiaji hao wa Kizayuni waliochagua kuishi Yerusalemu walijiweka nje ya mji wa kihistoria, wakajenga vitongoji vipya vya Kiyahudi na chuo kikuu cha kwanza cha Kiyahudi: Chuo Kikuu cha Kiebrania cha Yerusalemu. Tel Aviv ilibaki kuwa makao ya Histadrut ya Kiebrania (Histadrut) na magazeti yote ya kila siku ya Kiebrania, na ingawa viongozi wa Kizayuni wa New Yishuv waliendelea kuapa kwa jina la Yerusalemu, wao hawakuishi huko. Wahamiaji wengi wa Kiyahudi kwenda Palestina, kama asilimia 80, walitulia kando ya pwani ya Bahari ya Mediterania, eneo ambalo, kwa mujibu wa Avishai Margalit, wa Chuo Kikuu cha Kiebrania, halikuwahi kuwa nchi ya kihistoria ya watu wa Kiyahudi.25

Those Zionist immigrants who chose to live in Jerusalem settled outside the historic city and built new Jewish neighbourhoods and the first Jewish university: the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Tel Aviv remained home to the (Hebrew) Histadrut and all the Hebrew daily papers, and while Zionist leaders of the New Yishuv continued to swear by the name of Jerusalem, they did not live there and most of the Jewish immigrants to Palestine, about 80 per cent, settled along the Mediterranean coast, a region that (according to Avishai Margalit, of the Hebrew University) had never been the historic homeland of the Jewish people.25

Uvumbuzi wa kumbukumbu mpya ya pamoja ya kiume ulijengwa juu ya nguvu ya kidola inayotawala: lugha ya ‘Kiebrania Kipya’, ‘Mwanaume Mpya wa Kiebrania’, jamii mpya yenye kijeshi, ‘Mji wa Kiebrania’ (Tel Aviv) wa Kiyahudi pekee, koloni mpya la walowezi la ‘Yishuv Mpya’, na wafanyakazi wapya wa Kiebrania wenye silaha wa Histadrut, Shirikisho Kuu la Wafanyakazi wa Kiebrania katika Ardhi ya Israeli. Lilianzishwa mwaka 1920, Histadrut yenye sura ya kijeshi pamoja na huduma ya kijeshi vilikuwa kiini cha mradi wa Kizayuni wa ushindi. Viliwakilisha utambulisho huo mpya wa kitaifa wenye misuli na ukakamavu. Histadrut yenye sura ya kijeshi, hasa, ilitawala miundombinu ya kiuchumi na ya usalama wa kijeshi ya Yishuv ya Kizayuni, na ikacheza nafasi kubwa katika uhamiaji, makazi ya ardhi na ukoloni, shughuli za kiuchumi, ajira za wafanyakazi na upangaji na ulinzi wa kijeshi (Haganah). Shughuli za vyama vya wafanyakazi zilikuwa sehemu moja tu ya shughuli zake. Raia Wapalestina wa Israeli hawakukubaliwa kuwa wanachama hadi mwaka 1959. Histadrut ikawa kitovu cha juhudi hii iliyolenga kuunda ‘Makazi Mapya’ ya damu na asili ya pamoja na kukomboa ‘ardhi ya Biblia’ kwa ushindi. Katika miaka ya 1920 uongozi wa Wafanyakazi wa Kizayuni pia ulianza kuendeleza mkakati wa kususia nchini Palestina. Hivyo, mwaka 1929, Ben-Gurion aliandika kuhusu haja ya ‘Ukuta wa Chuma wa makazi ya wafanyakazi [wa Kizayuni] yanayozunguka kila mji na mji wa Kiebrania, ardhi na daraja la kibinadamu linalounganisha sehemu zilizotengwa’, ambao ungeweza kutekeleza fundisho la ‘kazi ya Kiebrania’ ya kipekee (‘avoda ‘ivrit) na ‘ardhi ya Kiebrania’ (adama ‘ivrit) (Masalha 1992: 24‒25).

The invention of a new masculine collective memory was based on hegemonic state power: the ‘New Hebrew’ language, the ‘New Hebrew Man’, a new and militarised society and an exclusively Jewish ‘Hebrew City’ (Tel Aviv), a ‘New Yishuv’ settler colony, and the new and armed Hebrew workers of the Histadrut, the General Federation of Hebrew Workers in the Land of Israel. Established in 1920, the militarised Histadrut and military service were central to the Zionist project of conquest. They represented that newly constructed muscular and militant national identity. The militarised Histadrut, in particular, dominated both the economic and military- security infrastructure of the Zionist Yishuv and played a major role in immigration, land settlement and colonisation, economic activities, labour employment and military organisation and defence (the Haganah), with trade union activity as only one part of its activities.26 Palestinian citizens of Israel were not admitted as members until 1959. The Histadrut became central to this drive designed to create a ‘New Settlement’ of blood and common descent and redeem the ‘biblical soil’ by conquest. In the 1920s the Zionist Labour leadership also began to develop a boycott strategy in Palestine. Thus, in 1929, Ben-Gurion wrote of the need for an ‘Iron Wall of [Zionist] workers’ settlements surrounding every Hebrew city and town, land and human bridge that would link isolated points’ and which would be capable of enforcing the doctrine of exclusive ‘Hebrew labour’ (‘avoda ‘ivrit) and ‘Hebrew soil’ (adama ‘ivrit) (Masalha 1992: 24‒25).

Ingawa Ben-Gurion alikuwa mtu wa kidunia kabisa, uzayuni wake ulisisitiza kwa njia ya kimkakati dini ya Kiyahudi na "kabila" la Kiyahudi, ulikuza ibada na hadithi za Israeli ya kale na vita vya Biblia, ulikuza kufufuliwa kwa lugha inayoonekana kufa, Kiebrania, ulijenga kile kilichokuja kuwa jeshi lenye nguvu, ulizunguka koloni lake lenye "usafi" na kutengwa kwa "kabila", Yishuv, kwa "Ukuta wa Chuma" (Shlaim 2000; Masalha 2000), na ulipigania kwa uchungu uhuru wa kisiasa na upanuzi wa eneo katika ardhi yote ya Palestina. Katika makala yenye kichwa: '(Re)naming the Landscape: The Formation of the Hebrew Map of Israel 1949–1960', wanajiografia wa kisiasa wa Israeli Maoz Azaryahu na Arnon Golan wanaandika:

Although deeply secular, Ben-Gurion’s Zionism instrumentally emphasised Jewish religion and Jewish ‘ethnicity’, promoted the cult and mythologies of ancient Israel and biblical battles, promoted the revival of a seemingly dead language, Hebrew, built up what became a powerful army, surrounded its ‘ethnically’ exclusive, ‘pure’ colony, the Yishuv, with an ‘Iron Wall’ (Shlaim 2000; Masalha 2000) and waged a bitter struggle for political independence and territorial expansion throughout the land of Palestine. In an article entitled: ‘(Re)naming the Landscape: The Formation of the Hebrew Map of Israel 1949–1960’, Israeli political geographers Maoz Azaryahu and Arnon Golan write:

Muhimu aliyopewa lugha ya Kiebrania kama lugha na utamaduni wa kuamsha taifa pia ilidhihirika katika msisitizo wa usafi wa Kiebrania na taratibu za kuifanya Kiebrania. Uebraishaji ulijumuisha kuanzisha majina ya Kiebrania katika nyanja mbalimbali za maarifa ya kisayansi, kwa mfano mimea (botania) au wanyama (zoolojia). Lenye umuhimu maalum wa kisiasa na lenye athari kubwa kwa watu binafsi ni uebraishaji wa majina ya ukoo ya wahamiaji Wayahudi. Hatua hii ilikuwa sehemu ya ujenzi wa utambulisho mpya wa Kiebrania. Katika miaka ya kwanza ya uhuru wa Israeli, Ben-Gurion, baba mwanzilishi wa Israeli ya kisasa, alitumia mamlaka yake kukuza majina ya ukoo ya Kiebrania. Akiwa Waziri wa Ulinzi, aliifanya lazima uebraishaji wa majina ya ukoo kwa maafisa wa Israeli waliokuwa wakishika nafasi za uwakilishi, kwa mfano maafisa wa juu wa jeshi na wanadiplomasia. (Azaryahu and Golan 2001: 182)

The importance assigned to Hebrew as the language and culture of national revival was also manifest in the emphasis upon Hebrew purity and Hebraicization procedures. Hebraicization included the introduction of Hebrew nomenclatures in various fields of scientific knowledge e.g. botany or zoology. Of special political bearing and with far reaching personal consequences was the Hebraicization of family names of Jewish immigrants. This measure belonged to the construction of a new Hebrew identity. In the first years of Israeli independence, Ben-Gurion, the founding father of modern Israel, used his authority to promote Hebrew family names. In his capacity as a Defence Minister, he made the Hebraicization of family names obligatory for Israeli officials serving in representative positions e.g. high ranking army officers and diplomats. (Azaryahu and Golan 2001: 182)

Anthroponomastiki (au anthroponymy) ni utafiti wa majina ya watu.

Anthroponomastics (or anthroponymy) is the study of personal names.

Miradi ya Kizayuni ya kubadilisha majina ya mahali na ya watu ilikuwa kiini cha mikakati ya ukoloni wa walowezi wa Kizayuni huko Palestina. Miradi hiyo haikujumuisha tu uhebraishaji, ubibliakishaji na uyahudishaji wa nchi, bali pia ujiwekaji wa Wazayuni kama wenyeji wa asili (self-indigenisation) na ujiwekaji wao katika zama za kale (self-antiquation). Majina ya watu kama Allon (mwaloni; Kiarabu:

Zionist toponymic and anthroponymic projects were central to Zionist settler-colonisation strategies in Palestine and these included not only Hebrewisation, biblicisation and Judaisation of the country, but also self-indigenisation, self-antiquation. Personal names such Allon (oak; Arabic:

ballut) na Aloni (mwaloni wangu) zilikuwa maarufu sana katika mikakati ya walowezi Wazayuni ya kujifanya wenyeji wa ardhi. Mti wa 'Mwaloni wa Palestina' (بلوط فلسطين, Quercus Calliprinos) na Pistacia Palaestina ni miti ya asili inayojulikana kimataifa, na inapatikana kwa wingi nchini Palestina, katika eneo la Mashariki ya Mediterania na Levant (hasa Palestina, Syria na Lebanon). 'Pistacia Palaestina' huongeza rangi nyekundu angavu katika mandhari ya Galilaya. Kati ya aina tatu za mialoni zinazopatikana Palestina ya kisasa, 'mwaloni wa kijani kibichi wenye miiba' (Quercus Coccifera) ndio ulio mwingi zaidi. Hufunika vilima vya miamba vya Palestina kwa vichaka vingi vya miti. Na kwa karne nyingi, jembe la jadi la Kipalestina, lililotumika kuandaa ardhi kwa ajili ya kupanda mbegu au kulegeza na kugeuza udongo, lilitengenezwa kwa mbao za mwaloni. Kama mzeituni wa Kipalestina, 'Mwaloni wa Palestina' ni alama nyingine muhimu ya Palestina na maisha ya Kipalestina.

ballut) and Aloni (my oak) became very popular in Zionist settlers’ indigenising strategies. ‘Palestine Oak’ ( بلوط فلسطين , Quercus Calliprinos) and Pistacia Palaestina are internationally famous, indigenous trees common to Palestine, the eastern Mediterranean region and the Levant (especially Palestine, Syria and Lebanon). ‘Pistacia Palaestina’ adds brilliant red to the Galilee landscape. Of the three species of oak found in modern Palestine, the ‘prickly evergreen oak’ (Quercus Coccifera) is the most abundant. It covers the rocky hills of Palestine with dense brushwood of trees. And for many centuries the traditional Palestinian plough, used in preparation for sowing seeds or to loosen or turn the soil, was made of oak wood. Like the Palestinian olive tree, ‘Oak Palestine’ is another key symbol of Palestine and Palestinian life.

Mti wa mwaloni wa Palestina ulichukua nafasi kubwa katika hadithi za watoto wa Kipalestina na kwa ujumla katika kumbukumbu ya utamaduni na simulizi za jadi za Wapalestina.

The oak tree of Palestine played a major part in Palestinian stories for children and generally in Palestinian cultural memory and folklore.

Within the Zionist strategies, there is a long list of Zionist leaders who formally changed their names from Russian and East European to Hebrew-sounding names. Many changed their names following Ben-Gurion's military directives after the establishment of Israel in 1948. While only a small minority of East European Jews who had migrated to the US or Britain chose voluntarily to anglicise their names, members of almost the entire Zionist elite of Israel were pressurised after May 1948 to change their European names to 'authentic'-sounding biblical ones. In fact this intense pressure was applied almost immediately after the establishment of Israel in May 1948. It was applied top down by Prime Minister and Defence Minister David Ben-Gurion, who effectively ordered all senior officers of the Israeli army to change their European surnames. Yigael Sukenik, chief of operations and acting chief of staff of the army in 1948, was the first to comply: 'On June 28, 1948, Ben-Gurion swore in the members of the IDF high command, insisting that each one adopted a Hebrew last name. Since most chose their Haganah code names, Yigael Sukenik became Yigael Yadin' (Pasachoff 1997: 220). Translation into Swahili: Ndani ya mikakati ya Kizayuni, kuna orodha ndefu ya viongozi wa Kizayuni ambao walibadilisha rasmi majina yao kutoka majina ya Kirusi na ya Ulaya Mashariki kuwa majina yanayosikika kama ya Kiebrania. Wengi wao walibadilisha majina yao kufuatia maagizo ya kijeshi ya Ben-Gurion baada ya kuanzishwa kwa Israeli mwaka 1948. Ingawa ni sehemu ndogo tu ya Wayahudi wa Ulaya Mashariki waliohamia Marekani au Uingereza waliochagua kwa hiari kuyafanya majina yao ya Kiingereza, wanachama karibu wote wa wasomi wa Kizayuni wa Israeli walishinikizwa baada ya Mei 1948 kubadilisha majina yao ya Ulaya kuwa majina ya kibiblia yanayosikika kuwa ni ya "kweli". Kwa hakika, shinikizo hili kali lilitolewa karibu mara moja baada ya kuanzishwa kwa Israeli mwezi Mei 1948. Lilitolewa kutoka juu kwenda chini na Waziri Mkuu na Waziri wa Ulinzi David Ben-Gurion, ambaye kwa vitendo aliwaamuru maafisa wote wakuu wa jeshi la Israeli kubadilisha majina yao ya ukoo ya Ulaya. Yigael Sukenik, mkuu wa operesheni na kaimu mkuu wa majeshi wa jeshi mwaka 1948, alikuwa wa kwanza kutii: 'Tarehe 28 Juni 1948, Ben-Gurion aliwaapisha wanachama wa amri kuu ya IDF, akisisitiza kwamba kila mmoja achukue jina la ukoo la Kiebrania. Kwa kuwa wengi walichagua majina yao ya siri ya Haganah, Yigael Sukenik alikuwa Yigael Yadin' (Pasachoff 1997: 220).

Within the Zionist strategies, there is a long list of Zionist leaders who formally changed their names from Russian and East European to Hebrew-sounding names. Many changed their names following Ben- Gurion’s military directives after the establishment of Israel in 1948. While only a small minority of East European Jews who had migrated to the US or Britain chose voluntarily to anglicise their names, members of almost the entire Zionist elite of Israel were pressurised after May 1948 to change their European names to ‘authentic’-sounding biblical ones. In fact this intense pressure was applied almost immediately after the establishment of Israel in May 1948. It was applied top down by Prime Minister and Defence Minister David Ben-Gurion, who effectively ordered all senior officers of the Israeli army to change their European surnames. Yigael Sukenik, chief of operations and acting chief of staff of the army in 1948, was the first to comply: ‘On June 28, 1948, Ben-Gurion swore in the members of the IDF high command, insisting that each one adopted a Hebrew last name. Since most chose their Haganah code names, Yigael Sukenik became Yigael Yadin’ (Pasachoff 1997: 220).

Orodha hii ya "ubiblishaji" inajumuisha karibu wasomi wote wa kisiasa, kijeshi na kiakili wa Israel, wa kushoto, wa kulia na wa katikati.

The following biblicisation list includes almost the entire political, military and intellectual Israeli elite, left, right and centre:

• David Ben-Gurion (1886–1973), Waziri Mkuu na Waziri wa Ulinzi wa Israeli, alitumia jeshi la Israeli baada ya mwaka 1948 kulazimisha Uhebraishaji wa jumla na kusafisha majina ya familia na ya kibinafsi. Alizaliwa kama David Grün nchini Urusi; mama yake aliitwa Scheindel, na mkewe aliyezaliwa Urusi aliitwa Pauline Munweis alipokutana naye na kumuoa huko New York (baadaye alibadilisha jina lake kuwa Paula).

• David Ben-Gurion (1886–1973), Israeli Prime Minister and Defence Minister, used the Israeli army after 1948 to impose general Hebraicisation and purification of family and personal names. He was born David Grün in Russia; his mother was called Scheindel and his Russian-born wife was called Pauline Munweis when she met and married him in New York (she later changed her name to Paula).

• Moshe Sharett alizaliwa kama Moshe Shertok nchini Urusi mwaka 1894; alikuwa Waziri wa Mambo ya Nje wa Israel mwaka 1948; alichagua kubadilisha jina lake la ukoo kuwa la Kiebrania mwaka 1949, baada ya kuundwa kwa Dola ya Israel.

• Moshe Sharett was born Moshe Shertok in Russia in 1894; he became Israel’s Foreign Minister in 1948; he chose to Hebraicise his last name in 1949, following the creation of the State of Israel.

• Golda Meir alizaliwa kama Golda Mabovitch huko Kiev mwaka 1898; baadaye aliitwa Golda Meyerson. Cha kuvutia ni kwamba aliliita jina lake la ukoo kwa Kiebrania tu baada ya kuwa Waziri wa Mambo ya Nje mwaka 1956; alikuwa Waziri Mkuu kuanzia 1969 hadi 1974.

• Golda Meir was born Golda Mabovitch in Kiev in 1898; later called Golda Meyerson. Interestingly, she Hebraicised her last name only after she became Foreign Minister in 1956; she was Prime Minister 1969–1974.

• Yitzhak Shamir27 alizaliwa kama Icchak Jeziernicky huko Poland Mashariki mwaka 1915; alikuwa Waziri wa Mambo ya Nje kuanzia 1981 hadi 1982 na Waziri Mkuu kuanzia 1983 hadi 1984 na kuanzia 1988 hadi 1992.

• Yitzhak Shamir27 was born Icchak Jeziernicky in Eastern Poland in 1915; he was Foreign Minister 1981–1982 and Prime Minister 1983–1984 and 1988–1992.

• Ariel Sharon alizaliwa kwa jina la Ariel Scheinermann katika Palestina ya kikoloni mwaka 1928

• Ariel Sharon was born Ariel Scheinermann in colonial Palestine in 1928

(kwa Shmuel na Vera, baadaye walipewa jina la Kiebrania Dvora, wahamiaji wa Palestina kutoka Urusi); alikuwa Waziri Mkuu kuanzia mwaka 2001 hadi 2006.

(to Shmuel and Vera, later Hebraicised to Dvora, immigrants to Palestine from Russia); he was Prime Minister 2001–2006.

• Yitzhak Ben-Tzvi alizaliwa mwaka 1884 nchini Ukraine kwa jina la Yitzhak Shimshelevich, mwana wa Tzvi Shimshelevich, ambaye baadaye alichukua jina la Tzvi Shimshi; alikuwa Rais wa pili wa Israel.

• Yitzhak Ben-Tzvi was born in 1884 in the Ukraine as Yitzhak Shimshelevich, the son of Tzvi Shimshelevich, who later took the name Tzvi Shimshi; he was the second President of Israel.

• Yigal Allon, Kamanda wa Palmah mwaka 1948 na baadaye Waziri Mkuu wa muda wa Israel, alizaliwa kwa jina la Yigal Peikowitz katika makazi ya Masha (Kfar Tavor). Baba yake alihamia Palestina kutoka Ulaya ya Mashariki mwaka 1890.

• Yigal Allon, Commander of the Palmah in 1948 and later acting Prime Minister of Israel, was born Yigal Peikowitz in the settlement of Masha (Kfar Tavor). His father immigrated to Palestine from Eastern Europe in 1890.

• Menahem Begin, mwanzilishi wa chama tawala cha sasa cha Likud na Waziri Mkuu wa sita wa Israel, alizaliwa Brest-Litovsk, wakati huo sehemu ya Dola ya Urusi, kwa jina la Mieczysław Biegun.

• Menahem Begin, the founder of the current ruling Likud party and the sixth Prime Minister of Israel, was born in Brest-Liovsk, then part of the Russian Empire, as Mieczysław Biegun.

• Mke wa Yitzhak Ben-Tzvi, Rahel Yanait, alizaliwa Ukraine kwa jina la Golda Lishansky na alihamia Palestina mwaka 1908. Alikuwa kiongozi wa Uzayuni wa wafanyakazi na mwanzilishi mwenza wa Harakati ya Israeli Kubwa mwaka 1967.

• Yitzhak Ben-Tzvi’s wife, Rahel Yanait, born in the Ukraine as Golda Lishansky and immigrated to Palestine in 1908. She was a labour Zionist leader and a co-founder of the Greater Land of Israel Movement in 1967.

Inadaiwa alijibadilisha jina lake kuwa Rahel Yanait, kwa kumbukumbu ya Mfalme wa Hasmonea Alexander Jannaeus (jina lake la Kigiriki la Alexander Yannai) (126–76 KK), mpanuzi wa mipaka ya eneo lake, ambaye katika utawala wake wa miaka ishirini na saba karibu daima alihusika katika mapigano ya kijeshi, na ambaye aliipanua Ufalme wa Hasmonea. Wanawe wake wawili, waliozaliwa wakati wa utawala wa Uingereza wa Mamlaka ya Mandati, walipewa majina ya kibiblia: Amram, aliyepewa jina la baba wa Musa na Haruni, na Eli, aliyepewa jina la Kuhani Mkuu Eli.

Apparently she Hebraicised her name to Rahel Yanait in memory of the Hasmonean King Alexander Jannaeus (Hellenised name of Alexander Yannai) (126–76 BC), a territorial expansionist, who during a twenty-seven- year reign was almost constantly involved in military conflict and who enlarged the Hasmonean Kingdom. Her two sons, born during the British Mandatory period, were given biblical names: Amram, named after the father of Moses and Aaron, and Eli, named after the High Priest Eli.

Levi Eshkol alizaliwa Ukraine mwaka 1895 kwa jina la Levi Skolnik; alikuwa Waziri Mkuu wa tatu wa Israel, kuanzia mwaka 1963 hadi 1999.

• Levi Eshkol was born in the Ukraine in 1895 as Levi Skolnik; he was Israel’s third Prime Minister, 1963–1999.

• Pinhas Lavon (1904–1976) alizaliwa kwa jina la Pinhas Lubianiker katika eneo lililo Ukraine ya leo, kisha akahamia Palestina mwaka 1929; alikuwa Waziri wa Ulinzi mwaka 1954 na kiongozi wa chama cha wafanyakazi.

• Pinhas Lavon (1904–1976) was born Pinhas Lubianiker in what is now Ukraine and moved to Palestine in 1929; he was Defence Minister in 1954 and labour leader.

• Yitzhak Ben-Aharon (1906–2006) alikuwa mwanasiasa wa Israel aliyekuwa katibu mkuu wa Histadrut na kushika wadhifa wa waziri katika baraza la mawaziri. Alizaliwa kwa jina la Yitzhak Nussenbaum katika eneo ambalo leo ni Romania, na alihamia Palestina mwaka 1928.

• Yitzhak Ben-Aharon (1906–2006) was an Israeli politician who became a general secretary of the Histadrut and held a cabinet post. He was born Yitzhak Nussenbaum in what is today Romania and immigrated to Palestine in 1928.

• Dov Yosef (1899‒1980, mwanasiasa wa Chama cha Labour wa Israeli aliyeshika nyadhifa za uwaziri katika serikali tisa za Israeli, alizaliwa Bernard Joseph huko Montreal, Canada.

• Dov Yosef (1899‒1980, an Israeli Labour politician who held ministerial positions in nine Israeli governments, was born Bernard Joseph in Montreal, Canada.

David Remez alizaliwa David Drabkin huko Belarus mwaka 1886; alikuwa Waziri wa kwanza wa Uchukuzi wa Israel.

• David Remez was born David Drabkin in Belarus in 1886; he was Israel’s first Minister of Transportation.

• Zalman Shazar, Rais wa tatu wa Israel (kuanzia 1963 hadi 1973), aliyehamia Palestina mwaka 1921, alizaliwa katika Dola ya Urusi kwa jina la Shneur Zalman Rubashov.

• Zalman Shazar, the third President of Israel (from 1963 to 1973), who immigrated to Palestine in 1921, was born in the Russian empire as Shneur Zalman Rubashov.

• Pinhas Rutenberg (1879–1942), kiongozi maarufu wa Kizayuni na mwanzilishi wa Kampuni ya Umeme ya Palestina, ambayo baadaye ilikuja kuwa Shirika la Umeme la Israel, alizaliwa Ukraine kwa jina la Pyotr Moiseyevich Rutenberg.

• Pinhas Rutenberg (1879–1942), a prominent Zionist leader and the founder of the Palestine Electric Company, which became the Israel Electric Corporation, was born in the Ukraine as Pyotr Moiseyevich Rutenberg.

• Avraham Granot (1890–1962), Mkurugenzi Mkuu wa Mfuko wa Taifa wa Kiyahudi na baadaye mwenyekiti wa bodi yake, alizaliwa katika nchi ya Moldova ya leo kwa jina la Abraham Granovsky; alibadilisha jina lake baada ya mwaka 1948.

• Avraham Granot (1890–1962), Director-General of the Jewish National Fund and later chairman of its board, was born in today’s Moldova as Abraham Granovsky; he changed his name after 1948.

• Fayge Ilanit (1909‒2002) alikuwa mwanasiasa wa Israel wa chama cha Mapam, aliyezaliwa katika Dola la Urusi kwa jina la Fayge Hindes, kwa Sharaga Hindes na Hannah Shkop. Alihamia Palestina mwaka 1929.

• Fayge Ilanit (1909‒2002) was an Israeli Mapam politician born in the Russian Empire as Fayge Hindes, to Sharaga Hindes and Hannah Shkop. She immigrated to Palestine in 1929.

Shimon Peres alizaliwa Poland mwaka 1923 kwa jina la Szymon Perski; alikuwa Waziri Mkuu wa nane wa Israel na mwaka 2007 alichaguliwa kuwa Rais wa tisa wa nchi hiyo.

• Shimon Peres was born in Poland in 1923 as Szymon Perski; he was Israel’s eighth Prime Minister and in 2007 was elected as its ninth President.

• Kiongozi mwenye msimamo mkali wa mrengo wa kulia wa Urusi na Mzayuni, Zeev Jabotinsky (1880–1940), mwanzilishi wa Uzayuni wa Marekebisho (Revisionist Zionism), alibadilisha jina lake kutoka Vladimir Yevgenyevich Zhabotinsky wakati wa kipindi cha Mamlaka ya Uingereza (Mandatory period), akichagua jina lenye maana ya kikatili: Zeev (‘mbwa mwitu’).

• Right-wing Russian Zionist leader Zeev Jabotinsky (1880–1940), the founder of Revisionist Zionism, changed his name from Vladimir Yevgenyevich Zhabotinsky during the Mandatory period, choosing a predatory name: Zeev (‘wolf ’).

• Kiongozi maarufu wa Chama cha Labour Haim Arlozoroff (1899–1933) alizaliwa kwa jina la Vitaly Arlozoroff.

• Prominent Labour leader Haim Arlozoroff (1899–1933) was born Vitaly Arlozoroff.

• Jenerali Yigael Yadin (1917–1984), mkuu wa pili wa majeshi wa jeshi, na mwanzilishi mkuu wa akiolojia ya Biblia ya Israeli, alizaliwa kwa jina la Yigal Sukenik; Ben-Gurion alimwagiza kubadilisha jina lake la ukoo baada ya Mei 1948.

• General Yigael Yadin (1917–1984), the army’s second chief of staff and a founding father of Israeli biblical archaeology, was born Yigal Sukenik; he was ordered to change his surname by Ben-Gurion after May 1948.

• Eliahu Elat (1903–1990), mwanadiplomasia wa Israeli na mtaalamu wa masuala ya Mashariki (Orientalist), na balozi wa kwanza wa Israeli nchini Marekani, alizaliwa kwa jina la Eliahu Epstein nchini Urusi na alihamia Palestina mwaka 1924.

• Eliahu Elat (1903–1990), an Israeli diplomat and Orientalist and the first Israeli ambassador to the United States, was born Eliahu Epstein in Russia and immigrated to Palestine in 1924.

Yisrael Galili (1911‒1986) alikuwa waziri wa serikali ya Israel. Kabla ya mwaka 1948 alikuwa amehudumu kama mkuu wa majeshi wa Haganah. Alizaliwa kwa jina la Yisrael Berchenko katika eneo la Ukraine ya leo.

• Yisrael Galili (1911‒1986) was an Israeli government minister. Before 1948 he had served as chief of staff of the Haganah. He was born Yisrael Berchenko in today’s Ukraine.

• Meir Amit (1921–2009) alikuwa mwanasiasa wa Israel, waziri wa baraza la mawaziri, na mkuu wa Mossad kuanzia mwaka 1963 hadi 1968. Alizaliwa katika Palestina ya Mandate kama Meir Slutsky, kwa wazazi walowezi waliotoka Urusi.

• Meir Amit (1921–2009) was an Israeli politician and cabinet minister and head of the Mossad from 1963 to 1968. He was born in Mandatory Palestine as Meir Slutsky to settler parents from Russia.

• Meir Argov (1905–1963), mwanasiasa wa Israel na mmoja wa waliotia saini Tamko la Uhuru la Israel, alizaliwa kama Meyer Grabovsky huko Moldova (wakati huo ikiwa sehemu ya Dola la Urusi) na alibadilisha jina lake baada ya mwaka 1948.

• Meir Argov (1905–1963), Israeli politician and a signatory of the Israeli Declaration of Independence, was born Meyer Grabovsky born in Moldova (then Russian empire) and changed his name after 1948.

• Pinhas Rosen (1887‒1978), Waziri wa kwanza wa Sheria wa Israel na mmoja wa waliotia saini Azimio la Uhuru la Israel, alizaliwa Ujerumani kwa jina la Felix Rosenbluth na akabadilisha jina lake baada ya mwaka 1948.

• Pinhas Rosen (1887‒1978), the first Israeli Minister of Justice and a signatory to the Israeli Declaration of Independence, was born in German as Felix Rosenbluth and changed his name after 1948.

• Abba Hushi (1898–1969), mwanasiasa wa Israel na meya wa Haifa kwa miaka kumi na minane, alizaliwa kwa jina la Abba Schneller (pia Aba Khoushy) nchini Poland, kisha akahamia Palestina mwaka 1920.

• Abba Hushi (1898–1969), an Israeli politician and mayor of Haifa for eighteen years, was born Abba Schneller (also Aba Khoushy) in Poland and immigrated to Palestine in 1920.

Mordechai Bentov (1900‒1985) alikuwa mwanasiasa na waziri wa baraza la mawaziri.

• Mordechai Bentov (1900‒1985) was a politician and cabinet minister.

Alizaliwa katika Dola la Urusi kwa jina la Mordechai Gutgeld, kisha akahamia Palestina mwaka 1920.

He was born in the Russian Empire as Mordechai Gutgeld and immigrated to Palestine in 1920.

• Peretz Bernstein (1890‒1971) alikuwa kiongozi wa Kizayuni, mwanasiasa wa Israel na mmoja wa waliotia saini Azimio la Uhuru wa Israel mwaka 1948. Alizaliwa Ujerumani kwa jina la Fritz Bernstein, akahamia Palestina mwaka 1936, na akabadilisha jina lake baada ya kuanzishwa kwa Israel.

• Peretz Bernstein (1890‒1971) was a Zionist leader, Israeli politician and one of the signatories of the Israeli Declaration of Independence in 1948. He was born in Germany as Fritz Bernstein, immigrated to Palestine in 1936 and changed his name after the establishment of Israel.

• Avraham Granot (1890–1962), mwanasiasa wa Israeli, mwenyekiti wa Bodi ya Wakurugenzi ya JNF na mmoja wa waliotia saini Tamko la Uhuru la Israeli, alizaliwa (leo ni Moldova) kama Abraham Granovsky; alihamia Palestina mwaka 1924, na alibadilisha jina lake baada ya 1948.

• Avraham Granot (1890–1962), Israeli politician, chairman of the JNF Board of Directors and a signatory of the Israeli Declaration of Independence, was born in (today) Moldova as Abraham Granovsky; he immigrated to Palestine in 1924, and changed his name after 1948.

• Mordechai Bentov (1900‒1985), mwandishi wa habari na mwanasiasa wa Israel, alizaliwa Poland kama Mordechai Gutgeld na alihamia Palestina wakati wa utawala wa Mandate.

• Mordechai Bentov (1900‒1985), Israeli journalist and politician, was born Mordechai Gutgeld in Poland and immigrated to Palestine in the Mandatory period.

• Herzl Vardi (1903–1991), mwanasiasa wa Israeli, mmoja wa waliotia saini Azimio la Uhuru la Israeli na mhariri wa gazeti la kila siku la Israeli Yediot Aharonot, alizaliwa Herzl Rosenblum huko Lithuania na alibadilisha jina lake baada ya mwaka 1948.

• Herzl Vardi (1903–1991), Israeli politician, a signatory of the Israeli Declaration of Independence and editor of the Israeli daily Yediot Aharonot, was born Herzl Rosenblum in Lithuania and changed his name after 1948.

• Profesa Benyamin Mazar, mwanzilishi mwenza wa elimu ya akiolojia ya Biblia ya Israeli, alizaliwa Benyamin Maisler nchini Poland na alisoma nchini Ujerumani; alihamia Palestina ya kikoloni mwaka 1929 na kulifanya jina lake kuwa la Kiebrania.

• Professor Benyamin Mazar, co-founder of Israeli biblical archaeology, was born Benyamin Maisler in Poland and was educated in Germany; he immigrated to colonial Palestine in 1929 and Hebraicised his name.

• Yitzhak Sadeh (1890–1952), kamanda wa kikosi cha mashambulizi cha Haganah, Palmah, na mmoja wa makamanda wakuu wa jeshi mwaka 1948, alizaliwa Urusi akiitwa Isaac Landsberg.

• Yitzhak Sadeh (1890–1952), commander of the Haganah’s strike force, the Palmah, and one of the key army commanders in 1948, was born in Russia as Isaac Landsberg.

Jenerali Yitzhak Rabin, Waziri Mkuu wa kwanza aliyezaliwa Israeli, kuanzia 1974 hadi 1977 na kuanzia 1992 hadi 1995, alizaliwa Nehemiah Rubitzov mjini Jerusalem kwa mwanamakazi wa Kizayuni aliyetoka Ukraine.

• General Yitzhak Rabin, the first native-born Israeli Prime Minister, 1974–1977 and 1992–1995, was born Nehemiah Rubitzov in Jerusalem to a Zionist settler from the Ukraine.

• Jenerali Yigal Allon (1918–1980), kamanda wa Palmah mwaka 1948, waziri wa serikali na Waziri Mkuu wa Israel wa kaimu, anayejulikana zaidi kama mbunifu wa Mpango wa Allon, alizaliwa Palestina kwa jina la Yigal Paicovitch.

• General Yigal Allon (1918–1980), commander of the Palmah in 1948, government minister and acting Prime Minister of Israel, best known as the architect of the Allon Plan, was born in Palestine as Yigal Paicovitch.

Babu yake alikuwa mmoja wa walowezi wa mwanzo kutoka Ulaya Mashariki waliohamia Palestina katika miaka ya 1880. Baada ya Israeli kutangazwa mwaka 1948, alibadilisha jina lake kuwa Allon la Kiebrania (mti wa 'mwaloni').

His grandfather was one of the early East European settlers who immigrated to Palestine in the 1880s. After Israel was proclaimed in 1948 he changed his name to the Hebrew Allon (‘oak’ tree).

• Ephraim Katzir (1916–2009), Rais wa nne wa Israeli kuanzia mwaka 1973 hadi 1978, alizaliwa kwa jina la Efraim Katchalski, mwana wa Yehuda na Tzila Katchalski, huko Kiev, kisha akahamia Palestina ya Mamlaka ya Uingereza mwaka 1925.

• Ephraim Katzir (1916–2009), the fourth President of Israel from 1973 to 1978, was born Efraim Katchalski, son of Yehuda and Tzila Katchalski, in Kiev and immigrated to Mandatory Palestine in 1925.

• Abba Eban (1915‒2002), Waziri wa Mambo ya Nje na Naibu Waziri Mkuu wa Israeli, alizaliwa Aubrey Solomon Meir Eban huko Cape Town, Afrika Kusini, kwa wazazi Wayahudi wa Lithuania; mwaka 1947, baada ya kuhamia Palestina ya Kimandeti, alibadilisha jina lake la kwanza kuwa Abba (Kiebrania:

• Abba Eban (1915‒2002), Israeli Foreign Minister and Deputy Prime Minister, was born Aubrey Solomon Meir Eban in Cape Town, South Africa, to Lithuanian Jewish parents; in 1947, after immigrating to Mandatory Palestine, he changed his first name to Abba (Hebrew:

baba) Solomon Meir Eban.

father) Solomon Meir Eban.

• Jenerali Tzvi Tzur (1923–2004), mkuu wa sita wa majeshi ya Israeli, alizaliwa Zaslav katika Umoja wa Kisovieti kwa jina la Czera Czertenko.

• General Tzvi Tzur (1923–2004), the Israeli army’s sixth chief of staff, was born in the Zaslav in the Soviet Union as Czera Czertenko.

• Jenerali Haim Bar-Lev, mkuu wa majeshi kuanzia mwaka 1968 hadi 1971 na baadaye waziri katika serikali, alizaliwa Haim Brotzlewsky mjini Vienna mwaka 1924.

• General Haim Bar-Lev, army chief of staff in 1968–1971 and later a government minister, was born Haim Brotzlewsky in Vienna in 1924.

• Ben-Tzion Dinur (1884–1973), Waziri wa Elimu na Utamaduni wa Israeli katika miaka ya 1950, alizaliwa kwa jina la Ben-Tzion Dinaburg huko Ukraine na alihamia Palestina mwaka 1921.

• Ben-Tzion Dinur (1884–1973), Israel’s Minister of Education and Culture in the 1950s, was born Ben-Tzion Dinaburg in the Ukraine and immigrated to Palestine in 1921.

Jenerali Moshe Ya’alon, aliyekuwa Mkuu wa Majeshi wa zamani, alizaliwa Israel mwaka 1950 kwa jina la Moshe Smilansky.

• General Moshe Ya’alon, former army chief of staff, was born in Israel in 1950 as Moshe Smilansky.

• Mwandishi mashuhuri na mwanahabari wa Israeli Amos Elon (1926–2009) alizaliwa mjini Vienna kwa jina la Amos Sternbach.

• Prominent Israeli author and journalist Amos Elon (1926–2009) was born in Vienna as Amos Sternbach.

• Yisrael Bar-Yehuda (1895–1965) alikuwa mwanasiasa wa chama cha wafanyakazi wa Israel aliyeshika nyadhifa kadhaa za uwaziri; alizaliwa kwa jina la Yisrael Idelson katika eneo la Ukraine la leo na alihamia Palestina mwaka 1926.

• Yisrael Bar-Yehuda (1895–1965) was an Israeli labour politician who held a number of ministerial posts; he was born Yisrael Idelson in present-day Ukraine and immigrated to Palestine in 1926.

• Mwandishi mkuu wa riwaya wa Israel Amoz Oz alizaliwa katika Palestina ya Mamlaka mwaka 1939 kwa jina la Amos Klausner. Wazazi wake, Yehuda Klausner na Fania Mussman, walikuwa wahamiaji wa Kizayuni kutoka Ulaya Mashariki waliokwenda Palestina ya Mamlaka.

• Israel’s leading novelist Amoz Oz was born in Mandatory Palestine in 1939 as Amos Klausner. His parents, Yehuda Klausner and Fania Mussman, were Zionist immigrants to Mandatory Palestine from Eastern Europe.

• Gershom Scholem, mwanafalsafa na mwanahistoria Myahudi aliyezaliwa Ujerumani, na mwanzilishi wa masomo ya kisasa ya kitaaluma kuhusu Kabbalah (fumbo la Kiyahudi), alizaliwa kwa jina la Gerhard Scholem; alibadilisha jina lake kuwa Gershom Scholem baada ya kuhamia Palestina ya Kimandati mwaka 1923.

• Gershom Scholem, a German-born Jewish philosopher and historian and the founder of the modern academic study of Kabbalah (Jewish mysticism), was born Gerhard Scholem; he changed his name to Gershom Scholem after he emigrated to Mandatory Palestine in 1923.

• Moshe Kol (1911‒1989), mwanasiasa wa Israeli na mmoja wa waliotia saini Tangazo la Uhuru wa Israeli, alizaliwa kwa jina la Moshe Kolodny huko Pinsk (Dola ya Urusi) na akabadilisha jina lake baada ya mwaka 1948.

• Moshe Kol (1911‒1989), Israeli politician and a signatory of the Israeli Declaration of Independence, was born Moshe Kolodny in Pinsk (Russian Empire) and changed his name after 1948.

• Avraham Nissan alikuwa mwanasiasa wa Kizayuni katika Palestina ya Kipindi cha Mandati na mmoja wa waliotia saini Azimio la Uhuru wa Israeli mwaka 1948. Alizaliwa Avraham Katznelson mwaka 1888 katika eneo ambalo sasa ni Belarus, na alibadilisha jina lake baada ya mwaka 1948.

• Avraham Nissan was a Zionist political figure in Mandatory Palestine and a signatory to the Israeli Independence Declaration in 1948: He was born Avraham Katznelson in 1888 in what is now Belarus and changed his name after 1948.

• Tzvi Shiloah (1911‒2000), mwanasiasa wa Israel wa Chama cha Labour (Mapai), ambaye alikuwa miongoni mwa waasisi wa Vuguvugu la Ardhi Yote ya Israel baada ya mwaka 1967 na aliyehudumu kama mjumbe wa Knesset kwa chama cha Tehiya katika miaka ya 1980, alizaliwa kwa jina la Tzvi Langsam nchini Ukraine na alihamia Palestina ya Mamlaka ya Uingereza mwaka 1932.

• Tzvi Shiloah (1911‒2000), an Israeli Labour (Mapai) politician, who was one of the founders of the Whole Land of Israel Movement after 1967 and served as a member of the Knesset for Tehiya in the 1980s, was born Tzvi Langsam in the Ukraine and immigrated to Mandatory Palestine in 1932.

• Ben-Tzion Sternberg (1894–1962), mwanaharakati wa Kizayuni na mmoja wa waliotia saini Azimio la Uhuru la Israeli, alizaliwa kama Benno Sternberg katika Dola ya Austria-Hungaria.

• Ben-Tzion Sternberg (1894–1962), a Zionist activist and a signatory to the Israeli Declaration of Independence, was born Benno Sternberg in the Austro-Hungarian empire.

• Yigal Tumarkin, msanii wa Israeli aliyezaliwa Ujerumani anayejulikana kwa sanamu yake ya kumbukumbu ya Maangamizi ya Wayahudi huko Tel Aviv, alizaliwa Dresden mwaka 1993 kwa jina la Peter Martin Gregor Heinrich Hellberg.

• Yigal Tumarkin, a German-born Israeli artist known for his memorial sculpture of the Holocaust in Tel Aviv, was born in Dresden in 1993 as Peter Martin Gregor Heinrich Hellberg.

• Mshairi mkuu wa Israeli, Yehuda Amichai (1924–2000) (Kiebrania kwa maana ya ‘Msifuni watu wangu wakiwa hai’), alizaliwa Ujerumani kwa jina la Ludwig Pfeuffer. Alihamia Palestina iliyokuwa chini ya ukoloni mwaka 1935, kisha akajiunga na Palmah na Haganah. Mwaka 1947 bado alijulikana kwa jina la Yehuda Pfeuffer.

• Israel’s greatest poet, Yehuda Amichai (1924–2000) (Hebrew for ‘Praise my people alive’), was born in Germany as Ludwig Pfeuffer. He immigrated to colonial Palestine in 1935 and subsequently joined the Palmah and the Haganah. In 1947 he was still known as Yehuda Pfeuffer.

• Amos Kenan (1927–2009), mwandishi wa safu za magazeti na riwaya kutoka Israel, alizaliwa Amos Levine mjini Tel Aviv mwaka 1927, na alibadilisha jina la familia yake baada ya mwaka 1948.

• Amos Kenan (1927–2009), an Israeli columnist and novelist, was born Amos Levine in Tel Aviv in 1927 and changed his family name after 1948.

• Peretz Bernstein (1890–1971), mwanasiasa wa Israel na mmoja wa waliotia saini Azimio la Uhuru la Israel mnamo Mei 1948, alizaliwa Ujerumani akiitwa Fritz Bernstein, na alibadilisha jina lake baada ya 1948.

• Peretz Bernstein (1890–1971), Israeli politician and one of the signatories of the Israeli Declaration of Independence in May 1948, was born in Germany as Fritz Bernstein and changed his name after 1948.

• Kiongozi wa kikomunisti wa Kiyahudi wa Israeli, Meir Vilner (1918–2003), ambaye alianza maisha yake ya kisiasa kama mmoja wa viongozi wa kundi la mrengo wa kushoto la Kizayuni, Hashmer Hatzair, na kuwa mmoja wa waliotia saini Azimio la Uhuru la Israeli mnamo Mei 1948 chini ya jina Meir Vilner‑Kovner, alizaliwa Lithuania kama Ber Kovner na akahamia Palestina mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1930.

• Israeli Jewish communist leader, Meir Vilner (1918–2003), who began his political life as one of the leaders of the Zionist left‑wing group Hashmer Hatzair and became a signatory to the Israeli Declaration of Independence in May 1948 under the name Meir Vilner‑Kovner, was born Ber Kovner in Lithuania and immigrated to Palestine in the late 1930s.

• Abba Kovner, binamu wa Meir Vilner‑Kovner, alikuwa mshairi maarufu wa Kizayuni wa Israel, aliyezaliwa katika mji wa Sevastopol huko Crimea. Mama yake Abba Kovner, Rosa Taubman, alibadilisha jina lake na kuitwa Rachel Kovner baada ya kuhamia Palestina.

• Abba Kovner, Meir Vilner‑Kovner’s cousin, was a well‑known Israeli Zionist poet born in the Crimean city of Sevastopol. Abba Kovner’s mother, Rosa Taubman changed her name to Rachel Kovner after immigrating to Palestine.

• Ya’akov Zerubavel, mwandishi wa Kizayuni, mchapishaji na mmoja wa viongozi wa harakati ya Poale Tzion, alizaliwa Ukraine kwa jina la Ya’akov Vitkin.

• Ya’akov Zerubavel, Zionist writer, publisher and one of the leaders of the Poale Tzion movement, was born Ya’akov Vitkin in the Ukraine.

• Mwanahistoria Ben-Tzion Netanyahu, mhamiaji kutoka Poland kwenda Marekani na baba wa Waziri Mkuu wa sasa wa Israel, Benyamin (Miliekowsky) Netanyahu, alizaliwa Poland kwa jina la Ben-Tzion (‘mwana wa Zion’) Mileikowsky mwaka 1910.

• Historian Ben-Tzion Netanyahu, a Polish immigrant to the United States and the father of the current Israeli Prime Minister, Benyamin (Miliekowsky) Netanyahu, was born in Poland as Ben-Tzion (‘son of Zion’) Mileikowsky in 1910.

• Reuven Aloni (1919–1988), mwanzilishi wa Mamlaka ya Ardhi ya Israeli, mamlaka ya serikali ya Israeli inayosimamia ardhi nchini Israeli, inayosimamia 93% ya ardhi ya Israeli, alizaliwa kwa jina la Reuven Rolanitzki.

• Reuven Aloni (1919–1988), founder of the Israel Land Administration, an Israeli government authority responsible for managing land in Israel which manages 93% of the land in Israel, was born Reuven Rolanitzki.

Alikuwa pia mume wa Shulamit Aloni, aliyezaliwa kama Shulamit Adler.

He was also the husband of Shulamit Aloni, born Shulamit Adler.

• Shulamit Aloni (1928–2014), aliyezaliwa kama Shulamit Adler, alikuwa mwanasiasa wa Israel na kiongozi wa chama cha Meretz, na alihudumu kama Waziri wa Elimu kuanzia mwaka 1992 hadi 1993. Baba yake Adler alitokana na familia ya Kipolandi.

• Shulamit Aloni (1928–2014), born Shulamit Adler, was an Israeli politician and leader of the Meretz party and served as Education Minister from 1992 to 1993. Adler’s father descended from a Polish family.

• Yosef Aharon Almogi (1910–1991), mwanasiasa wa Chama cha Labour aliyehudumu kama mbunge wa Knesset kati ya mwaka 1955 na 1977 na kushika nyadhifa kadhaa za uwaziri, alizaliwa kama Josef Karlenboim katika Dola la Urusi (leo ni Poland), na akahamia Palestina mwaka 1930.

• Yosef Aharon Almogi (1910–1991), a Labour politician who served as a member of the Knesset between 1955 and 1977 and held several ministerial posts, was born Josef Karlenboim in the Russian Empire (today in Poland), and immigrated to Palestine in 1930.

David Magen (aliyezaliwa David Monsonego mwaka 1945) ni mwanasiasa wa zamani wa Israel aliyeshika nyadhifa kadhaa za uwaziri katika miaka ya 1990; alihamia kutoka Morocco mwaka 1949.

• David Magen (born David Monsonego in 1945) is a former Israeli politician who held a number of ministerial posts in 1990s; he arrived from Morocco in 1949.

• Zalman Aran (1899–1970) alikuwa mwanasiasa wa Israel. Alizaliwa Zalman Aharonowitz nchini Ukraine na alifika Palestina mwaka 1926.

• Zalman Aran (1899–1970) was an Israeli politician. He was born Zalman Aharonowitz in the Ukraine and arrived in Palestine in 1926.

• Aharon Barak, Rais wa Mahakama Kuu ya Israeli kuanzia mwaka 1995 hadi 2006

• Aharon Barak, President of the Israeli Supreme Court from 1995 to 2006

na Mwanasheria Mkuu wa Israeli (1975–1978), alizaliwa Aharon Brick nchini Lithuania mwaka 1936. Baba yake, Tzvi Brick, alifika Palestina mwaka 1947.

and the Attorney General of Israel (1975–1978), was born Aharon Brick in Lithuania in 1936. His father, Tzvi Brick, arrived in Palestine in 1947.

Yitzhak Moda’i (1926–1998) alikuwa mwanasiasa na mjumbe wa Knesset; alizaliwa kwa jina Yitzhak Madzovitch katika Palestina ya Mandate.

• Yitzhak Moda’i (1926–1998) was an politician and Knesset member; he was born Yitzhak Madzovitch in Mandatory Palestine.

• Yehuda Amital (1924–2010) alikuwa Rabi wa Kizayuni, waziri wa baraza la mawaziri, na mkuu wa Yeshivat Har Etzion katika Ukingo wa Magharibi, iliyoanzishwa mwaka 1968. Alizaliwa kwa jina la Yehuda Klein nchini Romania na akawasili Palestina mwaka 1944.

• Yehuda Amital (1924–2010) was a Zionist Rabbi, cabinet minister and head of Yeshivat Har Etzion in the West Bank, established in 1968. He born Yehuda Klein in Romania and arrived in Palestine in 1944.

Ehud Barak (alizaliwa mwaka 1942) ni mwanasiasa wa Israeli aliyehudumu kama Waziri Mkuu kuanzia mwaka 1999 hadi 2001, na kabla ya hapo alikuwa mkuu wa majeshi ya jeshi.

• Ehud Barak (born in 1942) is an Israeli politician who served as Prime Minister from 1999 to 2001 and earlier as chief of staff of the army.

Alikuwa mtoto wa Yisrael Mendel Brog (1910–2002), aliyezaliwa katika familia iliyohamia kutoka Dola la Urusi. Ehud Brog alibadilisha jina la familia yake kutoka Brog kuwa Barak kwa lugha ya Kiebrania mnamo mwaka 1972.

He was the son of Yisrael Mendel Brog (1910–2002), born to a family which immigrated from the Russian Empire. Ehud Brog Hebrewised his family name from Brog to Barak in 1972.

• Yosef (Joseph) ‘Tommy’ Lapid (1931–2008) alizaliwa kwa jina la Tomislav Lampel (Томислав Лампел) huko Serbia. Alikuwa mwandishi wa habari, mwanasiasa na waziri wa serikali wa Israel.

• Yosef (Joseph) ‘Tommy’ Lapid (1931–2008) was born Tomislav Lampel (Томислав Лампел) in Serbia. He was an Israeli journalist, politician and government minister.

• Naomi Chazan (alizaliwa Naomi Harman katika Palestina ya Mamlaka ya Uingereza mwaka 1946)

• Naomi Chazan (born Naomi Harman in Mandatory Palestine in 1946)

Ni msomi na mwanasiasa wa Israel. Yeye ni binti wa Avraham Harman, balozi wa Israel nchini Marekani. Harman alizaliwa London na alihamia Palestina mwaka 1938.

is an Israeli academic and politician. She is the daughter of Avraham Harman, an Israeli ambassador to the US. Harman was born in London and immigrated to Palestine in 1938.

Rachel Cohen-Kagan (1888–1982) alikuwa mwanasiasa wa Israel, na mmoja tu kati ya wanawake wawili waliotia sahihi Azimio la Uhuru la Israel mwaka 1948. Alizaliwa kwa jina la Rachel Lubersky katika eneo la Ukraine la leo, na alihamia Palestina mwaka 1919.

• Rachel Cohen-Kagan (1888–1982) was an Israeli politician, and one of only two women to sign the Israeli Declaration of Independence in 1948. She was born Rachel Lubersky in today’s Ukraine and immigrated to Palestine in 1919.

• Yehuda Karmon (1912‒1995), Profesa wa Jiografia katika Chuo Kikuu cha Kiebrania, alizaliwa Leopold Kaufman nchini Poland na kuhamia Palestina mwaka 1938.

• Yehuda Karmon (1912‒1995), Professor of Geography at the Hebrew University, was born Leopold Kaufman in Poland and moved to Palestine in 1938.

• Hanoch Bartov (alifariki mwaka 2016), mwandishi maarufu na mwanahabari wa Israel ambaye pia alihudumu kama mshauri wa masuala ya utamaduni katika ubalozi wa Israel jijini London, alizaliwa Hanoch Helfgott huko Palestina mwaka 1926, mwaka mmoja baada ya wazazi wake kuhamia kutoka Poland.

• Hanoch Bartov (died in 2016), a prominent Israeli author and journalist who also served as a cultural advisor in the Israeli embassy in London, was born Hanoch Helfgott in Palestine in 1926, a year after his parents immigrated from Poland.

Inaonekana mabadiliko mengi ya majina yalitokea karibu au muda mfupi baada ya mwaka 1948. Wakati wa utawala wa Mandate, bado ilikuwa na faida kwa watu kuwa na majina yao ya asili ya Kiulaya.

Evidently many of these name changes took place around or shortly after 1948. During the Mandatory period, it was still advantageous for individuals to have their original European names.

Orodha iliyo hapo juu pia inaonyesha maafisa wakuu na wakuu wa majeshi (Kiebrania:

The above list also shows senior officers and army chiefs of staffs (Hebrew:

rav aluf) wakiacha kujipa majina yanayofanana na ya Kiebrania baada ya mwaka 1948. Cha kushangaza, ingawa katika Biblia ya Kiebrania Wafilisti wanaonyeshwa kama "wengine" na adui mkuu wa Waisraeli, tangu 1948 neno la Kifilisti kama *seren* (bwana) limetumiwa na jeshi la Israeli kama cheo sawa na nahodha. Pia, maneno *aluf* na *rav aluf* (jenerali mkuu na luteni jenerali, mtawalia), ambayo yametumiwa kwa vyeo viwili vya juu zaidi jeshini, yanaonekana kutoka Agano Jipya. Katika Agano Jipya, *aluf* (‘kiongozi’, yule anayeamuru ‘watu elfu moja’) lilikuwa cheo cha heshima miongoni mwa Waidumea, ambao baadhi ya wanazuoni wanawatambua kuwa wenye asili ya Kiarabu ya Wanabatea, na mara nyingi wanaonyeshwa kama maadui wakubwa wa Waisraeli ambao manabii wa Kiebrania waliwalaani kwa ukali.

rav alufs) adopting Hebrew-sounding names in the post-1948 period. Ironically, although in the Hebrew Bible the Philistines are constructed as the Other and arch enemy of the Israelites, since 1948 a Philistine term such as seren (a lord) has been used by the Israeli army as a rank equivalent to captain. Also, the terms aluf and rav aluf (major general and lieutenant general, respectively), which have been used for the two highest ranks in the army, are apparently from the New Testament. In the New Testament aluf (‘chief ’, the one who commands a ‘thousand people’) was a rank of nobility among the Idumites, identified by some scholars to be of Nabataean Arab origins, and often depicted as the Israelites’ inveterate enemies whom the Hebrew prophets denounced violently.

Tangu mwaka 1948 dola ya Israeli imehimiza dhana ya utambulisho wa kikabila unaotegemea mila za ardhi na ushindi zilizomo katika Biblia ya Kiebrania, hasa Kitabu cha Yoshua, pamoja na zile zinazohusu asili ya Waisraeli wa kibiblia, ambazo zilidai kutiishwa na kuangamizwa kwa watu wengine. Kwa hiyo haishangazi kwamba Kitabu cha Yoshua ni kitabu cha lazima kusomwa katika shule za Israeli. Kwa kweli, Kitabu cha Yoshua ni kazi ya kubuni, na "ushindi" wa Waisraeli haukuwa "Blitzkrieg" kama inavyoonyeshwa katika Kitabu cha Yoshua. Lakini kitabu hiki kina nafasi muhimu katika mitaala ya shule za Israeli na programu za kitaaluma za Israeli, kwa sehemu kwa sababu waasisi wa Uzayuni waliona simulizi la ushindi la Yoshua kuwa mfano wa kuanzishwa kwa Israeli kama taifa (Burge 2003: 82).

Since 1948 the Israeli state has encouraged a conception of an ethnocentric identity on the basis of the traditions of land and conquest of the Hebrew Bible, especially the Book of Joshua, and those dealing with the biblical Israelites’ origins that demanded the subjugation and destruction of other peoples. It is hardly surprising, therefore, that the Book of Joshua is required reading in Israeli schools. In fact, the Book of Joshua is a work of fiction and the Israelite‘conquest’ was not the‘Blitzkrieg’it is made out to be in the Book of Joshua. But this book holds an important place in the Israeli school curricula and Israeli academic programmes partly because the founding fathers of Zionism viewed Joshua’s narrative of conquest as a precedent for the establishment of Israel as a nation (Burge 2003: 82).

Ingawa simulizi la utumwa wa Waisraeli katika Misri ya kale kama lilivyoelezwa katika Kitabu cha Kutoka linatambuliwa kwa ujumla kuwa hadithi ya kubuni, katika shule na vyuo vikuu vya Israeli hilo linafundishwa kama historia halisi.

Although the account of the Israelites’ enslavement in ancient Egypt as described in the Book of Exodus is generally recognised as a myth, in Israeli schools and universities this is treated as actual history.

Zaidi ya hayo, tangu mwaka 1948 taasisi za kitaaluma za Israeli zimeendeleza mila ile ile ya ukoloni ya kukusanya taarifa za kijasusi na kukusanya data.

Furthermore, since 1948 Israeli academic institutions have continued the same colonialist tradition of intelligence gathering and data collection.

Jeshi la Israeli na taasisi ya kitaaluma ya Biblia ya Israeli, hasa, daima yamekuwa yameunganishwa kwa karibu sana na kuwa washirika wa karibu katika ujenzi wa taifa.

The Israeli army and Israeli biblical academy, in particular, have always been intimately connected to and close partners in nation-building.

Ushiriki katika uhamasishaji wa kizalendo, unaotumia Biblia na uundaji wa hadithi za kimiti kupitia shughuli za kitaaluma zisizo za kweli, unahusisha idadi kubwa ya wasomi na wanasayansi wa jamii wa Israeli, hasa wanaakiolojia, wanajiografia wa kisiasa na Waorientalist. Ushiriki wa taasisi za kitaaluma za Israeli na Kamati ya Majina ya Serikali (iliyotajwa hapo chini), ambayo imefanya kazi tangu mapema miaka ya 1950 na inaendelea kufanya kazi hadi leo, kutoka Ofisi ya Waziri Mkuu wa Israeli, labda ndio mfano bora wa ushiriki wa kitaaluma katika uzalishaji wa maarifa kupitia uundaji wa hadithi.

Engagement in nationalist mobilisation, using the Bible and myth-making through spurious scholarly activity involves a large number of Israeli academics and social scientists, in particular archaeologists, political geographers and Orientalists. The involvement of Israeli academic institutions with the Governmental Names Committee (below), which has operated since the early 1950s, and continues to do so, from the Israeli Prime Minister’s Office, is perhaps the best example of academic complicity in the production of knowledge through myth-making.