Maelezo

Palestina: Historia ya Miaka Elfu Nne Bookmark

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Utangulizi 1 Kiarabu: umoja ni balad; wingi ni bilad.

Introduction 1 Arabic: sing. balad; plural bilad.

2 Biladuna Filastin pia ni kazi ya marejeo ya juzuu kumi na moja kuhusu jiografia ya kihistoria ya Palestina, iliyoandikwa na mwandishi Mpalestina Mustafa Murad al-Dabbagh (1965

2 Biladuna Filastin is also an eleven-volume work of reference on the historical geography of Palestine by Palestinian author Mustafa Murad al-Dabbagh (1965

na 1972‒1986). Ensaiklopidia hii muhimu ya Palestina imepangwa kwa mikoa na inachunguza miji, miji midogo na vijiji vya Palestina kwa mtazamo wa kijiografia, kihistoria, kiakiolojia, kibotania na kiuchumi.

and 1972‒1986). This important encyclopaedia of Palestine is arranged by region and surveys the cities, towns and villages of Palestine from geographical, historical, archaeological, botanical and economic perspectives.

3 Tazama, kwa mfano, Ghalib Muhammad Samrin, Qaryati Qaluniya: Al-ard wa-aljudhur:

3 See, for instance, Ghalib Muhammad Samrin, Qaryati Qaluniya: Al-ard wa-aljudhur:

Filastinuna fi qissat qaryah (1993 [Arabic]); Fateh’s underground magazine which first appeared in 1959 was called Filastinuna.

4 ‘Azmi Beshara kuhusu kuwepo kwa Watu wa Palestina’, katika https://www.youtube.

4 ‘Azmi Beshara on the existence of a Palestinian People’, at https://www.youtube.

com/watch?v=EOqAGbpoDZc, imechapishwa tarehe 30 Aprili 2009.

com/watch?v=EOqAGbpoDZc, posted 30 April 2009.

5 http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/Archive/1998/1948/378_said.htm 6 Umonolatria (Kigiriki: monos: pekee na latreia: ibada) ilikuwa imani ya kuwepo kwa miungu wengi lakini ikiwa na ibada ya mungu mmoja tu mwenye mamlaka ya juu zaidi. Mfano wa umonolatria ulikuwa Farao wa Misri ya kale Amenhotep IV, aliyejiweka mwenyewe kuwa mungu mkuu (‘Mungu wa miungu’) na kubadilisha jina lake rasmi kuwa Akhenaten, na katika utawala wake alianzisha Atenism (1348/1346 KK). Chini ya warithi wa Akhenaten, Misri ilirejea kwenye ushirikina wake wa jadi wa miungu wengi, na Akhenaten mwenyewe akaonekana kuwa mzushi.

5 http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/Archive/1998/1948/378_said.htm 6 Monolatrism (Greek: monos: single and latreia: worship) was belief in the existence of many gods but with the worship of only one supreme deity. An example of monolatrism was the ancient Egyptian Pharaoh Amenhotep IV who installed himself as a supreme divinity (‘God of gods’) and officially changed his name to Akhenaten and introduced Atenism during his reign (1348/1346 BC). Under Akhenaten’s successors, Egypt reverted to its traditional polytheism and Akhenaten himself came to be seen as a heretic.

7 Mahojiano na William Montgomery Watt kwenye: http://www.alastairmcintosh.

7 Interview with William Montgomery Watt at: http://www.alastairmcintosh.

com/articles/2000_watt.htm 8 Usamaria ni mojawapo ya mapokeo manne tofauti ya Ibrahimu yaliyopo Palestina. Mapokeo ya Wasamaria yanajikita katika imani ya utakatifu wa Mlima Gerizim (Kiarabu:

com/articles/2000_watt.htm 8 Samaritanism is one the four distinct Abrahamic traditions of Palestine. The Samaritan tradition centres on the belief in the sanctity of Mount Gerizim (Arabic:

Mlima Jarizim (au Jabal al-Tur), mmoja kati ya milima miwili iliyo karibu kabisa na mji wa Nablus huko Palestina. Mlima huu, ambao hadi leo ndio kitovu cha dini ya Wasamaria, ni mtakatifu kwa Wasamaria wa Palestina ambao wanauona, si Yerusalemu, kuwa ndipo palipokuwa na hekalu takatifu. Maandiko ya Wasamaria ni kitabu cha vitabu vitano kilichoandikwa kwa alfabeti ya Kisamaria. Takriban 6000

Jabal Jarizim or Jabal al-Tur), one of the two mountains in the immediate vicinity of the Palestine city of Nablus. The mountain, which continues to be the centre of Samaritan religion to this day, is sacred to the Palestinian Samaritans who regard it, not Jerusalem, as having been the location of the holy temple. The Samaritan scripture is a text of five books written in the Samaritan alphabet. Some 6000

Tofauti zipo kati ya Pentateuki ya Kisamaria na Agano la Kale.

differences exist between the Samaritan Pentateuch and the Old Testament.

9 Kipindi cha Zamani za Kale (Classical Antiquity) ni neno linalotumika hapa kwa upana kurejelea kipindi kirefu cha historia (zaidi ya milenia moja) ambacho 'utamaduni wa Kawaida' ulijikita katika eneo la Bahari ya Mediterania na kujumuisha mwingiliano wa karibu wa ustaarabu wa Ugiriki ya Kale na Roma ya Kale na 'Mashariki ya Karibu'. Ni kipindi ambacho athari za utamaduni wa Kigiriki na Kirumi hazikustawi tu, bali pia zilikuwa na ushawishi mkubwa katika Ulaya ya Kusini, Asia ya Kusini-Mashariki, 'Mashariki ya Karibu' na Afrika Kaskazini.

9 Classical Antiquity is a term broadly applied here to a long period of history (over a millennium) during which ‘Classical culture’ centred on the Mediterranean region and comprised the intimate interaction of the civilisations of Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome with the ‘Near East’. It is a period in which Greek and Roman cultural influences not only flourished but also wielded enormous influence throughout Southern Europe, South-Eastern Asia, the ‘Near East’ and North Africa.

10 Arnold Hugh Martin Jones, ‘Palestine’, Encyclopaedia Britannica, http://www.

11 Josephus (Kiebrania: Yosef ben Matityahu). Yeye mwenyewe anajiita kwa Kigiriki Iōsēpos (Ιώσηπος), mwana wa Matthias.

britannica.com/place/Palestine 11 Josephus (Hebrew: Yosef ben Matityahu).calls himself in Greek as Iōsēpos (Ιώσηπος), son of Matthias.

12 Kijiji cha Wapalestina cha Qaysariah kiliangamizwa na vikosi vya Kiyahudi mwaka 1948.

12 The Palestinian village of Qaysariah was destroyed by Jewish forces in 1948.

Sura 1

Chapter 1

1 Hadithi ya Sinuhe inachukuliwa kuwa mojawapo ya kazi bora zaidi za hadithi za kubuni katika fasihi ya Misri ya Kale. Simulizi lake limewekwa katika kipindi kilichofuata kifo cha Farao Amenemhat I, aliyeanzisha Nasaba ya 12 mwanzoni mwa karne ya 20 KK. Umaarufu wa hadithi hii unaonekana wazi kutokana na vipande vingi vilivyosalia. Wataalamu wa Misri wanabishana kuhusu tarehe ya kuandikwa kwake; hapa tunachukua tarehe ya kihafidhina ya karne ya 14 KK. Huenda ikawa ni ya awali zaidi, lakini hilo halijulikani.

1 The Story of Sinuhe is considered one of the finest works of fiction of Ancient Egyptian literature. Its narrative is set in the aftermath of the death of Pharaoh Amenemhat I who founded the 12th Dynasty in the early 20th century BC. The popularity of this story is evident from the many surviving fragments. Egyptologists argue about its composition date; here we take the conservative date of the 14th century BC. It could be earlier, but it is not known to be.

Ramses II ndiye Farao maarufu zaidi kati ya Mafarao; katika mawazo maarufu ya kihadithi, amekuwa "Farao wa Kutoka".

2 Ramesses II is the most famous of the Pharaohs; in popular legendary imagination he has become the ‘Pharaoh of the Exodus’.

3 Waandishi wa kale wa Kigiriki walipaita Afrika jina la Libya.

3 The ancient Greek authors give to Africa the name of Libya.

4 Eneo lenye uwezekano mkubwa kuwa ndilo lilikuwa Gath ni Tell al-Safi, kijiji cha Kipalestina kilicho kilomita 35 kaskazini-magharibi mwa Hebron, ambacho wakazi wake walifukuzwa na Waisraeli mwaka 1948.

4 The site most likely of Gath is Tell al-Safi, a Palestinian village 35 kilometres north-west of Hebron, depopulated by Israeli in 1948.

5 Katika Wadi al-Surar (kwa Kiebrania cha kisasa: Nahal Sorek).

5 In Wadi al-Surar (modern Hebrew: Nahal Sorek).

Isdud lilikuwa kijiji kikubwa cha Kipalestina kilichoondolewa wakazi wake na Israel mnamo mwaka 1948.

6 Isdud was a large Palestinian village depopulated by Israel in 1948.

7. Mnamo mwaka wa 677/676 KK, mfalme wa Ashuru Esarhaddon aliiteka Sidoni, na mwaka wa 675 KK alifanya mkataba na mfalme Ba'al I wa Tiro, uliokusudiwa kuufanya mji huo usiegemee upande wowote katika mapambano ya Ashuru dhidi ya Wamisri. Mkataba wa Esarhaddon na Ba'al ni kibao cha udongo cha Ashuru chenye maandishi ya kabari ya Akkadi, kinachoeleza mkataba kati ya mfalme wa Ashuru Esarhaddon na mfalme Ba'al I wa Tiro. Kiligunduliwa Ninawi katika Maktaba ya Ashurbanipal, na vipande vyake vipo sasa katika Jumba la Makumbusho la Uingereza.

7 In 677/676 the Assyrian king Esarhaddon conquered Sidon and in 675 BC concluded a treaty with king Ba’al I of Tyre designed to neutralise the city in the Assyrian struggle with the Egyptians. Esarhaddon’s Treaty with Ba’al is an Assyrian clay tablet inscription in Akkadian cuneiform describing a treaty between the Assyrian king Esarhaddon and King Ba’al I of Tyre. It was discovered in Nineveh in the Library of Ashurbanipal and fragments are currently in the British Museum.

Mkataba huo, uliochapishwa kama K 3500 + K 4444 + K 10235, ulitambuliwa na Hugo Winckler katika kitabu chake Altorientalische Forschungen, II (Mafunzo ya Mashariki ya Karibu ya Kale) mwaka 1898.

The treaty, published K 3500 + K 4444 + K 10235, was identified by Hugo Winckler in his Altorientalische Forschungen, II (Ancient Near Eastern Studies) in 1898.

Chini ya masharti ya mkataba huo, Esarhaddon alimkabidhi Baal makazi kadhaa, zikiwemo Akko, Dori na Byblos. Maandishi yanasema: ‘Ikiwa meli ya Ba’al au ya watu wa ṣur-ri [Tiro] itavunjikia pwani ya nchi ya pi-lis-ti [Pilistu] au mahali popote kwenye mipaka ya eneo la Ashuru, kila kitu kilichomo ndani ya meli hiyo ni mali ya Esarhaddon ... Hizi ndizo bandari za biashara na njia za biashara ambazo Esarhaddon, mfalme wa Ashuru, alimpa mtumishi wake Ba’al; kuelekea a-ku [Akko], .du-uʾ-ri [Dori; Tantur], katika wilaya yote ya .pi-lis-te [Pilistu]’.

Under the terms of the treaty, Esarhaddon entrusted Baal with several settlements, including Acre, Dor and Byblos. The text includes: ‘If a ship of Ba’al or of the people of ṣur-ri [Tyre] is shipwrecked off the coast of the land of pi-lis-ti [Pilistu] or anywhere on the borders of Assyrian territory, everything that is on the ship belongs to Esarhaddon ... These are the ports of trade and the trade roads which Esarhaddon, king of Assyria, granted to his servant Ba’al; toward a-ku [Acre], .du-uʾ-ri [Dor; Tantur], in the entire district of.pi-lis-te [Pilistu]’.

8 Kwa majadiliano mapana kuhusu Nakba ya Palestina, tazama Masalha (1992, 1997, 2005, 2012) na Khalidi W. (1992).

8 For an extensive discussion of the Palestine Nakba, see Masalha (1992, 1997, 2005, 2012) and Khalidi W. (1992).

Sura ya 2

Chapter 2

1 Herodotus (1858), katika: https://archive.org/stream/herodotus00herouoft/herodotus00herouoft_ djvu.txt 2 Encyclopaedia Britannica, katika: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Aristotle/ Political-theory 3 Mwanahistoria Mgiriki wa karne ya 1 KK Diodorus Siculus (Diodorus wa Sicily), katika kazi yake ya juzuu nyingi iitwayo Bibliotheca Historica, alieleza kwamba Coele-Syria ilienea kusini hadi Joppa (Jaffa) katika Palestina (Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca Historica, XIX, 93; XXIX, 29; tafsiri ya Charles Henry Oldfather.

1 Herodotus (1858), at: https://archive.org/stream/herodotus00herouoft/herodotus00herouoft_ djvu.txt 2 Encyclopaedia Britannica, at: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Aristotle/ Political-theory 3 1st century BC Greek historian Diodorus Siculus (Diodorus of Sicily), in his multi-volume work Bibliotheca Historica, indicated that Coele-Syria stretched as far south as Joppa (Jaffa) in Palestine (Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca Historica, XIX, 93; XXIX, 29; translation by Charles Henry Oldfather.

Sura ya 3

Chapter 3

1 Angalia kwa mfano, Ovid, Metamorphoses Kitabu cha IV, http://ovid.lib.virginia.edu/ trans/Metamorph4.htm 2 Balsam, jina la utomvu wenye harufu nzuri wa mti wa balsam, linatokana na neno la Kiarabu Balasam; kwa Kilatini: balsamum; Kigiriki: βάλσαμον; Kiebrania: bosem.

1 See for instance, Ovid, Metamorphoses Book IV, http://ovid.lib.virginia.edu/ trans/Metamorph4.htm 2 Balsam, the name of the fragrant gum of the balsam tree, is derived from the Arabic Balasam; in Latin: balsamum; Greek: βάλσαμον; Hebrew: bosem.

3 Appian wa Alexandria, ‘Utangulizi wa Historia ya Roma’, Livius.org, http://www.

3 Appian of Alexandria, ‘Preface of the Roman History’, Livius.org, http://www.

livius.org/sources/content/appian/appian-preface-1/? Pia katika mwaka wa 150 BK, mwanahistoria wa Kigiriki-Kiroma Arrianus wa Nicomedia (sasa Izmit, Uturuki), katika Anabasis Alexandri, ambayo inaeleza kampeni za Alexander Mkuu, anaandika: ‘Upande wa kulia wa Bahari Nyekundu, zaidi ya Babiloni, kuna sehemu kuu ya Arabia, na sehemu yake hufika baharini hadi Foinike na Siria ya Palestina’ (Arrian 2006: 89).

livius.org/sources/content/appian/appian-preface-1/? Also in 150 AD Greco- Roman historian Arrianus of Nicomedia (modern Izmit, Turkey), in Anabasis Alexandri, which describes the campaigns of Alexander the Great, writes: ‘On the right side of the Red Sea beyond Babylonia is the chief part of Arabia, and of this a part comes down to the sea of Phoenicia and Palestinian Syria’ (Arrian 2006: 89).

4 http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0126.htm 5 Pliny the Elder, Natural History, Volume 1, Book V: Chapter 13, http://penelope.

uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Pliny_the_Elder/home.html 6 Pomponius Mela, De Chorographia Liber Primus, Thelatinlibrary.com, http:// www.thelatinlibrary.com/pomponius1.html 7 See also ibid.

8 ‘Philo Judaeus’, katika Encyclopaedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com/ biography/Philo-Judaeus 9 ‘Every Good Man is Free’ (Kila Mtu Mwema ni Huru), XII.75.

8 ‘Philo Judaeus’, in Encyclopaedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com/ biography/Philo-Judaeus 9 ‘Every Good Man is Free’, XII.75.

10 Kwa kulinganisha, jumla ya idadi ya Mafarisayo, watangulizi wa Uyahudi wa Kiragabi wa kisasa, ilikadiriwa na Josephus kuwa 6000 (Flavius 2004).

10 In comparison, the total population of Pharisees, the forerunners of modern Rabbinic Judaism, were estimated by Josephus at 6000 (Flavius 2004).

"Early Jewish Writings", http://www.earlyjewishwritings.com/text/philo/book33.

11 ‘Early Jewish Writings’, http://www.earlyjewishwritings.com/text/philo/book33.

html.

Sura 4

Chapter 4

1 Provincia Arabia, au Arabia Petraea ya Kirumi, ndiyo mahali alipozaliwa ‘Philip the Arab’, Mfalme wa Dola la Kirumi kuanzia mwaka 244 hadi 249 BK. Philip baadaye alikua mtu mashuhuri sana ndani ya Dola la Kirumi (Bowersock 1994: 122).

1 Provincia Arabia, or the Roman Arabia Petraea, was the birth place of ‘Philip the Arab’, Roman Emperor from 244 to 249 AD. Philip went on to become a major figure in the Roman Empire (Bowersock 1994: 122).

2 Peraea (Kigiriki: Περαία, ‘nchi ya ng'ambo’), ilichukua upande wa mashariki wa bonde la Mto Yordani. Baadaye neno hilo lilibadilishwa na neno la Kilatini Transjordan.

2 Peraea (Greek: Περαία, ‘the country beyond’), occupied the eastern side of the Jordan River valley. Subsequently the term was replaced by the Latin Transjordan.

3 Warumi walikuza utawala wa miji-dola inayojitegemea huko Palestina. Muungano wa miji kumi (au kumi na moja) iliyoathiriwa na utamaduni wa Kigiriki huko Palestina ya Mashariki na Shamu uliundwa baada ya ushindi wa Warumi mwaka 63 KK; isipokuwa Scythopolis (Beisan ya leo), miji yote ilikuwa mashariki ya Mto Yordani. Muungano huo uliendelea kuwepo hadi karne ya 2 BK.

3 The Romans promoted a regime of autonomous city-states in Palestine. A league of ten (or eleven) Hellenised cities in Eastern Palestine and Syria was formed after the Roman conquest in 63 BC; apart from Scythopolis (modern Beisan), all lay east of the Jordan River. The league survived until the 2nd century AD.

4 Warumi waligawanya Arabia katika mikoa mitatu: Arabia Petraea, Arabia Deserta na Arabia Felix (Arabia yenye Rutuba), ambayo ilijumuisha Yemen.

4 The Romans divided Arabia into three regions: Arabia Petraea, Arabia Deserta and Arabia Felix (Fertile Arabia), which included the Yemen.

5 Kigiriki: Καισάρεια; kijiji cha kisasa cha Wapalestina cha Qaysariah; kilichoondolewa wakazi na kuharibiwa na Israel mwaka 1948.

5 Greek: Καισάρεια; the modern Palestinian village of Qaysariah; depopulated and destroyed by Israel in 1948.

6 Praeses (Kilatini: praesides), neno lililotumika wakati wa Konstantino Mkuu (alitawala 306–337)

6 Praeses (Latin: praesides), a term used under Constantine the Great (r. 306–337)

kuwataja kundi maalum la magavana wa majimbo, la chini kabisa baada ya consulares na correctores.

to refer to specific class of provincial governors, the lowest after the consulares and the correctors.

7 Arnold Hugh Martin Jones, ‘Palestine’, Encyclopaedia Britannica, http://www.

britannica.com/place/Palestine 8 Ikilinganishwa na hilo, jumla ya wakazi wa Palestina magharibi ya Mto Yordani wakati wa kilele cha kipindi cha Waroma haikuzidi milioni moja (Pastor 1997: 6)

britannica.com/place/Palestine 8 In comparison, the total population of Palestine west of the River Jordan at the height of the Roman period did not exceed one million (Pastor 1997: 6)

9 Iko kwenye matuta ya mchanga wa pwani, kilomita 10 kusini mwa mji wa Gaza; ni mabaki ya kiakiolojia ya kile kinachojulikana kwa Kiarabu kama Tell Umm al-Amr; kilijengwa na Mtakatifu Hilarion (aliyezaliwa kusini mwa Gaza mwaka 329 BK), mtawa ambaye kilipewa jina lake.

9 Located on coastal dunes 10 kilometres south of Gaza city; the archaeological remains of what is known in Arabic as Tell Umm al-Amr; built by St. Hilarion (born in southern Gaza in 329 AD), the monk after whom it was named.

10 Wamiafisiti wanaamini kwamba asili ya Yesu, ya kiungu na ya kibinadamu, zimeunganishwa kuwa moja. Ingawa Ukristo wa Kalkedoni ulichukulia Umiafisiti kwa ujumla kuwa unaweza kufasiriwa kwa njia ya kiorthodoksi, bado uliuona kuwa ni aina ya Umonofisiti.

10 Miaphysites believe that the nature of Jesus, divine and human, are united in one. Although Chalcedonian Christianity considered Miaphysitism in general to be amenable to an orthodox interpretation, they nevertheless perceive it to be a form of Monophysitism.

11 ‘Bowl from Caesarea Palaestina’, http://www.louvre.fr/en/oeuvre-notices/ bowl-caesarea-Palaestinae and http://www.louvre.fr/oeuvre-notices/la-coupede- cesaree-de-palestine 12 ‘Caesarea Palaestina’, New Advent (Catholic Encyclopaedia), http://www.newadvent.

org/cathen/03134b.htm 13 Neno hili linarejelea toleo la Agano la Kale katika matoleo sita, ulinganisho mkubwa wa neno kwa neno wa Septuagint ya Kigiriki na tafsiri za Kigiriki.

org/cathen/03134b.htm 13 The term for an edition of the Old Testament in six versions, an immense wordfor- word comparison of the Greek Septuagint with Greek translations.

14 ‘Caesarea Palaestina’, New Advent (Catholic Encyclopaedia), at: http://www.

newadvent.org/cathen/03134b.htm 15 http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/eusebius_martyrs.htm. St Albina wa Kaisaria, ambaye alifariki katika karne ya 3, pia ameorodheshwa katika Martyrology ya Kanisa Katoliki la Roma.

newadvent.org/cathen/03134b.htm 15 http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/eusebius_martyrs.htm. St Albina of Caesarea, who died in the 3rd century, is also listed in the Roman Catholic Martyrology.

16 http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/2504.html.

17 Awali, cheo cha "titular see" kilitumika kwa patribus infidelium (yaani, "katika nchi za wasioamini"). Mwaka 1882, Kanisa Katoliki, likitaka kuboresha mahusiano na Wakristo wa Kiorthodoksi na kuepuka kuwakwaza Waislamu, liliondoa msemo in partibus infidelium.

17 Originally the title ‘titular see’ applied to patribus infidelium (‘in the lands of the unbelievers’). In 1882 the Catholic Church, seeking to improve relations with Orthodox Christians and avoid causing offence to Muslims, abolished the expression in partibus infidelium.

18 Askofu Antiochus aliwakilisha mji wa Capitolias, katika Palaestinae Secunda, mji wa kale mashariki mwa Mto Yordani, na unatambulika kuwa kijiji cha sasa cha Beit Ras katika eneo la Irbid.

18 Bishop Antiochus represented the city of Capitolias, in Palaestinae Secunda, an ancient city east of the River Jordan and is identified with the modern village of Beit Ras in the Irbid region.

19 The Seven Ecumenical Councils, Christian Classics Ethereal Library, http:// www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf214.xi.xv.html 20 Msemo huu unatokana na neno la Kigiriki la Kale ἐγκώμιον (enkomion)

19 The Seven Ecumenical Councils, Christian Classics Ethereal Library, http:// www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf214.xi.xv.html 20 The expression is derived from the Classical Greek ἐγκώμιον (enkomion)

maana yake ni 'sifa ya mtu au kitu'.

meaning ‘the praise of a person or thing’.

21 Kilimo cha wenyeji katika eneo la Gaza kilitegemea sana mvua ya kila mwaka; leo mji wa Gaza unapata mvua ya kila mwaka ya milimita 400, wakati eneo kame zaidi la Rafah, lililo kilomita 20 upande wa kusini, linapata milimita 200 pekee.

21 Local farming in the Gaza region depended largely on the annual rain fall; today Gaza city enjoys 400 mm of annual rain fall, while the more arid region of Rafah, located 20 kilometres to the south, gets only 200 mm.

22 Ruth Webb, ‘Rhetorical and Theatrical Fictions in Chorikios of Gaza’, Center for Hellenic Studies, Harvard University, http://chs.harvard.edu/CHS/article/ display/3259

23 Timothy W. Seid, ‘Origins of Catena in Gaza’, http://legacy.earlham.edu/~seidti/ iam/catena.html 24 Le Stampa, 12 Mei 2015, http://www.lastampa.it/2015/05/12/esteri/vaticaninsider/ en/when-muslim-politicians-send-their-daughters-to-conventschools- 5xtR7LSxokCjnjuFLHwjAM/pagina.html 25 http://archmemory.blogspot.co.uk/2015/05/forgotten-as-if-you-never-were.html 26 Miongoni mwa wanazuhudi Wakristo mashuhuri wa kipindi hicho alikuwa Barsanuphius wa Palestina (alifariki takriban mwaka 540 BK). Alizaliwa Misri, na aliishi katika monasteri moja ya Palestina kwa kujitenga kabisa kwa miaka hamsini (Barsanuphius 2006).

23 Timothy W. Seid, ‘Origins of Catena in Gaza’, http://legacy.earlham.edu/~seidti/ iam/catena.html 24 Le Stampa, 12 May 2015, http://www.lastampa.it/2015/05/12/esteri/vaticaninsider/ en/when-muslim-politicians-send-their-daughters-to-conventschools- 5xtR7LSxokCjnjuFLHwjAM/pagina.html 25 http://archmemory.blogspot.co.uk/2015/05/forgotten-as-if-you-never-were.html 26 Among the prominent Christian ascetics of the period was Barsanuphius of Palestine (died c. 540 AD). Born in Egypt, he lived in a Palestinian monastery in absolute seclusion for fifty years (Barsanuphius 2006).

27 Mtakatifu Anthony (251–356), mtawa wa Kikoptiki, alijulikana kama baba na mwanzilishi wa utawa wa jangwani. Mama wa Jangwani hawajulikani sana kwa kuwa maisha ya watakatifu wa mwanzo yaliandikwa na wanaume kwa hadhira ya watawa wa kiume (King 1989).

27 St Anthony (251–356), a Coptic monk, became known as both the father and founder of desert monasticism. The Desert Mothers are less well known because the lives of the early saints were written by men for male monastic audiences (King 1989).

28 Coenobium ni nyumba ya watawa ya pamoja yenye majengo kadhaa yaliyozungushiwa ukuta, na watawa waliishi katika jumuiya. Neno hili limetokana na neno la Kigiriki koinos (la pamoja) na bios (maisha).

28 Coenobium is a communal monastery with a number of structures surrounded by a wall and the monks lived in a commune. This term is based on the Greek koinos (common) and bios (life).

29 Katika Uislamu wa Kisufi, dhana ya tariqah, yaani ‘njia’, huchukuliwa na mwanamfumo kuelekea ukweli wa ndani.

29 In Sufi Islam, the tariqah, or ‘path’, metaphor is taken by the mystic towards the inner truth.

Maisha ya Sabbas yaliandikwa na mmoja wa wanafunzi wake, Kirili wa Skythopoli (525‒559)

30 Sabbas’ Life was written by one of his disciples, Cyril of Scythopolis (525‒559)

(Beisan ya sasa) katika Palaestinae Secunda, mtawa wa Kikristo na mwanahistoria wa maisha ya kimonaki huko Palestina katika miaka ya mwanzo ya Ukristo (Kazhdan 1991). Kazi yake inayojulikana kwa Kiingereza kama The Lives of the Monks of Palestine ni mojawapo ya vyanzo vikuu vya maisha ya kimonaki katika Palestina ya Kibyzantini.

(modern Beisan) in Palaestinae Secunda, a Christian monk and historian of monastic life in Palestine in the early years of Christianity (Kazhdan 1991). His work known in English as The Lives of the Monks of Palestine is one of the main sources of monastic life in Byzantine Palestine.

Monasteri ya Mar Saba ni moja kati ya maeneo kumi na matatu ya Kipalestina yaliyojumuishwa kwenye orodha iliyowasilishwa kwa UNESCO baada ya Palestina kukubaliwa kuwa mwanachama wa shirika hili mwaka 2011.

31 Mar Saba Monastery is one of thirteen Palestinian sites included on the list submitted to UNESCO following the admission of Palestine to this organisation in 2011.

32 Al-Jazeera, 22 Februari 2010.

32 Al-Jazeera, 22 February 2010.

Sura 6

Chapter 6

1 Kipindi cha makhalifa wa Ummayad wa Marwani kilianza na Marwan ibn al-Hakam mwaka 684.

1 The period of the Umayyad Marwanid Caliphs began with Marwan ibn al-Hakam in 684.

2 http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jerusalem-architecture-in-the-umayyadperiod 3 Mchanganyiko huu wa mitindo ya Kiislamu na ya Kiroma-Byzantine pia unapatikana katika 'Jumba la Hisham'/Khirbat al-Mafjar, Yeriko, na pia katika al-Ramla na Tiberias (Khirbet al-Minyar). Pia unapatikana katika sarafu za Kiarabu-Byzantine zilizotengenezwa katika miji ya Jund Filastin katika karne ya 7.

2 http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jerusalem-architecture-in-the-umayyadperiod 3 This mixture of Islamic and Roman Byzantine styles is also found in the ‘Hisham Palace’/Khirbat al-Mafjar, Jericho, and in al-Ramla and Tiberias (Khirbet al-Minyar). It is also found in the Arab Byzantine coinage minted in the towns of Jund Filastin in the 7th century.

4 Mji huu wa Kipalestina, ulio kilomita 15 kusini-magharibi mwa al-Ramla, wenye wakazi 5420 mwaka 1948, uliharibiwa na Israel mwaka 1948.

4 This Palestinian town, located 15 kilometres south-west of al-Ramla, with a population of 5420 in 1948, was destroyed by Israel in 1948.

5 Via Maris ni jina la kisasa la njia ya kale ya biashara na ya kimkakati iliyoanzia Enzi ya Shaba ya Mapema. Njia hii iliunganisha Misri na Shamu pamoja na Hilali yenye Rutuba, na ilifuata pwani ya Palestina kupitia miji ya kale ya Gaza, ‘Asqalan, Isdud, Yafa na Tantur, kisha ikageuka mashariki kupitia Megido na bonde la Esdraelon hadi ikafika Tiberia, kisha kupitia Milima ya Golan hadi Dameski.

5 Via Maris is the modern name for an ancient trade and strategic rout dating from the Early Bronze Age. It connected Egypt with Syria and the Fertile Crescent and followed the coast of Palestine through the ancient cities of Gaza, ‘Asqalan, Isdud, Jaffa and Tantur before turning east through Megiddo and the Esdraelon valley until it reached Tiberias, then through the Golan Heights to Damascus.

6 Arsuf ilikuwa takriban kilomita 16 kaskazini mwa Jaffa na kilomita 34 kusini mwa Kaisaria, kwenye pwani ya Bahari ya Mediterania. Chini ya Wabyzantine katika karne ya 5 na 6 Baada ya Kristo, ilikuwa mji wa pili kwa ukubwa katika eneo la pwani la Palaestinae Prima, ukifuatwa tu na Kaisaria. Ulikaliwa na Wasamaria na Wakristo, na ulikuwa na tasnia ya kioo iliyostawi, ambapo bidhaa zake ziliuzwa nje kwenda nchi za Mediterania. Chini ya Uislamu wa mwanzo mji uliendelea kustawi, na utengenezaji mkubwa wa vyungu vya udongo ulianzishwa (Hütteroth na Abdulfattah 1977: 140).

6 Arsuf was about 16 kilometres north of Jaffa and 34 kilometres south of Caesarea on the Mediterranean coast. Under the Byzantines in the 5th‒6th centuries AD it was the second largest city in the coastal region of Palaestinae Prima, second only to Caesarea. It was populated by Samaritans and Christians and had a prosperous glass industry with products exported to Mediterranean countries. Under early Islam the city continued to prosper and large pottery production was developed (Hütteroth and Abdulfattah 1977: 140).

7 Le Strange alisema kuwa maelezo ya al-Maqdisi kuhusu Palestina, na hasa kuhusu Yerusalemu, mji wake wa asili, ni miongoni mwa sehemu bora za kazi hii. Kila alichoandika ni matunda ya uchunguzi wake mwenyewe, na maelezo yake ya desturi na mila za nchi mbalimbali yanaonyesha akili makini na yenye kuchunguza, iliyoimarishwa kwa ujuzi mkubwa wa vitabu na wa watu’ (Le Strange 1890: 5‒6).

7 Le Strange commented that al-Maqdisi’s ‘description of Palestine, and especially of Jerusalem, his native city, is one of the best parts of the work. All that he wrote is the fruit of his own observation, and his descriptions of the manners and customs of the various countries, bear the stamp of a shrewd and observant mind, fortified by profound knowledge of both books and men’ (Le Strange 1890: 5‒6).

8 ‘Legio VI Ferrata’, http://www.livius.org/articles/legion/legio-vi-ferrata/?; Kennedy (1980).

9 ‘Coin/Archives’, http://www.coinarchives.com/w/results.php?search=fals+and+ islamic 10 Aelia Capitolina ilikuwa jina rasmi la Kirumi na Kibyzantini la Yerusalemu hadi mwaka 638 BK, wakati Waarabu walipoukalia mji huo na mwanzoni wakaendelea kutumia sehemu ya kwanza ya jina kama ‘Ilya’ (al-Maqdisi 2002: 43).

9 ‘Coin/Archives’, http://www.coinarchives.com/w/results.php?search=fals+and+ islamic 10 Aelia Capitolina was the official Roman and Byzantine name of Jerusalem until 638 AD when the Arabs occupied the city and initially kept the first part of the name as ‘Ilya’ (al-Maqdisi 2002: 43).

11 Mkusanyiko wa Makumbusho ya Manispaa ya Israeli ya al-Ramla unajumuisha aina mbalimbali za sarafu za Kiislamu za zama za kati, ikiwa ni pamoja na hazina ya dinari 376 za dhahabu na baa sita za dhahabu zilizogunduliwa mwaka 1964 karibu na eneo la Msikiti Mweupe. Angalia http:// en.goramla.com/category/ramla-museum-1

11 The collections of the Israeli Municipal Museum of al-Ramla contain a range of medieval Islamic coins including a hoard of 376 gold dinars and six gold bars discovered in 1964 in the vicinity of the White Mosque compound. See http:// en.goramla.com/category/ramla-museum-1

12 Mji huu wa Kipalestina uliondolewa wakazi na kuharibiwa na Israel mwaka 1948, na makazi ya Kiyahudi ya Azor sasa yamesimama kwenye ardhi ya mji wa Kiarabu.

12 This Palestinian town was depopulated and destroyed by Israel in 1948 and the Jewish settlement of Azor now stands on the lands of the Arab town.

13 ‘Al-Yazuri’, Encyclopaedia of Islam, toleo la pili, lililohaririwa na P. Bearman, T.

13 ‘Al-Yazuri’, Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, edited by P. Bearman, T.

Bianqui, C. E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W. P. Heinrichs (Leiden: Brill Online).

Sura ya 7

Chapter 7

1 https://www.wdl.org/en/item/2892/ 2 https://truthaholics.wordpress.com/2017/12/11/records-of-jerusalem-deedsfound- in-ottoman-archives-cause-israel-unease/ Idadi sawa ya mali za waqf (asilimia 20‒25) pia ilikuwepo katika mji wa Kipalestina wa Acre wakati wa mwishoni mwa enzi ya Ottoman (Reiter 2010: 110).

1 https://www.wdl.org/en/item/2892/ 2 https://truthaholics.wordpress.com/2017/12/11/records-of-jerusalem-deedsfound- in-ottoman-archives-cause-israel-unease/ A similar proportion of waqf properties (20‒25 per cent) also existed in the Palestinian city of Acre during the late Ottoman period (Reiter 2010: 110).

3 Kanisa la Nea liliharibiwa wakati wa ushindi wa Waajemi katika mji huo mwaka 614, lakini mabaki yake yaliendelea kutumiwa kama chanzo cha vifaa vya ujenzi na Bani Umayya miongo kadhaa baadaye (Ben-Dov 1977).

3 The Nea Church was destroyed during the Persian conquest of the city in 614, but its remains were further used as a source of building material by the Umayyads few decades later (Ben-Dov 1977).

4 Maonyesho hayo pia yalionyesha Illés Relief, mfano wa Mji Mkongwe wa Yerusalemu, mfano uliotengenezwa kwa mkono kutokana na zinki iliyoyeyushwa na umepakwa rangi kwa mkono. Ulitengenezwa kwa mkono kati ya mwaka 1864 na 1873 na Stephen Illés, Mkatoliki Mhungaria aliyeishi Palestina.

4 The fair also exhibited the Illés Relief model of the Old city of Jerusalem, a model hand-crafted from molten zinc and is hand-painted. It was hand-crafted between 1864 and 1873 by Stephen Illés, a Hungarian Catholic who lived in Palestine.

Sura ya 8

Chapter 8

1 ‘The Palestinian People is a Colonial Invention’, katika Azmi Beshara kuhusu kuwepo kwa Taifa la Wapalestina, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EOqAGbpoDZc , iliyochapishwa tarehe 30 Aprili 2009.

1 ‘The Palestinian People is a Colonial Invention’, in Azmi Beshara on the existence of a Palestinian People, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EOqAGbpoDZc , posted 30 April 2009.

2 https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=lWcChegBF2sC&pg=RA1-PA65&redir_ esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false 3 Yusuf al-Natsheh, ‘Suq al-Qattanin (Market of the Cotton Merchants)’, in Discover Islamic Art, Museum With No Frontiers, 2016, http://www.discoverislamicart.

org/database_item.php?id=monument;isl;pa;mon01;6;en 4 A Gazetteer of the World. Or Dictionary of Geographical Knowledge. Vol. 1 (Edinburgh and London: A. Fullarton and Co. 1959): 38‒39.

Makazi madogo ya awali yalijengwa kwenye miteremko ya Mlima Karmeli mwishoni mwa Enzi ya Shaba (karne ya 14 KK).

5 The original small settlement was built on the slopes of Mount Carmel in in the late Bronze Age (14th century BC).

6 Sequin ilikuwa sarafu ya dhahabu iliyotengenezwa na Jamhuri ya Venice kuanzia karne ya 13 hadi Venice ilipochukuliwa na Napoleon mwaka 1797. Kufuatia mfano wa Venice, sarafu zinazofanana zilitumika kwa karne nyingi katika Bahari ya Mediterania, huko Palestina na katika Dola yote ya Ottoman.

6 The sequin was a gold coin minted by the Republic of Venice from the 13th century until the takeover of Venice by Napoleon in 1797. Following the Venetian model, similar coins were used for centuries throughout the Mediterranean, in Palestine and throughout the Ottoman Empire.

Sura 9

Chapter 9

1 https://arablit.org/2013/01/15/we-have-on-this-earth-what-makes-life-worthliving/ 2 http://www.all-poetry.ru/stih307.html 3 Mwandishi wa kwanza wa Kirusi aliyekwenda Palestina kama hija alikuwa Dmitrij Daškov, mwanadiplomasia na mshauri wa pili wa Ubalozi wa Urusi mjini Istanbul. Aliandika insha iliyoitwa ‘Russkie poklonniki v Ierusalime. Otryvok iz putešestvija po Grecii i Palestine v 1820’ (Merlo 2013).

1 https://arablit.org/2013/01/15/we-have-on-this-earth-what-makes-life-worthliving/ 2 http://www.all-poetry.ru/stih307.html 3 The first Russian writer who went to Palestine as a pilgrim was Dmitrij Daškov, a diplomat and the second counsellor of the Russian Embassy in Istanbul. He wrote an essay entitled ‘Russkie poklonniki v Ierusalime. Otryvok iz putešestvija po Grecii i Palestine v 1820’ (Merlo 2013).

4 ‘Jerusalem (After 1291)’, New Advent (Catholic Encyclopedia), 1910, http://www.

newadvent.org/cathen/08364a.htm; pia Hummel na Hummel (1995). Akaunti nyingine zinaweka takwimu kuwa 15,000 mwaka 1910 na 12,000 mwaka 1913: http://www.josephzeitoun.

newadvent.org/cathen/08364a.htm; also Hummel and Hummel (1995). Other accounts put the figures at 15,000 in 1910 and 12,000 in 1913: http://www.josephzeitoun.

5 Baba mwanzilishi wa taifa la Israeli, David Grun (baadaye David Ben-Gurion)

com/2015/07/ 5 The founding father of the Israeli state David Grun (later David Ben-Gurion)

alizaliwa katika Dola ya Urusi na alihamia Palestina mwaka 1906. Vita vya Kwanza vya Dunia vilipoanza, Ben-Gurion, raia wa Urusi, alifukuzwa kutoka Palestina na mamlaka za Ottoman, na alirejea Palestina pamoja na majeshi ya Uingereza yaliyokuwa yanaikalia nchi mwaka 1918.

was born in the Russian Empire and immigrated to Palestine 1906. After the First World War broke out, Ben-Gurion, a Russian subject, was deported by the Ottoman authorities from Palestine and he returned to Palestine with occupying British forces in 1918.

6 ‘Jerusalem (After 1291)’, New Advent (Catholic Encyclopedia), 1910, http:// www.newadvent.org/cathen/08364a.htm 7 http://www.pef.org.uk/Pages/Warren.htm 8 https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CydMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA155&dq=filastin& hl=en&ei=XuBVTa-bEc-EhQfR36C0DA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result& redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=filastin&f=false 9 Mkoa ulijulikana kama vilayet mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1860.

6 ‘Jerusalem (After 1291)’, New Advent (Catholic Encyclopedia), 1910, http:// www.newadvent.org/cathen/08364a.htm 7 http://www.pef.org.uk/Pages/Warren.htm 8 https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CydMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA155&dq=filastin& hl=en&ei=XuBVTa-bEc-EhQfR36C0DA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result& redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=filastin&f=false 9 The province became known as vilayet in the late 1860s.

10 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1913_Ottoman_Geography_Textbook_ Showing_the_Sanjak_of_Jerusalem_and_Palestine.jpeg 11 Mikhail Nu‘aymah (1889‒1988), mwandishi wa Kilebanoni na mshairi maarufu wa Kiarabu, pia alisoma katika chuo cha walimu cha Kirusi huko Nazareti mwaka 1902‒1906.

10 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1913_Ottoman_Geography_Textbook_ Showing_the_Sanjak_of_Jerusalem_and_Palestine.jpeg 11 Mikhail Nu‘aymah (1889‒1988), a Lebanese author and well-known Arab poet, was also educated at the Russian teachers college in Nazareth in 1902‒1906.

Jumuiya ya Kifalme ya Othodoksi ya Palestina 12, http://www.mansaf.org/orth_society.

الجمعية الإمبراطورية الأرثوذكسية الفلسطينية 12 , http://www.mansaf.org/orth_society.

Angalia kwa mfano: ibid.

htm 13 See for example: ibid.

14 http://www.mansaf.org/orth_society.htm; https://arabic.rt.com/news/586864-130

15 http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/witness/2012/05/20125915313256768.

html (Masalha 2012).

16 ‘Святая земля: Отчет по командировке в Палестину и прилегающия к ней страны’ [Holy Land: Report on a Business Trip to Palestine and Adjacent Countries] (Kiev: Kiev Theological Academy, 1875). Hmm, the user's text is in Russian, and I'm asked to translate it into Swahili. Here it is: 16 ‘Ardhi Takatifu: Ripoti ya Safari ya Kikazi huko Palestina na Nchi Jirani Nazo’ [Holy Land: Report on a Business Trip to Palestine and Adjacent Countries] (Kiev: Kiev Theological Academy, 1875).

17 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/Manual_of_ Palestinean_Arabic%2C_for_self-instruction_1909.png 18 'Kuwa kwa nafsi' mara nyingi kilielezwa katika ushairi wa Darwish kama 'nafsi nyingine'.

17 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/Manual_of_ Palestinean_Arabic%2C_for_self-instruction_1909.png 18 The ‘becoming of self ’ was often described in Darwish’s poetry as the ‘other self ’.

Hata hivyo, dhana ya ‘kuwa-kwa-kuwepo’ inategemea mwelekeo ambao Martin Heidegger aliuendeleza katika kitabu chake Being and Time (2010). Dhana hiyo inadhani kwamba ukweli wa kiontolojia wa kuwa-kwa-kuwepo (kuwepo duniani, kuwepo kunakofichuliwa na kufafanuliwa hatua kwa hatua) unapatanishwa na fikra na vitendo vya binadamu.

However the term ‘becoming of being’ is based on the insight Martin Heidegger developed in Being and Time (2010). The conception assumes that the ontological truth of being’s becoming (being in the world, being becomes progressively uncovered and articulated) is mediated by human thinking and action.

Nassar pia alichapisha mwaka 1911 kitabu cha kwanza kwa Kiarabu kuhusu Uzayuni, kilichoitwa *Uzayuni: Historia Yake, Lengo Lake na Umuhimu Wake*, ambamo alieleza Uzayuni kama harakati ya ukoloni wa walowezi inayotafuta kuwahamisha Waarabu wa Kipalestina huko Palestina (Beška 2014a).

19 Nassar also published in 1911 the first book in Arabic on Zionism, entitled Zionism: Its History, Objective and Importance, in which he described Zionism as a settler-colonial movement seeking to displace the Palestinian Arabs in Palestine (Beška 2014a).

20 Kwa uhakiki wa kazi ya Bracy, angalia Beška (2012).

20 For a critique of Bracy’s work, see Beška (2012).

Jina la kihistoria linatumika kwa eneo lote la nyanda za juu za mashariki za bonde la Yordani, pamoja na ‘Amman, ambalo wakati huo lilikuwa sehemu ya sanjak ya Nablus.

21 The historic name applies to the entire area of the eastern plateau of the Jordan valley including ‘Amman, then part of the Nablus sanjak.

22 Falastin, 31 Januari 1912, uk. 1.

22 Falastin, 31 January 1912, p. 1.

23 Yiannis Meimaris, ‘The Discovery of the Madaba Map: Mythology and Reality’, katika: http://198.62.75.1/www1/ofm/mad/articles/MeimarisMap.html 24 Angalia pia Khalidi, W. (1988); Kasmieh (1992).

23 Yiannis Meimaris, ‘The Discovery of the Madaba Map: Mythology and Reality’, at: http://198.62.75.1/www1/ofm/mad/articles/MeimarisMap.html 24 See aso Khalidi, W. (1988); Kasmieh (1992).

Kwa barua hii, alipokea jibu kutoka kwa Theodor Herzl (Beška 2007).

25 To this letter, he received a reply from Theodor Herzl (Beška 2007).

26 Imad al-Din al-Isfahani, mwandishi wa historia na mshauri wa Salahuddin, alikuwepo katika Vita vya Hittin na kampeni iliyofuata ya kuwafukuza Wakristo wa Vita vya Msalaba kutoka Ardhi Takatifu (al-Isfahani 1888).

26 Imad al-Din al-Isfahani, a chronicler and advisor to Saladin, was present at the Battle of Hittin and the subsequent campaign to expel the Crusaders from the Holy Land (al-Isfahani 1888).

27 Shukri al-‘Asali, ‘Kitab min Salah al-Din al- Ayyubi ila qa’id al-hamla al-Hawraniyya Sami Basha al-Faruqi’, al-Muqtabas, 5 December 1910, cited in Beška (2014b).

28 Kwa majadiliano zaidi kuhusu uongozi na malengo ya harakati ya kitaifa ya Wapalestina wakati wa kipindi cha Mamlaka ya Uingereza, angalia al-Hut (1981).

28 For further discussion on the leadership and goals of the Palestinian national movement during the Mandatory period, see al-Hut (1981).

29 Angalia, kwa mfano, Azmi Beshara, ‘The Palestinian People is a Colonial Invention’, katika Azmi Beshara on the existence of a Palestinian People, https://www.youtube.

29 See, for instance, Azmi Beshara, ‘The Palestinian People is a Colonial Invention’, in Azmi Beshara on the existence of a Palestinian People, https://www.youtube.

com/watch?v=EOqAGbpoDZc, imechapishwa tarehe 30 Aprili 2009.

com/watch?v=EOqAGbpoDZc, posted 30 April 2009.

30 ‘Abd al-Hadi alikuwa mwanachama mwanzilishi wa al-Fatat (Jam’iyat al-’Arabiyah al-Fatat, ‘Jumuiya ya Kiarabu ya Vijana’), kundi la siri lililoanzishwa mjini Paris mwaka 1909, shirika la utaifa wa Kiarabu lililojitolea kwa uhuru wa kitamaduni na kiutawala wa Waarabu na umoja wao ndani ya mfumo wa Dola ya Ottoman. ‘Abd al-Hadi pia alikuwa katibu binafsi wa Amir Faisal katika Mkutano wa Amani wa Paris wa mwaka 1919.

30 ‘Abd al-Hadi had been a founding member of the 1909 Paris-based underground al-Fatat (Jam’iyat al-’Arabiyah al-Fatat, ‘the Young Arab Society’), an Arab nationalist organisation which was devoted to Arab cultural and administrative autonomy and unity within the Ottoman system. ‘Abd al-Hadi had also served as private secretary of Amir Faisal at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919.

31 Aryeh Dayan, ‘The Communists Who Saved the Jewish State’, Haaretz, 9

Mei 2006, http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/features/the-communistswho- saved-the-jewish-state-1.187221

May 2006, http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/features/the-communistswho- saved-the-jewish-state-1.187221

32 Imechapishwa katika Gazeti Rasmi la Israeli, Nambari 1 ya tarehe 5 Iyar, 5708 (14 Mei 1948).

32 Published in the Israeli Official Gazette, No. 1 of the 5th Iyar, 5708 (14 May 1948).

Sura 10

Chapter 10

Hotuba iliyotolewa katika mkutano wa Shirikisho la Wazayuni wa Ufaransa, Paris, 28

1 A speech delivered at a meeting of the French Zionist Federation, Paris, 28

Machi 1914, katika Litvinoff (1983, karatasi 24: 115‒116).

March 1914, in Litvinoff (1983, paper 24: 115‒116).

Tazama itifaki ya taarifa ya Ruppin katika mkutano wa Kamati Tendaji ya Wakala wa Kiyahudi, 20

2 See protocol of Ruppin’s statement at the Jewish Agency Executive’s meeting, 20

Mei 1936 (katika Heller 1984: 140).

May 1936 (in Heller 1984: 140).

3 Brian Klug, ‘The Other Arthur Balfour “PROTECTOR OF THE JEWS”’, 8

Julai 2013, http://www.balfourproject.org/the-other-arthur-balfour-protectorof- the-jews/ 4 Imetajwa na Ami Isseroff, ‘British Support for Jewish Restoration’, http://www.

July 2013, http://www.balfourproject.org/the-other-arthur-balfour-protectorof- the-jews/ 4 Cited by Ami Isseroff, ‘British Support for Jewish Restoration’, http://www.

mideastweb.org/britzion.htm; Masalha (1992, 1997, 2003).

5 J. N. Darby, Letters of J. N. Darby, Vol. 2 (London: G. Morrish, n.d.).

6 Hesabu 32:1; Mwanzo 31:25; Mwanzo 37:25.

6 Numbers 32:1; Genesis 31:25; Genesis 37:25.

7 Imetajwa na Ami Isseroff, ‘British Support for Jewish Restoration’, http://www.

7 Cited by Ami Isseroff, ‘British Support for Jewish Restoration’, http://www.

I can't open links or visit websites, so I can't read the page at mideastweb.org/britzion.htm. I only see the text you paste here. If you copy the English text from that page and send it to me, I'll translate it into Swahili following your rules.

mideastweb.org/britzion.htm.

8 Ibid.

9 Mapema mwaka 1821 Kanisa la Kianglikana, kupitia Church Missionary Society yake na London Jews Society (kwa usahihi zaidi, Society for Promoting Christianity among the Jews, iliyoanzishwa mwaka 1808 kwa lengo la kuwageuza Wayahudi kuwa Wakristo), lilikuwa likifikiria kuanzisha kituo cha kazi huko. London Jews Society ilianzisha kituo cha kudumu cha kimisionari cha Kianglikana huko Yerusalemu mwaka 1833, miaka miwili baada ya mgogoro uliosababishwa na kutekwa kwa mji huo na Muhammad ‘Ali. Mwaka 1841, dayosisi ya Kiprotestanti huko Yerusalemu ilianzishwa chini ya usimamizi wa pamoja wa Uingereza na Prussia.

9 As early as 1821 the Anglican Church, through its Church Missionary Society and the London Jews Society (more properly, the Society for Promoting Christianity among the Jews, founded in 1808 to convert the Jews to Christianity), was considering the establishment of a post. The London Jews Society established the first permanent Anglican mission station in Jerusalem in 1833, two years after the crisis caused by the capture of the city by Muhammad ‘Ali. In 1841, a Protestant bishopric in Jerusalem was established under joint British and Prussian auspices.

10 Shauku ya Urusi katika Nchi Takatifu iliongezeka hasa baada ya Vita vya Crimea, kwani Urusi ilitumia fursa hiyo kuendeleza maslahi yake ya kisiasa kupitia ulinzi wa maslahi ya Waorthodoksi katika Dola la Ottoman.

10 Russian interest in the Holy Land increased particularly after the Crimean War, as Russia availed itself of the opportunity of furthering Russian political concerns through protection of Orthodox interests in the Ottoman Empire.

Hili lilishuhudiwa mapema mwaka 1860 kwa kuanza kujengwa kwa kanisa kuu la Kirusi na kwa jengo kubwa lenye mabweni, ofisi na hospitali kwa ajili ya kuwahudumia mahujaji wa Kirusi waliokwenda Yerusalemu.

This was witnessed as early 1860 with the commencement of the building of a Russian cathedral and of a vast complex of hostels, offices and hospitals for the care for Russian pilgrims to Jerusalem.

11 Ushawishi wa Kijerumani ulionekana katika usimamizi wa Kanisa la Kiinjili la Kijerumani juu ya hospitali ya mashemasi wa kike wa Kijerumani, Yatima ya Kiprotestanti ya Syria, Hospitali ya Ukoma katika koloni la Kijerumani, na Kanisa la Kilutheri la Mkombozi.

11 German influence was reflected in the German Evangelical Church’s administration of the hospital of the German deaconesses, the Syrian Protestant Orphanage, the Leper Hospital in the German colony, and the Lutheran Church of the Redeemer.

12 Ili lisiachwe nyuma, mshikamano wa Kanisa la Scotland ulianzishwa, ambao, pamoja na St Andrew's huko Yerusalemu, ulitoa huduma za afya na elimu katika vituo kadhaa vya Palestina.

12 Not to be outdone, the Church of Scotland mission was established, which, in addition to St Andrew’s in Jerusalem, provided medical and educational services in several centres in Palestine.

13 Shairi hili maarufu liliandikwa na Kipling mwaka 1899.

13 This famous poem was written by Kipling in 1899.

14 Imetajwa na Isseroff, ‘British Support for Jewish Restoration’.

14 Cited by Isseroff, ‘British Support for Jewish Restoration’.

15 Hapa Said anatumia msemo wa Karl Marx: ‘hawawezi kujiwakilisha wenyewe; lazima wawakilishwe’ katika epigraph ya kitabu cha Orientalism.

15 Here Said uses Carl Marx’s adage: ‘they cannot represent themselves; they must be represented’ in an epigraph to Orientalism.

16 http://web.nli.org.il/sites/JPress/English/Pages/Palestine-Post.aspx 17 Imeripotiwa katika Haaretz, 4 Aprili 1969.

16 http://web.nli.org.il/sites/JPress/English/Pages/Palestine-Post.aspx 17 Reported in Haaretz, 4 April 1969.

Wadi al-Hawarith pia ilikuwa jina la kijiji cha Kipalestina kilichoachwa na wakazi wake mwaka 1948.

18 Wadi al-Hawarith was also the name of a Palestinian village depopulated in 1948.

19 Wanazuoni wa Kiyahudi (Rabbi) ambao maoni yao yalirekodiwa katika Mishnah.

19 Rabbinic sages whose views were recorded in the Mishnah.

Wanazuoni 20 wa Torati ya Mdomo ya Kiyahudi.

20 Jewish Oral Torah scholars.

21 Kwa majadiliano zaidi kuhusu uvumbuzi wa watu wa Kiyahudi, angalia Masalha (2007)

21 For further discussion of the invention of the Jewish people, see Masalha (2007)

na Sand (2009).

and Sand (2009).

22 Sababu nyingine muhimu za athari ya Kiarabu kwenye Kiebrania cha kisasa ni pamoja na: (1)

22 Other key reasons behind the influence of Arabic on modern Hebrew include: (1)

hadi kuanzishwa kwa Israeli mwaka 1948, Kiarabu kilizungumzwa na sehemu kubwa sana ya watu huko Palestina; (2) wakati wa hatua za awali za kufufuliwa kwake, Kiebrania kilihitaji kwa haraka maneno mapya ya Kisemiti na miundo mipya, na kililazimika kutegemea lugha hai ya Kisemiti kama Kiarabu, ambacho Kiebrania cha kisasa kilichobuniwa kilikiona kuwa chanzo tajiri kilichokuwepo tayari cha kutumia; (3) miongoni mwa lugha za Kisemiti, Kiarabu ndicho kilicho karibu zaidi na Kiebrania (Shehadeh 1998: 62; Chomsky 1967: 217).

until the establishment of Israel in 1948 Arabic was spoken by the overwhelming majority of people in Palestine; (2) during the early stages of its revival Hebrew urgently needed new Semitic words and patterns and had to rely on a living Semitic language such as Arabic which the newly invented modern Hebrew found as a readily available rich resource to exploit; (3) Arabic is closest to Hebrew amongst the Semitic languages (Shehadeh 1998: 62; Chomsky 1967: 217).

23 Utafiti mwingi wa Israeli umelenga wingi wa vivumishi vya Kiarabu katika lugha ya misimu ya Kiebrania ya Israeli, na athari kubwa ya Kiarabu katika Kiebrania cha mazungumzo, kisicho rasmi, kisicho cha kawaida (Blanc 1954; Shehadeh 1998).

23 Much of Israeli research has focused on the abundance of Arabic adjectives in Israeli Hebrew slang and on the significant impact of Arabic on the ‘non-official’, non-standard, colloquial Hebrew (Blanc 1954; Shehadeh 1998).

24 Hata hivyo, baadhi ya maneno hayakukubalika. Kwa mfano, neno la Ben-Yehuda kwa 'nyanya' (tomato) lilikuwa badora, toleo la Kiebrania la neno la Kiarabu la lahaja ya Kipalestina bandora; Ben-Yehuda alishindwa katika vita hivi vya kiistilahi, na leo wazungumzaji wa Kiebrania cha Kiisraeli hutumia neno 'agvania (Balint 2008) – linalotokana na mzizi wa Kiebrania 'agav, unaomaanisha 'kupenda, kutamani'. Hili pia linaakisi (na ni la kishenzi) la Kiulaya.

24 However, some words did not catch on. For instance, Ben-Yehuda’s word for ‘tomato’ was badora, the Hebrew version of the Palestinian colloquial Arabic bandora; Ben-Yehuda failed to win this logistic battle and today Israeli Hebrew speakers use the word ‘agvania (Balint 2008) – from the Hebrew root ‘agav which means ‘to love, to desire’. This also reflects the European (and vulgar)

"tufaha la mapenzi" (Kiitaliano: pomo d’oro; Kifaransa: pommes d’amour) kwa tunda la Waazteki ambalo lilipelekwa kwa mara ya kwanza Italia kutoka Amerika ya Kusini katika karne ya 16, na ambalo Wazungu walilihusisha na nguvu za kuchochea hamu ya tendo la ndoa.

‘love apple’ (Italian: pomo d’oro; French: pommes d’amour) for the Aztec fruit which was first brought to Italy from South America in the 16th century and to which the Europeans attributed aphrodisiac powers.

25 Avishai Margalit, ‘The Myth of Jerusalem’, The New York Review of Books 38(21), 19 December 1991.

26 Uri Davis, ‘The Histadrut: Continuity and Change’, karatasi iliyowasilishwa kwa Idara ya Kimataifa, Shirikisho la Vyama vya Wafanyakazi la Norway, Januari 1999.

26 Uri Davis, ‘The Histadrut: Continuity and Change’, paper submitted to the International Department, Norwegian Trade Union Federation, January 1999.

27 Shamir maana yake ni jiwe gumu la moto (flint). Talmud ina hadithi ya kubuni kwamba Mfalme Sulemani alitumia Shamir katika ujenzi wa Hekalu la kwanza badala ya zana za kukatia mawe.

27 Shamir means flint. The Talmud contains the myth of King Solomon using Shamir in the construction of the first temple in the place of cutting tools.

28 Don C. Benjamin, ‘Stories and Stones: Archaeology and the Bible, an introduction with CD Rom’, 2006, http://www.doncbenjamin.com/pav/docs/ archaeology_and_the_bible.pdf, note 78, p. 254.

Takriban robo ya majina yote ya kijiografia yalitokana na majina ya Kiarabu kwa msingi wa kufanana kwa sauti.

29 Approximately one-quarter of all geographical names were derived from the Arabic names on the basis of the similarity of sounds.

Ilianzishwa mwaka 1890, makazi mapya/mji mpya wa Kizayuni wa Rehovot ulipewa jina la mji wa kibiblia wenye jina linalofanana, Rehoboth, ambao ulikuwepo mahali kabisa tofauti katika Jangwa la Negev.

30 Founded in 1890, the new Zionist settlement/city of Rehovot was named after a biblical town of a similar name, Rehoboth, which stood at a completely different location in the Negev Desert.

31 Utangulizi wa Oren Yiftachel kwa kitabu cha Noga Kadman *Erased From Space and Consciousness* (2008), ukurasa wa 8, uliotajwa katika Manar Makhoul, ‘Un-erasing the Nakba:

31 Oren Yiftachel’s Introduction to Noga Kadman’s Erased From Space and Consciousness (2008), p. 8, cited in Manar Makhoul, ‘Un-erasing the Nakba:

Utambulisho wa Kipalestina nchini Israel tangu Intifada ya Kwanza’, 13 Machi 2013, http:// mondoweiss.net/2013/03/palestinian-identity-intifada/.

Palestinian Identity in Israel since the First Intifada’, 13 March 2013, http:// mondoweiss.net/2013/03/palestinian-identity-intifada/.

32 Jonathan Cook, ‘Mpango wa Israel wa Kufuta Majina ya Kiarabu kwenye Ramani’, The Electronic Intifada, 17 Julai 2009, http://electronicintifada.net/content/israels-plan-wipearabic- names-map/8351

32 Jonathan Cook, ‘Israel’s Plan to Wipe Arabic Names off the Map’, The Electronic Intifada, 17 July 2009, http://electronicintifada.net/content/israels-plan-wipearabic- names-map/8351

Ibid.

33 Ibid.