6.6 Sarafu Zilizotengenezwa ‘in-filastin’ (‘ بفلسطين ’): Sarafu ya Palestina, Uhuru wa Kifedha na Ushahidi wa Kinumismatiki kutoka Palestina ya Kiarabu-Kiislamu

6.6 Sarafu Zilizotengenezwa ‘in-filastin’ (‘ بفلسطين ’): Sarafu ya Palestina, Uhuru wa Kifedha na Ushahidi wa Kinumismatiki kutoka Palestina ya Kiarabu-Kiislamu - Palestina: Historia ya Miaka Elfu Nne | Quran Course

Vipengele muhimu vya sarafu za Kiislamu zilizotengenezwa Palestina – vifaa, maneno, miundo, alama na ishara – vilibadilika kwa kiasi kikubwa, kuanzia sarafu za awali za mtindo wa Byzantium zilizotumika mwanzoni mwa Uislamu hadi sarafu ya baada ya mageuzi iliyoanzishwa na Khalifa ‘Abdel Malik ibn Marwan karibu mwaka 696 BK, na kisha sarafu zilizotumika katika vipindi vya Abbasi, Tulunid, Ikhshidid na Fatimid, kuanzia karne ya 8 hadi ya 11 (Shamma 1969, 1980). Baada ya Waumayya kuchukua Ukhalifa wa Kiislamu na kufanya Damascus kuwa mji wao mkuu mnamo mwaka 661 BK, utulivu wa kiuchumi na kifedha wa himaya yao kubwa ya Kiislamu ulikuwa mojawapo ya vipaumbele vyao vikuu. Kwa hiyo, solidus ya mtindo wa Byzantium – awali kipimo cha uzito cha Warumi kwa dhahabu safi kiasi – iliathiri dinari ya dhahabu ya Waumayya; jina la Kiarabu la sarafu hiyo ya dhahabu linatokana na denarius, sarafu ya Kirumi. Dinari ya dhahabu ya Kiarabu ilitolewa kwa mara ya kwanza na Khalifa mwanamageuzi ‘Abdel Malik ibn Marwan karibu mwaka 696 BK, huku picha yake mwenyewe ikichukua nafasi ya ile ya Mfalme wa Byzantium. Hata hivyo, baadaye picha ya Khalifa iliondolewa kutoka sarafu ya Kiislamu. Kigiriki kilikuwa lugha rasmi ya Himaya ya Byzantium, na chini ya ushawishi wa sarafu za mtindo wa Byzantium, usafi wa dinari ya dhahabu ya Kiarabu ulipimwa kwa qirat (karati), neno linalotokana na Kigiriki κεράτιον. Karati kama kipimo cha uzito wa dhahabu bado kinatumika hadi leo.

The key elements of the Islamic coins struck in Palestine – materials, words, designs, signs and symbols – evolved significantly from the initial Byzantine-style coinage used in early Islam to the post-reform currency introduced by Caliph ‘Abdel Malik ibn Marwan around 696 AD into the coins used during the Abbasid, Tulunid, Ikhshidid and Fatimid periods from the 8th to the 11th centuries (Shamma 1969, 1980). After the Umayyads took over the Muslim Caliphate and made Damascus their capital in 661 AD, the economic and financial stability of their vast Islamic empire was one of their top priorities. Consequently, the Byzantine-style solidus – originally a Roman weight unit of a relatively pure gold – influenced the Umayyad gold dinar; the Arabic name of the gold coin derives from denarius, a Roman coin. The Arab gold dinar was first issued by the reforming Caliph ‘Abdel Malik ibn Marwan around 696 AD, with his own image replacing that of the Byzantine Emperor. However, subsequently the image of the Caliph was removed from the Islamic currency. Greek was the official language of the Byzantine Empire and under the influence of Byzantine-style coinage, the fineness of the gold Arab dinar was measured in qirat (carat) which derives from the Greek κεράτιον. The carat as a gold unit of weight still stands today.