Utofauti wa kitamaduni na mchanganyiko wa watu wa Palestina daima ulitofautiana vikali na upitwa-wakati wa Uzayuni wa kitamaduni kimoja, harakati ya walowezi wa kikoloni wa Ulaya iliyochelewa kuanza. Itikadi ya utamaduni mmoja iliyochochewa na utaifa wa karne ya 19 wa Ulaya wenye msingi wa rangi na kimapenzi, Uzayuni ulianzia Ulaya ya Kati na Mashariki mwishoni mwa karne ya 19. Kwa hiyo, haishangazi kwamba tangu mwanzo wake, mwishoni mwa karne ya 19, hadi kuundwa kwa Israeli mwaka 1948, viongozi na taasisi za Kizayuni wenyewe mara nyingi walitumia neno Palestina katika mazungumzo yao rasmi na machapisho yao. Mazoea haya yalifanana na utaratibu wa Ulaya na Uingereza wa kuiita nchi hiyo rasmi Palestina. Hata hivyo, wakati wa kipindi cha Mamlaka ya Uingereza, Wazayuni mara nyingi walitumia neno Palestina sambamba na dhana yao ya kufikirika ya Eretz Israel, wakati, kama ninavyoonyesha katika kazi yangu ya 1992 Expulsion of the Palestinians:

The multi-cultural identity and diversity of Palestine was always in sharp contrast to the anachronism of mono-cultural Zionism, a latecomer European settler-colonial movement. A mono-culturalist ideology inspired by racialised and romantic 19th century European nationalism, Zionism originated in Central and Eastern Europe at the end of the 19th century. Therefore, it is hardly surprising that from its beginning in the late 19th century and until the creation of Israel in 1948 the Zionist leadership and institutions themselves frequently used the term Palestine in their official discourse and publications, This practice was in common with European and British official designation of the country as Palestine. However, during the Mandatory period the Zionists often employed this term Palestine in tandem with their imaginary construct of Eretz Israel, while, as I show in my 1992 work Expulsion of the Palestinians:

Dhana ya Uhamisho katika Fikra za Kisiasa za Kizayuni, 1982‒1948, ikipanga kwa wakati mmoja kuivunja Palestina na kuwasafisha kikabila Wapalestina (Masalha 1992).

The Concept of Transfer in Zionist Political Thought, 1982‒1948, simultaneously planning to dismantle Palestine and ethnically cleanse the Palestinians (Masalha 1992).

Zaidi ya hayo, mikakati ya Kizayuni ya "uhamishaji" na utakaso wa kikabila, pamoja na desturi za kufuta majina ya mahali (toponymicidal), ililenga kuchukua nafasi ya utofauti na nafasi iliyochanganyika ya Palestina kwa koloni ya Kiulaya "safi", nafasi ya kitamaduni moja inayotawaliwa na Waashkenazi ya Yishuv ya Kizayuni hadi mwaka 1948 (Kimmerling 2003).

Furthermore, the Zionist ‘transfer’ and ethnic cleansing strategies and toponymicidal practices sought to replace the heterogeneity and mixed space of Palestine with a ‘pure’ European colony, an Ashkenazi-dominated, mono-cultural space of the Zionist Yishuv until 1948 (Kimmerling 2003).

Katika mfano mdogo na wa kawaida, utofauti wa Jaffa, mji wa maelfu ya miaka, ulisafishwa kikabila na kuharibiwa kiutamaduni mwaka 1948.

In a microcosmic and typical fashion the heterogeneity of the thousandsof- years-old Jaffa was ethnically cleansed and culturally destroyed in 1948.

Jiji hili la kihistoria na lenye mchanganyiko wa tamaduni za Kipalestina lilibadilishwa baada ya mwaka 1948 na kumezwa na jiji la Kiyahudi lililodaiwa kuwa "safi" la Ulaya la Tel Aviv lililo karibu nalo, "mji mkuu wa Yishuv" kabla ya kuundwa kwa taifa, yaani koloni, ambalo liliimeza na kulifanya Jaffa ya kale kuwa chini yake chini ya jina la Kiebrania lililopewa baada ya 1948, Tel Aviv-Yafo.

This historic, culturally mixed Palestinian city was replaced after 1948 and subsumed by the European ‘pure’ Jewish city of neighbouring Tel Aviv, ‘the capital of the pre-state Yishuv’/Colony, subsumed and subordinated ancient Jaffa under the post-1948 Hebrew designation of Tel Aviv-Yafo.

Mradi huu wa Kizayuni wa kufuta kumbukumbu na majina ya mahali ulijengwa kitaasisi, kiakili na kihisia ndani ya "kiputo" cha Kiyahudi kilichojitenga na wengine. Mipango ya dola mpya ya Kiyahudi nayo ilikuwa ya kutengwa vile vile. Dola ya Kiyahudi ilipaswa kuwa ya Kiyahudi pekee, na hakuna zana za kisiasa na kiutawala zilizoandaliwa kwa uwezekano, uliotajwa katika mapendekezo yote ya kugawanya nchi, kwamba jamii kubwa za Waarabu zingebaki ndani ya mipaka ya dola ya Kiyahudi.

This Zionist memoricidal and toponymicidal project was institutionally, cognitively, and emotionally built within an exclusionary Jewish ‘bubble’. The plans for the new Jewish state were similarly exclusive. The Jewish state was supposed to be purely Jewish and no political and bureaucratic tools were prepared for the possibility, mentioned in all partition proposals, that large Arab minorities would remain within the boundaries of the Jewish state.

(Kimmerling 2003: 22; tazama pia Yiftachel 2006: 54; Shafir 1996a, 1996b, 1999)

(Kimmerling 2003: 22; see also Yiftachel 2006: 54; Shafir 1996a, 1996b, 1999)

Wakati wa Mamlaka ya Uingereza (Mandate), mashirika ya Kizayuni huko Palestina yalitumia mbinu mbalimbali za udanganyifu zilizokusudiwa kuunganisha "Palestina" na "Eretz Yisrael". Mfano mmoja wa kuficha na udanganyifu huo ulikuwa kuweka kifupisho cha Kiebrania cha Eretz Yisrael ( א״י ), yaani "Nchi ya Israeli", baada ya neno la Kiebrania la Palestina ( פלשתינה ) kwenye stempu rasmi za serikali ya Mamlaka. Stempu hizo zingeshikwa mikononi mwa maelfu ya Waarabu huko Palestina na nchi jirani, wengi wao wasiojua Kiebrania na wasioweza kufafanua kifupisho hicho cha Kizayuni ( .(א״י Ingawa viongozi wa Kipalestina walipinga katika miaka ya 1920 kuingizwa kwa "Eretz Yisrael" katika nyaraka rasmi, stempu na sarafu za Serikali ya Mamlaka ya Uingereza ya Palestina, serikali ambayo ilikuwa imejitolea kwa "ahadi" ya Kizayuni iliyotolewa na Tamko la Balfour la mwaka 1917, walishindwa kuishawishi mamlaka hiyo iache sera zake zinazoegemea Kizayuni.

During the Mandatory period the Zionist organisations in Palestine employed a variety of methods of subterfuge designed to conflate ‘Palestine’ with ‘Eretz Yisrael’. One such example of concealment and subterfuge was the insertion of the Hebrew abbreviation of Eretz Yisrael ( א״י ), ‘Land of Israel’, after the Hebrew word for Palestine ( פלשתינה ) on the official Mandatory government stamps – stamps which would have been handled by tens of thousands of Arabs in Palestine and neighbouring countries, most of them not knowing Hebrew and unable to decipher the Zionist Hebrew abbreviation ( .(א״י Although Palestinian leaders protested in the 1920s at this inclusion of ‘Eretz Yisrael’ in the official documents, stamps and currency of the British Mandatory Government of Palestine – a government which was committed to the pro-Zionist ‘promise’ of the 1917 Balfour Declaration – they were incapable of dissuading the Mandatory authorities from pursuing their pro-Zionist policies.

Hata hivyo, matumizi makubwa ya jina rasmi Palestina na mashirika ya Kizayuni hadi mwaka 1948 hayashangazi, kwa sababu kuu mbili.

However, the extensive use of the official term Palestine by the Zionist organisations until 1948 is not surprising for two main reasons:

• Serikali zote na mamilioni ya watu duniani kote, hasa wasomaji wa lugha za Ulaya, walitambua nchi hiyo kuwa Palestina au Nchi Takatifu – pekee isipokuwa wanaharakati wa Kizayuni wa Kiyahudi, ambao pia waliitambua nchi hiyo kuwa Eretz Yisrael (Nchi ya Israeli):

• All governments and millions of people across the world, and especially readers of European languages, identified the country as Palestine or the Holy Land – the only exceptions were the Zionist Jewish advocates, who also identified the country as Eretz Yisrael (Land of Israel):

• Kufuatia ahadi za Azimio la Balfour la Novemba 1917, lililounga mkono Uzayuni, koloni ya walowezi wa Kizayuni huko Palestina (Yishuv)

• Following the pro-Zionist Balfour Declaration commitments of November 1917, the Zionist settler-colony in Palestine (the Yishuv)

ilibadilika kama "ukoloni wa walowezi ndani ya ukoloni wa Kiingereza" na kama "koloni la walowezi pamoja na ukoloni wa Kiingereza". Hali hii iliiwezesha Yishuv ya Kiulaya inayoibuka kufuata mkakati wa pande mbili: (a) kufuatilia kwa karibu (na kufanya kazi "kutoka ndani") istilahi rasmi ya mfumo wa Mamlaka ya Uingereza huko Palestina; na (b) kuunda mjadala wa Kizayuni wa Kiebrania unaojitegemea sambamba na huo.

evolved both as ‘settler-colonialism within British colonialism’ and as a ‘settler-colony with British colonialism’. This allowed the emerging European Yishuv to pursue a double strategy of (a) shadowing (and operating ‘from within’) the official terminology of British Mandatory system in Palestine; and (b) of creating a parallel autonomous Zionist Hebrew discourse.

Hata hivyo, udanganifu (wa Palestina-pamoja-na Eretz Yisrael), lugha ya kupamba maneno (‘uhamisho’), ukweli mbadala, na ‘ukweli mpya ardhini’ vilikuwa kiini cha lugha mpya ya kisiasa na mikakati ya koloni la Kizayuni (‘Yishuv’) huko Palestina wakati wa kipindi kabla ya kuundwa kwa taifa, na hili linadhihirika kutokana na mifano ifuatayo:

Nonetheless, subterfuge (of Palestine-cum-Eretz Yisrael), euphemism (‘transfer’), alternative facts, and new ‘facts on the ground’ were central to the newspeak and strategies of the Zionist colony (‘Yishuv’) in Palestine during the pre-state period and this is evident from the following examples:

• Jumuiya ya Kuwasaidia Wakulima na Mafundi Wayahudi nchini Syria na Palestina ilikuwa chombo cha Hovevei Tzion kilichoanzishwa mwaka 1890 kwa msaada na himizo rasmi wa serikali ya Urusi ya Kifalme (Shafir 1996a: 46). Jumuiya hii ilijikita katika vipengele vya kivitendo vya kuanzisha makoloni ya kilimo ya Wayahudi huko Palestina, na miradi yake ilijumuisha msaada katika kuanzishwa kwa makoloni ya Rehovot na Hadera.

• The Society for the Support of Jewish Farmers and Artisans in Syria and Palestine was a Hovevei Tzion organ established in 1890 with official support and encouragement of the Tsarist Russian government (Shafir 1996a: 46). The Society was dedicated to the practical aspects of establishing Jewish agricultural colonies in Palestine and its projects included help with the founding of the colonies of Rehovot and Hadera.

• Wakala wa Kiyahudi wa Palestina ulianzishwa mwaka 1930, na ulicheza jukumu kuu katika kuundwa kwa taifa la Israeli mwaka 1948; Mwenyekiti wa Kamati yake Kuu kuanzia 1935 hadi Mei 1948 alikuwa David Ben-Gurion. Ni baada ya 1948 tu ndipo ulibadilisha jina lake na kuwa Wakala wa Kiyahudi wa Israeli.

• The Jewish Agency for Palestine was founded in 1930, and played a central role in the founding of the Israeli state in 1948; the Chairman of its Executive Committee from 1935 until May 1948 was David Ben-Gurion. Only after 1948 did it change its name to the Jewish Agency for Israel.

Ofisi ya Palestina (Kijerumani: Palästinaamt) ilikuwa jina la shirika la Kizayuni lililoanzishwa mwaka 1908 na kamati tendaji ya Shirika la Kizayuni Duniani.

• The Palestine Office (German: Palästinaamt) was the name of a Zionist agency set up by the executive of the World Zionist Organisation in 1908

...yenye ofisi yake huko Jaffa. Ikiongozwa na Arthur Ruppin (aliyezaliwa katika Dola la Ujerumani; 1876–1943), Ofisi ya Palestina ilitumika wakati wa utawala wa Waothmani kama wakala mkuu wa shughuli za ukoloni wa Kizayuni nchini Palestina, zikiwemo ununuzi wa ardhi na kusaidia uhamiaji wa Wayahudi. Baada ya Vita vya Kwanza vya Dunia, jina la Kizayuni la ‘Ofisi za Palestina’ lilikuwa na maana tofauti, na lilitumika kwa misheni za kimataifa za Kizayuni zilizopewa jukumu la kuhamasisha na kupanga uhamiaji wa Wayahudi kwenda Palestina.

with its office in Jaffa. Headed by Arthur Ruppin (born in the German empire; 1876–1943), the Palestine Office served during the Ottoman period as the central agency for Zionist colonisation activities in Palestine, including land purchases and assisting Jewish immigration. After the First World War the Zionist name ‘Palestine Offices’ had a different connotation and applied to Zionist international missions charged with the mobilisation and organisation of Jewish immigration to Palestine.

Ofisi za Palestina zilikuwa chini ya Idara ya Uhamiaji ya Utendaji wa Kizayuni, ambayo ilifanya kazi pamoja na Wakala wa Kiyahudi wa Palestina. Ofisi za Palestina ziliendeshwa na Tume ya Palestina (Palaestinaamts kommission) iliyoundwa na wawakilishi wa vyama mbalimbali vya Kizayuni.

The Palestine Offices were subordinated to the Immigration Department of the Zionist Executive, which worked with the Jewish Agency for Palestine. The Palestine Offices were run by a Palestine Commission (Palaestinaamts kommission) composed of representatives of various Zionist parties.

• Okestra ya Palestina (‘Israel Philharmonic Orchestra’; ilianzishwa Palestina mwaka 1936) na iliitwa kwa kuendelea Okestra ya Palestina hadi mwaka 1948.

• The Palestine Orchestra (‘Israel Philharmonic Orchestra’; founded in Palestine 1936) and was continuously called the Palestine Orchestra until 1948.

• Benki ya Anglo-Palestine: Benki kubwa zaidi ya Israel, Bank Leumi (Benki ya Taifa), ilianzishwa awali mjini London kama Anglo Palestine Company. Ilikuwa kampuni tanzu ya Jewish Colonial Trust, iliyoanzishwa na Kongamano la Pili la Kizayuni na kusajiliwa London mwaka 1899. Baadaye ilijulikana rasmi kama Benki ya Anglo-Palestine, na jina hilo liliendelea kutumika hadi mwaka 1948.

• The Anglo-Palestine Bank: Israel’s largest bank, Bank Leumi (National Bank) was originally founded in London as the Anglo Palestine Company. It was a subsidiary of the Jewish Colonial Trust which was founded by the Second Zionist Congress and incorporated in London in 1899. It subsequently became officially known as the Anglo-Palestine Bank and this name continued until 1948.

• Kampuni ya Umeme ya Palestina ilianzishwa awali mwaka 1923 na Pihnas Rotenberg kama Kampuni ya Umeme ya Jaffa. Baadaye ilisajiliwa katika Palestina ya Mamlaka kama Palestine Electricity, Corporation Limited.

• The Palestine Electric Company was initially founded in 1923 by Pihnas Rotenberg as the Jaffa Electric Company. It was later incorporated in Mandatory Palestine as the Palestine Electricity, Corporation Limited.

Ilibadilisha jina lake kuwa jina lake la sasa, Israel Electric Corporation Limited, mwaka 1961 tu. Leo hii ni mojawapo ya kampuni kubwa za viwanda nchini Israel.

It only changed its name to the current one, the Israel Electric Corporation Limited, in 1961. Today it is one of the largest industrial companies in Israel.

The Palestine Post kilianzishwa mjini Jerusalem mwaka 1932 kama sehemu ya harakati ya Kizayuni, na lilibadilisha jina lake mwaka 1950 kuwa Jerusalem Post. Hadhira lengwa ya gazeti hilo ilikuwa wasomaji wa Kiingereza walioko Palestina na nchi jirani, pamoja na wasomaji Wayahudi walioko ng'ambo – maafisa wa Mamlaka ya Mandate ya Uingereza, Wayahudi na Waarabu wa huko, watalii, na mahujaji Wakristo. Mashirika ya Kizayuni yalilichukulia Jerusalem Post kama chombo chenye ufanisi cha kuweka ushawishi kwa mamlaka ya Uingereza huko Palestina. Katika mwaka wake wa kwanza, Palestine Post lilifikia mzunguko wa kila siku wa nakala takriban 4,000, na kufikia mwaka 1944 mzunguko wake ulikuwa umefikia nakala 50,000.16

• The Palestine Post was established in Jerusalem in 1932 as part of the Zionist movement and only changed its name in 1950 to the Jerusalem Post. The newspaper’s targeted audiences were English readers in Palestine and neighbouring countries and Jewish readers abroad – British Mandate officials, local Jews and Arabs, tourists and Christian pilgrims. Zionist organisations considered the Jerusalem Post an effective medium for exerting influence on the British authorities in Palestine. During its first year the Palestine Post achieved a daily circulation of about 4000 copies and by 1944 its circulation reached 50,000 copies.16

Jumuiya ya Kiyahudi ya Uchunguzi wa Palestina (Jewish Palestine Exploration Society) ilianzishwa mwaka 1914 ikilenga Palestina ya kale; baada ya mwaka 1948 ilibadilishwa jina na kuitwa Jumuiya ya Uchunguzi wa Israeli (Israel Exploration Society).

• The Jewish Palestine Exploration Society was founded in 1914 with a focus on ancient Palestine; it was renamed after 1948 as the Israel Exploration Society.

• Chama cha Soka cha Palestina kilianzishwa mwaka 1928 na klabu za soka za Kiyahudi za Kizayuni; baada ya mwaka 1948 kiliitwa upya Chama cha Soka cha Israel.

• The Palestine Football Association was established in 1928 by Zionist Jewish football clubs; after 1948 it was renamed the Israel Football Association.

Kampuni ya Palestine Potash ilianzishwa mwaka 1930. Mwaka 1951 kampuni hiyo ilitaifishwa na serikali ya Israel, na mwaka 1953 ilibadilishwa jina na kuitwa Dead Sea Works.

• The Palestine Potash Company was established in 1930. In 1951 the company was nationalised by the Israeli government and in 1953 it was renamed the Dead Sea Works.

• Palestine Citrograph, jarida la kila mwezi lililojitolea kwa sekta ya machungwa nchini Palestina, lilichapishwa Tel Aviv katika miaka ya 1930 na 1940 na Yishuv ya Kizayuni; jina lake baadaye lilibadilishwa kuwa Hadar ya Kiebrania.

• Palestine Citrograph, a monthly journal devoted to the citrus industry in Palestine, was published in Tel Aviv in the 1930s and 1940s by the Zionist Yishuv; the name was later changed to the Hebrew Hadar.

• Shirika la Uchumi la Palestina (sasa Shirika la Uchumi la Israel)

• The Palestine Economic Corporation (now the Israel Economic Corporation)

ilianzishwa na wawekezaji Wazayuni wa Kimarekani mwaka 1922 kama kampuni ya umma, na kusajiliwa nchini Marekani. Mwanzoni ilikuwa ikiwekeza na kuendesha shughuli zake kupitia shirika jingine la Kizayuni la Kimarekani, Benki Kuu ya Taasisi za Ushirika huko Palestina, pamoja na mfululizo wa kampuni tanzu za Kizayuni za "Palestina", zikiwemo Benki ya Rehani na Mikopo ya Palestina Ltd na Kampuni ya Maji ya Palestina. Kampuni ya Maji ya Palestina yenyewe ikawa kampuni tanzu ya Shirika la Uchumi la Palestina mwaka 1933, na mwaka 1949 ikabadilishwa jina na kuitwa Mekorot, Kampuni ya Maji ya Israeli, kitengo cha Histadrut.

was founded by American Zionist investors in 1922 as a public company and incorporated in the US. Initially it invested and operated through another American Zionist organisation, the Central Bank of Cooperative Institutions in Palestine and a string of Zionist ‘Palestine’ subsidiary companies including the Palestine Mortgage and Credit Bank Ltd and the Palestine Water Company. The Palestine Water Company itself became a subsidiary of the Palestine Economic Corporation in 1933 and in 1949 it was renamed Mekorot, the Israeli Water Company, a division of the Histadrut.

• Mfuko wa Uwekezaji wa Palestina (Palestine Endowment Funds) uliundwa mwaka 1922 na viongozi wa Kizayuni wa Marekani ili kuwezesha usambazaji wa fedha kwa mashirika ya Kizayuni yaliyochaguliwa na kuidhinishwa nchini Palestina. Miaka mingi baada ya kuanzishwa kwa Israeli, ulibadilishwa jina na kuwa Mfuko wa Uwekezaji wa Israeli (Israel Endowment Funds). Ruzuku zake sasa zinafikia zaidi ya dola bilioni 1.

• Palestine Endowment Funds was created in 1922 by US Zionist leaders to enable the distribution of funds to selected and approved Zionist organisations in Palestine. Many years after Israel was established it was renamed Israel Endowment Funds. Its grants now total over $1 billion.

• Kampuni ya Palestine Automobile Corporation Ltd ilianzishwa mwaka 1934 na ikaanza shughuli zake kama muuzaji wa magari ya Chevrolet kwa Tel Aviv na Haifa. Mwaka 1937 kampuni ilichukua usambazaji pekee wa bidhaa za Ford, ikiuza magari ya Ford na magari ya kibiashara yaliyotengenezwa Marekani na Ulaya. Kampuni iliendelea kufanya kazi chini ya jina la 'Palestine' kwa miaka kadhaa baada ya kuanzishwa kwa Israeli.

• The Palestine Automobile Corporation Ltd was founded in 1934 and began its activities as a Chevrolet dealer for Tel Aviv and Haifa. In 1937 the company took over the sole distributorship of Ford products, marketing Ford cars and commercial vehicles manufactured in the US and in Europe. The company continued to operate under the ‘Palestine’ name for several years after the establishment of Israel.

Flora Palaestina ni chapisho la Chuo cha Sayansi na Binadamu cha Israeli, lililochapishwa kwa mara ya kwanza mwaka 1966. Linajumuisha data ya kitaksonomia na ya kimaeneo ya mimea ya Palaestina katika eneo la kijiografia-kibotania kati ya pwani ya Mediterania upande wa magharibi na jangwa la Transjordan upande wa mashariki, milima ya Lebanoni upande wa kaskazini na jangwa la Sinai upande wa kusini. Toleo lililosasishwa, Distribution Atlas of Plants in the Flora Palaestina Area cha A. Danin, lilichapishwa mwaka 2004.

• Flora Palaestina is a publication by the Israeli Academy of Sciences and Humanities, first appeared in 1966. It encompasses the Palaestina plant taxonomic and floristic data in the geo-botanical area between the Mediterranean coast in the west and the Transjordan deserts in the east, the mountains of Lebanon in the north and the desert of Sinai in the south. An updated version, Distribution Atlas of Plants in the Flora Palaestina Area by A. Danin, was published in 2004.