Makazi ya Kizayuni (moshava) ya Kfar Tavor yalianzishwa katika Galilaya ya chini mwaka 1909 na Jewish Colonisation Association kwa ajili ya kundi la walowezi Waashkenazi kutoka Ulaya Mashariki. Asili ya jina la Kiebrania ni Mlima Tabori ulio karibu (jina lililochukuliwa kutoka Zaburi 89:12).

The Zionist settlement (moshava) of Kfar Tavor was founded in lower Galilee in 1909 by the Jewish Colonisation Association for a group of Ashkenazi settlers from Eastern Europe. The origin of the Hebrew name is neighbouring Mount Tabor (the name taken from Psalm 89:12).

Katika kipindi chote cha Mamlaka ya Uingereza, makazi haya yalijulikana zaidi na uongozi wa Kizayuni wa Yishuv kama Mescha, ambalo lilikuwa tafsiri ya Kiashkenazi ya jina la mahali la Kiarabu la Palestina, Masha. Makazi ya Kizayuni ya karibu ya Sejera (baadaye yaliitwa upya Ilaniya) yalianzishwa muongo mmoja mapema, mwaka 1900‒1902, na Shirika la Ukoloni la Kizayuni. Hii pia ilikuwa tafsiri ya Kiashkenazi ya jina la Kiarabu la Palestina Sajara (lahaja ya Kipalestina yenye maana ya ‘mti’) kwa moja ya makazi ya mwanzo na muhimu zaidi ya Kizayuni nchini Palestina.

Throughout the Mandatory period this settlement was better known to the Zionist leadership of the Yishuv as Mescha, which was the Ashekenazi rendering of the Palestinian Arabic toponym, Masha. The nearby Zionist settlement Sejera (later renamed Ilaniya) was established a decade earlier, in 1900‒1902, by the Zionist Colonisation Association. This too was an Ashkenazi rendering of the Palestinian Arabic name Sajara (Palestinian dialect for ‘tree’) for one of the earliest and most important Zionist settlements in Palestine.

Suala la kubadilisha majina ya maeneo ya Kiarabu kuwa ya Kiebrania, kama vile Masha, halikuwa kipaumbele cha kwanza kwa baadhi ya viongozi wa walowezi wa mwanzo wa Kizayuni huko Palestina, ambao walikuwa wa kidunia kwa msimamo mkali. Kuanzishwa kwa Technikum huko Haifa, ambayo sasa ni Technion, na shirika la Kizayuni la Kijerumani lisilo la kidini mwanzoni mwa karne ya 20, pamoja na mjadala kuhusu lugha ya kufundishia (Kijerumani au Kiebrania), kulizaa ile inayoitwa 'Vita vya Lugha' (Margalit, S.

The issue of Hebraicising Arabic toponyms such as Masha was not always a top priority of some of the fiercely secular early Zionist settler leaders in Palestine. The establishment of the Technikum in Haifa – now the Technion – by a secular German Zionist organisation at the beginning of the 20th century and the controversy about the language of instruction (German or Hebrew) marked the ‘War of the Languages’ (Margalit, S.

1994) katika koloni ya Kizayuni (Yishuv) huko Palestina. Baadhi ya viongozi wa harakati ya Kizayuni ya kushoto isiyo ya kidini ya Po'ale Tzion, kama Ya'akov Zerubavel (aliyezaliwa Ya'akov Vitkin nchini Ukraine, akahamia Palestina mwaka 1910), ambaye alikuwa mwandishi, mchapishaji na mhariri wa gazeti la Kiyidi la Kizayuni, walikuwa wafuasi wakubwa wa Kiyidi – lahaja ya Kijerumani inayozungumzwa na jamii za Kiyahudi za Ulaya ya Kati na Mashariki – na walishiriki mtazamo wa wengi wa Wazayuni wa kushoto wasio wa kidini kwamba Kiebrania kilikuwa lugha ya wasomi wachache tu wa Kiyahudi, hivyo hakikufaa kwa lengo la chama la kuwafikia umati mkubwa unaozungumza Kiyidi hasa huko Ulaya ya Mashariki (Chaver 2004: 97). Kiyidi ni lugha ya kihistoria, na kwa tafsiri halisi ni 'lugha ya mama' (mame-loshn) ya Wayahudi wa Ashkenazi, kinachokitofautisha na 'lugha takatifu' (loshn koydesh), yaani Kiebrania na Kiaramu. Kiyidi kinachukua sarufi na msamiati wengi kutoka Kijerumani lakini kina mikopo kutoka lugha za Kislavoni, Kiebrania na Kiaramu. Hata hivyo, kwa viongozi wengi wa mwanzo wa walowezi wa Kizayuni, Kiyidi kilihusishwa kwa karibu na Uyahudi wa Ashkenazi wa diaspora uliodharauliwa na wa kike, wakati Kiebrania cha kisasa kiliwakilisha 'Mwebrania Mpya' wa kiume, mkoloni-mlowezi. Hata Ya'akov Vitkin alibadilisha jina lake la ukoo na kuwa Ya'akov Zerubavel. Hivyo 'Vita vya Lugha' katika Yishuv ya mwanzo vilimalizika kwa ushindi wa 'Kiebrania Kipya', ambacho kupanda kwake kulikuwa kitovu cha kubuni 'hadithi za kisiasa-kijamii' za Uzayuni (Azaryahu 1995), za Uzayuni wa kisiasa na ujenzi wa utambulisho wa 'kitaifa' wa Kiyahudi wa Kizayuni wenye msimamo mkali wa koloni ya Yishuv.

1994) in the Zionist colony (Yishuv) in Palestine. Some leaders of the leftwing secular Po’ale Tzion Zionist movement, such as Ya’akov Zerubavel (born Ya’akov Vitkin in the Ukraine, immigrated to Palestine in 1910), who was a Zionist writer, publisher and editor of a Yiddish newspaper, were strong proponents of Yiddish – a German dialect spoken by the Jewish communities of Central and Eastern Europe – shared the view of many left-wing secular Zionists that Hebrew was the language of only a few Jewish intellectuals and therefore not suitable for the party’s goal of reaching the primarily Yiddish-speaking masses in Eastern Europe (Chaver 2004: 97). Yiddish is the historical and literally the ‘mother language’ (mame-loshn) of the Ashkenazi Jews, distinguishing it from the ‘holy tongue’ (loshn koydesh), meaning Hebrew and Aramaic. Yiddish takes most of its syntax and vocabulary from German but has loans from Slavic languages and Hebrew and Aramaic. However, for most early Zionist settler leaders Yiddish was closely associated with the despised and feminised diaspora Ashkenazi Judaism, while modern Hebrew represented the new masculinised settler-colonising Hebrew Man. Even Ya’akov Vitkin changed his family name to Ya’akov Zerubavel. Thus the ‘War of the Languages’ in the early Yishuv ended in victory for the ‘new Hebrew’, whose ascendancy was central to the formulation of the ‘politico- social myths’ of Zionism (Azaryahu 1995), of political Zionism and the construction of the militant Zionist Jewish ‘national’ identity of the Yishuv colony.

Miongoni mwa wafanyakazi wa mapema wa Kizayuni huko Sejara alikuwepo David Grün, ambaye alihamia Palestina kutoka sehemu ya Poland ya dola la Urusi mwaka 1906, na baadaye akajulikana kama David Ben-Gurion (1886–1973), baba mwanzilishi wa Israeli na Waziri Mkuu wake wa kwanza. Walowezi, wafanyakazi na viongozi wa mapema wa Kizayuni wa Sejara na Mescha, wengi wao wakiwa raia wa Urusi au Ulaya Mashariki, waliunda shirika la ulinzi wa Kiyahudi huko Palestina: Hashmor (neno la Kiebrania linalomaanisha ‘Walinzi’), lililoanzishwa mwaka 1909 na Wazayuni wa kijamaa.

Among the early Zionist workers in Sejara was David Grün, who immigrated to Palestine from the Polish part of the Russian empire in 1906 and who later became known as David Ben-Gurion (1886–1973), the founding father of Israel and its first Prime Minister. The early Zionist settlers, workers and leaders of Sejara and Mescha, mostly Russian or East European nationals, created a Jewish defence organisation in Palestine: Hashmor (Hebrew for ‘the Guard’), which was organised in 1909 by socialist Zionists.

Hii ilivunjwa wakati wa kipindi cha Mandate baada ya kuanzishwa kwa Haganah (neno la Kiebrania linalomaanisha ‘ulinzi’) mwaka 1920, ambapo jeshi la Israel lilitokea katikati ya mwaka 1948. Mikakati ya walowezi wa mwanzo na viongozi wa Hashomer ya kujifanya wazawa ilijumuisha kuvaa kama Waarabu wa Kipalestina wa huko na kujenga taswira ya Sabra, ‘Myahudi mpya’ au Mwanaume Mpya wa Kiebrania, aliyepewa jina jipya la ‘mzawa’, anayejitegemea na mwenye silaha, Myahudi ‘aliyejikita’ katika ardhi ya Palestina.

This was disbanded during the Mandatory period after the founding of the Haganah (Hebrew for ‘defence’) in 1920 from which the Israeli army emerged in mid-1948. The indigenising and nativising strategies of early settlers and leaders of Hashomer included dressing up like local Palestinian Arabs and cultivating an image of the Sabra, the ‘new Jew’ or the New Hebrew Man, rebranded as a ‘native’, self-reliant and armed Jew ‘rooted’ in the land of Palestine.

Katika kipindi chote cha utawala wa Uingereza wa Mandate, Sejara, kama Mescha, ilibaki ikijulikana zaidi kwa walowezi na uongozi wote wa Kizayuni wa Yishuv kwa jina lake la Kiarabu (si jina lake jipya la Kiebrania Ilaniya), jina la mahali lililotokana na lahaja ya Kiarabu ya kijiji cha jirani cha Wapalestina cha al-Sharaja (‘mti’ kwa Kiarabu). Kijiji cha Wapalestina cha al-Sharaja baadaye kiliharibiwa na vikosi vya Haganah mwaka 1948, na koloni la Kizayuni la Sejara leo linajulikana nchini Israel kama Ilaniya, ambalo pia ni tafsiri ya Kiebrania ya jina la mahali la Kiarabu linalomaanisha ‘mti’.

Throughout the British Mandatory period Sejara, like Mescha, remained better known to the settlers and the entire Zionist leadership of the Yishuv by its Arabic toponym (not its new Hebrew toponym Ilaniya), a place name which was based on the Arabic dialect of the adjacent Palestinian Arab village al-Sharaja (‘tree’ in Arabic). The Palestinian village al-Sharaja was subsequently destroyed by Haganah forces in 1948 and the Zionist colony of Sejara is known in Israel today as Ilaniya, which is also the Hebrew rendering of the Arabic toponym for ‘tree’.