6.7 Upangaji Upya wa Palestina Chini ya Mafatimid: Mkoa wa Jund Filastin na Gavana wa Kijeshi wa Palestina 11) (Mtawala wa Vita wa Palestina) Karne ya 11)

6.7 Upangaji Upya wa Palestina Chini ya Mafatimid: Mkoa wa Jund Filastin na Gavana wa Kijeshi wa Palestina 11) (Mtawala wa Vita wa Palestina) Karne ya 11) - Palestina: Historia ya Miaka Elfu Nne | Quran Course

Kiwango ambacho majukumu ya Mutawalli Harb Filastin yalitofautiana na yale ya wali (gavana wa kiraia) wa jadi wa mkoa wa Jund Filastin hakijulikani kikamilifu (Lev 2003: 46‒47). Lakini, kwa kufanana na majukumu ya Dux Palaestinae wa Byzantium, Gavana wa Kijeshi wa Palestina aliamuru vikosi vyote vya kijeshi vya Kifatimid katika mikoa miwili ya Jund Filastin na Jund al-Urdun. Cha kuvutia, aina ya uvumbuzi huu wa kimkakati wa kijeshi, kwa namna ya Gavana wa Kijeshi wa Palestina, mwenye majukumu ya kijeshi, uliendelea kuwepo hata baada ya kumalizika kwa utawala wa Kifatimid huko Palestina. Vyeo vya mutawalli (kijeshi) na wali (kiraia) mara nyingi vilichanganywa katika kipindi cha Ayyubid, na mwaka 1193 cheo cha mutawalli al-harb bi-Bayt al-Muqaddas, Gavana wa Kijeshi wa Yerusalemu, kinapatikana katika Palestina ya Ayyubid (Humphreys 1977: 78‒79). Hata hivyo, kwa vyovyote vile, dhana ya Gavana wa Kijeshi wa Palestina iliyowekwa na Wafatimid, pamoja na kuinuka kwa Mpalestina, Muhammad al-Yazuri, kuwa wazir (waziri mkuu) wa dola ya Kifatimid mwaka 1050‒1058, pamoja na ushahidi tulio nao kutoka Genizah ya al-Fustat ya Kiarabu-Kiyahudi, vyote hivyo vinatoa taswira kwamba Filastin ilionekana kuwa mkoa muhimu wa dola ya Kifatimid.

The extent to which the responsibilities of Mutawalli Harb Filastin were separate from those of the traditional civil governor (wali) of the province of Jund Filastin is not entirely clear (Lev 2003: 46‒47). But, with echoes of the responsibilities of the Byzantine Dux Palaestinae, the Military Governor of Palestine commanded all the Fatimid military forces in the two provinces of Jund Filastin and Jund al-Urdun. Interestingly, a form of this military-strategic innovation, in the shape of the Military Governor of Palestine, with military responsibilities, did survive the end of the Fatimid rule in Palestine. The titles of mutawalli (military) and wali (civil) are often conflated during the Ayyubid period and in 1193 the title of mutawalli al-harb bi-Bayt al-Muqaddas, the Military Governor of Jerusalem, is found in Ayyubid Palestine (Humphreys 1977: 78‒79). In any event, however, the conception of the Military Governor of Palestine by the Fatimids and the rise of a Palestinian, Muhammad al-Yazuri, to become wazir (chief minister) of the Fatimid state in 1050‒1058, together with the evidence we have from the Arab-Jewish al-Fustat Genizah, all give rise to the impression that Filastin was perceived to be a key province of the Fatimid state.

Maafisa kadhaa wa Kifatimidi waliishi Ramla wakati wa enzi ya Kifatimidi (mwanzoni mwa karne ya kumi na moja), wakiwemo gavana, anayeitwa wali, yaani inaonekana gavana wa Jund Filastin. Gavana, kupitia mtumwa wake wa kijeshi (ghulam), alidhibiti kikosi cha polisi na kudumisha mawasiliano na Cairo [Fustat] kupitia huduma ya posta, au barid. Mji huo pia ulikuwa makao ya polisi wa siri (ashab al-akhbar) na mhubiri wa Kishia wa Kifatimidi wa eneo hilo (da'i). Maafisa wengine wawili ambao uwepo wao umethibitishwa mjini ni msimamizi wa fedha ('amil) na mkaguzi wa hesabu (zinumam), wote wawili wakiteuliwa na serikali ya Cairo. Muundo wa kijamii wa wakazi wa Ramla bado ni kitendawili, lakini kulikuwepo wasomi wa Kiislamu wa eneo hilo waliojumuisha wakuu wa jamii, majaji na mashahidi wa mahakama … Mnamo Muharram 414/Machi‒Aprili 1023, Anushtakin [al-Dizbari, mtumwa-askari wa Kituruki wa daraja la juu aliyekuwa katika utumishi wa Kifatimidi na aliyewahi kuwa gavana wa Baalbeck na Caesarea] aliteuliwa kuwa gavana wa Jund Filastin, akibeba cheo cha gavana wa kijeshi (mutawalli harb Filastin). Mwanzo wa utawala wake ulikuwa wa amani, na mnamo Aprili 1024, msafara mkubwa wa mahujaji wa Kikhurasani [Sunni] kutoka Makka ulipita Ayla [ 'Aqabah ya leo] kupitia Ramla na Damascus hadi Baghdad.

Several Fatimid officials resided in Ramla during the Fatimid period (early eleventh century), including the governor, who is referred to as wali, meaning apparently the governor of Jund Filastin. The governor, through his military slave[-soldier] (ghulam), controlled the police force and kept contact with Cairo [Fustat] through the postal service, or the barid. The town was also the seat of the secret police (ashab al-akhbar) and the local Fatimid [Shi’ite] propagandist (da’i). Two other officials whose presence is attested to in the town were the fiscal administrator (‘amil) and auditor (zinumam), both of which were nominated by the government in Cairo. The social composition of the population in Ramla remains enigmatic, but there was a local Muslim elite made up of notables, judges and court witness … In Muharram 414/March‒April 1023, Anushtakin [al-Dizbari, an elite Turkish slavesoldier in Fatimid employ and a former governor of Baalbeck and Caesarea] was appointed as the governor of Jund Filastin, bearing the title of a military governor (mutawalli harb Filastin). The beginnings of his governorship were peaceful and, in April 1024, a large caravan of Khurasani [Sunni] pilgrims from Mecca travelled through Ayla [present-day ‘Aqabah] via Ramla and Damascus to Baghdad. (Lev 2006: 591)

Ingawa chuki dhidi ya utawala wa Kishia wa Mafatimid huko Palestina haikuwa ya jumla wala hata dhahiri miongoni mwa maulamaa wa Kisunni wa Yerusalemu, chuki hiyo ilikuwa kali sana miongoni mwa Wabedui wa Banu Tayy na jamii za Kikristo – wa kwanza kwa sababu za kiuchumi na wa pili kwa sababu za kidini. Mwanzoni mwa karne ya 11 utawala wa Mafatimid nchini humo uliharibiwa na mfululizo wa maasi ya kikabila, ukosefu mkubwa wa usalama na njaa ambayo, pamoja na tetemeko kubwa la ardhi la mwaka 1025, liliiharibu Palestina (Gil 1996: 22, 25‒27). Uharibifu wa Kanisa la Holy Sepulchre huko Yerusalemu na Kanisa la kifahari la St George huko Lydda, uliofanywa na Khalifa wa Kifatimid al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah mwaka 1009, ulikuwa sehemu ya kampeni ya jumla dhidi ya maeneo ya ibada ya Kikristo huko Palestina na Misri. Sera za Mafatimid ziliathiri vibaya mkoa wa Filastin, na sera hizi zikawa kichocheo si tu cha maasi ya ndani, bali pia cha uvamizi wa Palestina na Waseljuk mwaka 1073 na Wapiganaji wa Msalaba wa Kilatini mwaka 1099.

Although resentment of the Shi’ite Fatimid rule in Palestine was not universal or even evident among the Sunni ulema of Jerusalem, this resentment was very strong among the Bedouins of Banu Tayy and the Christian communities – the former for economic reasons and the latter for religious ones. In the early 11th century the Fatimid rule in the country was marred by a series of tribal rebellions, widespread insecurity and famine which, in addition to the severe earthquake of 1025, devastated Palestine (Gil 1996: 22, 25‒27). The destruction of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem and the splendid church of St George at Lydda by the Fatimid Caliph al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah in 1009 was part of general campaign against Christian places of worship in Palestine and Egypt. Fatimid policies adversely affected the province of Filastin and these policies became an impetus not only to local rebellions but also to the invasion of Palestine by the Seljuks in 1073 and the Latin Crusaders in 1099.