Wannan shi ne game da gudanarwar gaba ɗaya. Amma game da cikakkun bayanai na gudanarwa, ana ɗaukar su ne daga yanayin gudanarwar kanta. Idan muka duba yanayinta, sai mu ga cewa wasu ayyuka Khalifah da kansa ko mataimakansa ne ke aiwatar da su, ko na mulki ne, kamar aiwatar da Shari'a, ko na gudanarwa, ko kuma na biyan bukatun jama'a na gefe waɗanda ke buƙatar hanyoyi da tsare-tsare. Saboda haka, Khalifah yana buƙatar tsari na musamman don tafiyar da al'amuran da ke taimaka masa wajen gudanar da ayyukan Khilafah. Haka kuma, jama'a suna da muradun da ake buƙatar biyansu, waɗanda suka shafi talakawa. Waɗannan muradu ma suna buƙatar hanyoyi da tsare-tsare don cika su. Saboda haka, dole ne a kafa tsari na musamman domin biyan muradun jama'a.

This is as far as the administration as a whole is concerned. As for the details of the administration, they are taken from the nature of the administration itself. By examining its nature we find that some actions are performed by the Khaleefah himself or by his assistants, whether these were ruling, such as execution of the Shar’a, or the matters of administration or discharging the people’s subsidiary interests which require styles and means. This is why a special structure is needed by the Khaleefah to manage the affairs that help Him carry out the duties of Khilafah. The people also have interests that need to be addressed and which are related to the subjects. These interests also require styles and means in order to perform them. Therefore a special structure has to be set up in order to discharge the people’s interests.

Wannan tsari ya ƙunshi hukumomi, sassa da daraktoci. Hukuma ita ce cikakkiyar gudanarwar kowace ofishin gwamnati, kamar ilimi, lafiya, noma, masana'antu da sauransu. Wannan hukuma za ta gudanar da harkokinta da dukkan sassa da daraktoci da ke ƙarƙashin ikonta. Sashe zai gudanar da harkokinsa da na daraktoci da ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa. Daraktan ma zai gudanar da harkokinsa da na dukkan ɓangarori da rassan da ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa.

This structure consists of administrations, departments and directorates. The administration is the overall management of any government office, such as education, health, agriculture, industry and others. This administration would undertake the management of its own affairs and all the departments and directorates under its control. The department would run its own affairs and those of the directorates under its control. The directorate would also run its own affairs and the affairs of all the sections and divisions under its control.

Manufar kafa waɗannan hukumomi, sassa da ofisoshi ita ce tafiyar da harkokin Gwamnati da kuma cika muradun al'umma.

The purpose of establishing these administrations, departments and directorates is to manage the State’s affairs and to discharge the people’s interests.

Domin tabbatar da cewa waɗannan hukumomi, sassa da daraktoci suna gudana yadda ya kamata, dole ne a naɗa daraktoci da za su jagoranci su. Ga kowace hukuma, za a naɗa babban darakta wanda zai jagorance ta kai tsaye kuma ya kula da dukkan sassa da daraktoci da ke ƙarƙashinta. Ga kowane sashe da kowace darakta, za a naɗa manaja wanda zai jagoranci sashensa ko daraktarsa kai tsaye, kuma ya ɗauki alhakin sassan da rassan da ke da alaƙa da shi.

In order to guarantee the smooth running of these administrations, departments and directorates, directors must be appointed to take charge of them. For each administration, a general director would be appointed to take direct charge of it and to supervise all the departments and directorates that come under it. For each department and for each directorate a manager is appointed to be directly in charge of his department or directorate and to be responsible for the sections and divisions affiliated to it.

Wannan yana bayyana yanayin gudanar da mulki, abin da ake kira gudanarwar Dawla. Yana wakiltar tsari gabaki ɗaya ga dukkan al'amura da waɗanda ke rayuwa ƙarƙashin ikon Dawla, kuma an kira shi diwan. Gudanar da gudanarwa ko diwan ba a tsara shi ta wata hanya ta musamman ba a zamanin Manzon Allah ﷺ. Maimakon haka, shi ﷺ yana naɗa wani sakatare ga kowace gudanarwa, wanda zai yi aiki a matsayin shugaba, sakatare, kuma ya ɗauki dukkan ayyukan da suka shafi hakan.

This describes the nature of the management of the administration, or what is called the State’s administrations. It represents a general structure for all the subjects and for those who live under the authority of the State, and it has been called the diwan. The management of the administrations or diwan was not organised in a specific way at the time of the Messenger of Allah (pbuh). He (pbuh) rather used to appoint for each administration a secretary who would act as the director, the secretary and undertakes all the related actions.

ʿUmar Ibnu Al-Khattab ne farko a tarihin Musulunci da ya kafa diwan. Dalilin hakan shi ne, a lokacin da ya aika da wata runduna yaƙi, sai Al-Harmazan, wanda yana wurin a lokacin, ya ce wa ʿUmar: "Wannan rundunar yaƙi ce wadda kai ka umarta a raba kuɗi ga mutanenta, amma idan wani daga cikinsu ya zauna baya, ta yaya abokanka za su san shi? Don me ba za ka ajiye rajista (diwan) a kan hakan ba?" Sai ʿUmar ya tambayi Al-Harmazan game da diwan, shi kuma ya yi masa bayani a kansa. Abid Ibnu Yahya ya ruwaito daga Al-Harith Ibnu Nufayl cewa ʿUmar ya tuntuɓi Musulmi game da rubuta Dawawin, sai Ali Ibnu Abi Talib ya ba da shawara: "Ka raba duk kuɗaɗen da kake tarawa kowace shekara, kada ka ajiye kome daga cikinsu." ʿUthman Ibnu ʿAffan ya ce: "Ina ganin cewa kuɗaɗe suna da yawa, isa ga dukan mutane, kuma idan ba a ƙidaya su ba domin a san wanda ya karɓa da wanda bai karɓa ba, ina tsoron al'amarin zai iya fita daga hannu." Bisa wannan, Al-Waleed Ibnu Hisham Ibnul-Mughira ya ce: "Na kasance a Ash-Sham, na lura cewa sarakunanta sun kafa diwan kuma sun ɗauki sojoji, to don me ba za ku yi haka ba?" ʿUmar ya karɓi shawararsa, ya kira ʿAqeel Ibnu Abi Talib da Makhrama Ibnu Nufayl da Jubayr Ibnu Mat'am, waɗanda masana nasabar Quraishawa ne, ya ce: "Ku shirya ƙidayar gida-gida." Lokacin da Musulunci ya isa Iraƙi, diwan na biyan kuɗi da karɓar kuɗaɗe ya ci gaba kamar yadda yake a da. Diwan na Ash-Sham yana cikin harshen Latin, domin yankin ya kasance cikin Daular Roma, diwan na Iraƙi kuwa yana cikin harshen Farisanci, domin ya kasance cikin Daular Farisa. A zamanin ʿAbdul Malik Ibnu Marwan aka mayar da diwan na Ash-Sham zuwa harshen Larabci, watau a shekara ta 81 bayan Hijira. Daga nan aka kafa dawawin da dama bisa ga buƙata da kuma dogaro da bukatarsu wajen tafiyar da maslahar jama'a. An kafa dawawin na rundunar soji domin rajista da bayar da alawus, sauran kuma an kafa su domin rubuta kuɗin haraji da da'awar dukan mu'amaloli. Wani diwan kuma aka kafa don ‘Aamileen da Wulah, domin su rubuta kowace nadi da kowace cire mukami, sannan aka yi amfani da wasu dawawin a Baitul-Mal don rubuta kudaden shiga da kashe-kashe da sauran al'amura. Kafa diwan ya dogara ne da bukatarsa, kuma salonsa ya canja a cikin shekaru saboda bambancin salo da hanyoyin da ake amfani da su.

‘Umar Ibnu Al-Khattab was the first in the history of Islam to introduce the diwan. The cause for this was that He once dispatched an army expedition and Al-Harmazan, who was present at the time, said to ‘Umar; “This is an expedition in which you ordered funds to be distributed amongst its people, but if anyone of them stayed behind, how would your companions know about him? Why don’t you keep a record (register - diwan) for this?” So ‘Umar asked Al-Harmazan about the diwan and He explained it to him. Abid Ibnu Yahya reported on the authority of Al-Harith Ibnu Nufayl that ‘Umar consulted the Muslims about the recording of the Dawawin, and Ali Ibnu Abi Talib suggested; “Divide all the funds you collect each year and do not keep any of them.” ‘Uthman Ibnu ‘Affan said; “I see that there are a lot of funds enough for all the people, and if they are not counted in order to know who has taken and who has not, I fear that the matter could get out of hand.” Upon this Al-Waleed Ibnu Hisham Ibnul-Mughira said; “I was in Ash- Sham and I noticed that its kings had introduced a diwan and recruited soldiers, so why don’t you do the same?’ “‘Umar took his advice and summoned ‘Aqeel Ibnu Abi Talib and Makhrama Ibnu Nufayl and Jubayr Ibnu Mat’am who were the genealogists of Qur’aysh and said; “Prepare a house to house census.” When Islam reached Iraq, the diwan of payments and funds collection continued as before. The diwan of Ash-Sham was in Latin for it had been part of the Roman Empire, and the diwan of Iraq was in Persian for it had been part of the Persian Empire. In the time of ‘Abdul Malik Ibnu Marwan the diwan of Ash-Sham was transferred to Arabic, ie. in the year 81 AH. Several dawawin were then set up according to necessity and depending on the need for them in running the people’s interests. dawawin for the armed forces were introduced for registration and grant purposes, and others were introduced to record the fees and claims of all transactions. Another diwan was introduced for the ‘Aamileen and Wulah to record each appointment and each removal and other dawawin were used in the treasury (Bait ul-Mal) to record revenues and expenses and so on. The introduction of a diwan was according to the need for it, and its style varied over the years due to the difference in styles and means.

An kada shugaba ga kowane diwan tare da sauran ma'aikata, kuma a wasu lokuta an ba shugaban izinin naɗa ma'aikatan da kansa. A wasu lokuta kuma, ana naɗa ma'aikata a gare shi ba tare da shi ya naɗa su ba.

A chief was appointed for each diwan along with other employees, and in some cases the chief was allowed to appoint the employees himself. In some other cases employees were appointed to Him not by him.

Don haka za a kafa diwan bisa ga buƙata, tare da salo da hanyoyin da za su taimaka wajen cika wannan buƙata. Ana halatta a sami salo da hanyoyi daban-daban bisa ga zamani, ko wilaya, ko ƙasa.

A diwan would thus be set up according to need, along with the styles and means that would help discharging that need. It is permitted to have different styles and means according to the era, or Wilayah or country.

Game da nauyin da ke kan irin waɗannan ma'aikatan gwamnati, su ma'aikata ne da aka ɗauka aiki, kuma a lokaci guda 'yan ƙasa ne. A matakin aikinsu, suna da alhakin shugaban sashensu, kuma a matsayinsu na 'yan ƙasa, suna da alhakin masu mulki, ko waɗannan su ne Wulah, mataimakansu ko Khaleefah. Dole ne su bi ƙa'idodin Shari'a da tsarin gudanarwa.

With regards to the responsibility of such civil servants, they are hired employees and at the same time citizens. At a professional level they are answerable to their own directorate manager, and as citizens they are answerable to the rulers whether these are Wulah, the assistants or Khaleefah. They have to abide by the Shari’ah rules and the administrative systems.