Ana ba rundunar soja tuta (Alwiyah) da tutoci (Rayaat). Halifa yana ba da tuta (Liwaa') ga wanda ya naɗa a kan rundunar; amma tutoci (Rayaat) shugabannin Alwiyah ne ke miƙa su.

Flags (Alwiyah) and banners (Rayaat) are assigned to the army. The Khaleefah gives the flag (Liwaa’) to the one whom He appoints over the army; but the banners (Rayaat) are presented by the chiefs of the Alwiyah (Flags).

Shaidar wannan ita ce aikin Annabi ﷺ domin ya naɗa tutoci (Alwiyah) da tutocin yaƙi (Rayaat) ga rundunar soja. Ibnu Maja ya ruwaito daga Ibnu Abbas cewa tutar yaƙin Annabi ﷺ baƙa ce, kuma tutarsa fara ce. Tirmizi ya ruwaito daga Bara' bin 'Azib, cewa lokacin da aka tambaye shi game da tutar Manzon Allah ﷺ, ya ce tutar Annabi ﷺ baƙa ce, murabba'i ce, an yi ta da Namira (wani yadin ulu mai ratsin fari da baƙi, ko wani yanki na yadin ulu irin wanda Balarabe makiyayi yake sawa), kamar yadda littafin ƙamus na Al-Muhit ya bayyana. Ga Annabi ﷺ akwai wata tuta mai suna Al-'Uƙab wadda aka yi da ulu baƙa. Ahmad da Ibnu Majah sun ruwaito daga Al-Harith bin Hassan bin Al-Bakri, wanda ya ce: "Mun zo Madina, sai muka ga Annabi ﷺ a kan mimbari, Bilal yana tsaye a gabansa sanye da takobinsa, kuma akwai tutoci baƙaƙe a gaban Manzon Allah ﷺ. Na ce: 'Menene waɗannan tutoci?' Suka ce: 'Amr bin Al-'As ne ya dawo yanzu daga wani yaƙi.'" Al-Tirmizi ya ruwaito shi da waɗannan kalmomi: "Na zo Madina, na shiga masallaci, sai na same shi cike da mutane, akwai tutoci baƙaƙe suna motsawa, Bilal kuma sanye da takobi a gaban Annabi ﷺ. Na ce: 'Me ke faruwa?' Suka ce: 'Yana so ya aika Amr bin Al-'As zuwa wani wuri.'" Ibnu Majah ya ruwaito daga Jabir cewa Annabi ﷺ ya shiga Makka a ranar cin ta, tutarsa kuma fara ce. An kuma ruwaito daga Anas a cikin An-Nasa'i cewa Ibnu Umm Maktum yana tare da Annabi ﷺ da tuta baƙa a wasu yaƙe-yaƙen Annabi ﷺ. An kuma ruwaito daga Anas cewa lokacin da Annabi ﷺ ya naɗa Usama bin Zaid a matsayin shugaban rundunar yaƙi zuwa ga Romawa, ya ɗaure masa tutarsa da hannunsa. Tuta (rayah) ta bambanta da alwiyah. Abu Bakr Al-’Arabi ya ce: "Tuta (Liwa'a) an ɗaure ta a ƙarshen mashi kuma a naɗe ta a kansa, amma tuta (Rayah) an ɗaure ta a mashi, an bar ta ga iska ta busa." Al-Tirmithi shi ma ya yi niyyar bambanta tsakaninsu. A lokacin da ya rubuta game da tutoci, ya kawo Hadisin Jabir da aka ambata a baya, sannan ya yi sharhi kan tuta (Rayah), ya kuma kawo Hadisin Al-Bara'a wanda shi ma aka ambata a baya. An yi amfani da tuta (Rayah) a lokacin yaƙi, kuma shugaban yaƙin ne yake riƙe da ita, kamar yadda aka ruwaito a Hadisin yaƙin Mu'ta, lokacin da Zaid ya mutu, Ja'afar kuma ya ɗauki tutar. Dangane da tuta (Liwa'a), an kan sanya ta a kan sansanin sojoji a matsayin alama a gare shi, kuma ana riƙe ta ga Amir na wannan rundunar, kamar yadda ya zo a Hadisin aika Usama zuwa Ash-Sham: "...kuma Manzon Allah ﷺ ya ɗaure tutar Usama da hannunsa", wato lokacin da ya naɗa shi Amir a kan rundunar. Bambancin da ke tsakanin tuta (Rayah) da tuta (Liwa'a) shi ne: tuta (Liwa'a) an ɗaure ta a ƙarshen mashi, kuma an kira ta "'Alam", wadda ta fi tuta (Rayah) girma, kuma an tanadar ta don wurin shugaban rundunar. Duk inda shugaban ya je, tana tare da shi, alhali tuta (Rayah) an ɗaure ta a mashi, an bar ta ga iska. Shugaban yaƙi ne yake kula da ita. Ana kiran tuta (Rayah) da "uwar yaƙi", saboda haka kowace runduna yawanci tana da tuta ɗaya, amma ga rassanta, ɓangarorinta da bataliyoyinta akwai tutoci na musamman.

The evidence for this is the action of the Prophet (pbuh) because He assigned flags (Alwiyah) and banners (Rayaat) to the army. Ibnu Maja narrated on the authority of Ibnu Abbas that the banner of the Prophet (pbuh) was black and that his flag was white. Tirmithi narrated from Bara bin ‘Azib, that when He was asked about the Rayah of the Messenger of Allah (pbuh), He said that the banner of the Prophet (pbuh) was black, square and made of Namerah, (a woollen cloth which has white and black stripes or a woollen piece of cloth like the one that bedouins wear), which is explained in the dictionary of Al-Muheet. For the Prophet (pbuh) there was a banner called Al-’Uqab that was made of black wool. Ahmad and Ibnu Majah narrated from Al-Harith bin Hassaan bin Al-Bakri who said; “We came to Madinah and we saw the Prophet (pbuh) on the Minbar, with Bilal standing in front of Him wearing his sword, and there were black banners in front of the Messenger (pbuh); “I said ‘What are these banners?’ They said; ‘It is ‘Amr bin ‘Al- ’Aas who has just arrived from an expedition.’” Al-Tirmidhi narrated it with the following wording; “I came to Madinah, entered the Masjid and found it crowded with people and there were black banners swaying and Bilal was wearing a sword in front of the Prophet (pbuh), I said ‘what is the matter?’ They said; ‘He (pbuh) wants to send ‘Amr bin ‘Al-’Aas to a certain area.’” Ibn Majah narrated from Jabir that the Prophet (pbuh) entered Makkah on the day of its conquest and his flag was white. It was also narrated from Anas in An-Nasai that Ibnu Umm Maktoum had with Him a black banner in some of the battles of the Prophet (pbuh). It was also narrated from Anas that when the Prophet (pbuh) appointed Usamah bin Zayd as an Ameer of the army to attack the Romans He tied to Him his flag by his hand. The banner is different from the flag. Abu Bakr Al-’Arabi said; “the flag is tied at the end of the spear and is wrapped around it whilst the banner is tied to the spear but is left for the winds to blow.” Al-Tirmithi also inclined to differentiate between them and when He wrote about the flags He brought the Hadith of Jabir mentioned previously as well as commented on the banner, and brought the Hadith of Al-Bara’a that was also mentioned previously. The banner (Rayah) was used during the war and by the leader of the battle as narrated in the Hadith of the battle of Mu’ta, when Zayd was killed and Ja’afar took the banner. With regards to the flag, (Liwa’a) it used to be placed over the camp of the army as a sign for it, and it used to be held for the Ameer of that army as it came in the Hadith of sending Usamah to Ash-Sham “...and that the Messenger (pbuh) tied his (Usamah’s) flag with his hand”, i.e. when He appointed Him an Ameer over the army. The difference between the banner and flag is that the flag is tied to the end of the spear and it was called “‘Alam” which is bigger than the banner and it is assigned to the place of the leader of the army. It goes wherever He goes, whereas the banner is tied to the spear and left for the winds to blow. The leader of the war looks after it. The banner is called the ‘mother of the war’, so for each army there is usually one banner, but for its divisions, brigades and battalions there are special banners.

A kan tuta baƙa (rayah) an rubuta “La ilaha illa Allah, Mohammad Ar-Rasool ul-Allah” da fari, kuma a kan tuta fara (liwaa’) an rubuta shi da baƙi.

It is written on the black banner (rayah) “La ilaha illa Allah, Mohammad Ar-Rasool ul-Allah” in white, and written on the white banner (liwaa’) “La ilaha illa Allah, Mohammad Ar-Rasool ul-Allah” in black.

Lam'in farko da aka ɗaura a Musulunci shi ne tutar ‘Abdullah bin Jahsh. Wata baƙar tuta mai farin wata aka ɗaura wa Sa’d ibn Malik Al-Azdi. Wannan yana nuna cewa dole ne a sami tutoci da alamu ga sojoji, kuma Khalifa ne yake ɗaura tuta ko alama ga duk wanda ya naɗa a kan sojoji. Game da Rayah (tutar yaƙi), halal ne Khalifa ya ba da ita, ko kuma a bar wa shugabannin runduna su ba da ita. Dangane da cewa halal ne Khalifa ya raba tutoci, ya zo ne daga abin da Muslim da Al-Bukhari suka ruwaito daga Salamah bin Akwa’a cewa Annabi ﷺ ya ce: “‘Zan ba da Rayah ga wani mutum, ko kuma wanda zai ɗauki Rayah gobe mutum ne wanda Allah da Manzonsa suke ƙauna.’ Ko kuma ya ce: ‘Yana ƙaunar Allah da Manzonsa... Allah zai buɗe masa.’ Nan take sai ga Ali (raw) ya zo, a inda ba mu yi tsammaninsa ba. Sai suka ce: ‘Wannan Ali ne,’ sai Manzon Allah ﷺ ya ba shi Rayah, sai Allah ya buɗe masa.” Game da shugaban runduna wajen raba tutoci, ana fahimta daga Hadisin Al-Harith bin Al-Haassan Al-Bakri wanda ya gabata a cikin ruwayoyin biyu, wanda ya ce akwai baƙaƙen tutoci: “...kwatsam sai ga baƙaƙen tutoci”, wanda ke nufin akwai tutoci da yawa tare da sojojin, ko da yake Amirinsu mutum ɗaya ne, wanda shi ne ‘Amr ibnu Al-’Ass, ko yana dawowa daga Ghazwa ko yana fita zuwa Ghazwa. Wannan yana nuna cewa waɗannan Rayaat suna tare da shugabannin bataliyoyi, kuma babu wata hujja da ke nuna cewa Manzon Allah ﷺ ne ya ba su waɗannan Rayaat. Duk da haka, halal ne Khalifa ya bar Amirin runduna ya ba da tutoci ga kwamandojin bataliyoyi, kuma wannan ya fi dacewa ga tsari, ko da yake Mubah ne (halal).

The first flag that was tied in Islam was the flag of ‘Abdullah bin Jahsh. A black banner that had a white crescent was tied to Sa’d ibn Malik Al- Azdi. This indicates that there must be flags and banners for the army and the Khaleefah ties the flag or the banner to whomsoever He appoints over the army. With regards to the Rayah it is allowed for the Khaleefah to allocate it or it can be left to the commanders of brigades. Regarding the fact that it is allowed for the Khaleefah to distribute the flags, it is due to what Muslim and Al-Bukhari narrated from Salamah bin Akwa’a that the Prophet (pbuh) said; “‘I will give the Rayah to a man, or the one who will take the Rayah tomorrow is a man whom Allah and His Messenger love.’ Or He said, ‘He loves Allah and His Messenger... Allah will open up to him.’ All of a sudden, Ali (raw) was there, where we did not expect him. So they said, ‘This is Ali, so the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) gave Him the Rayah and thus Allah opened up to him.’” As regards to the leader of the brigade distributing the flags, it is understood from the Hadith of Al-Harith bin Al-Haassan Al-Bakri which came before in both narrations, which stated that there were black banners; “...suddenly there were black banners”, which means that there were many Rayaat with the army, though its Ameer was one person, who was ‘Amr ibnu Al-’Ass, whether He was coming back from a Ghazwa or going out to a Ghazwa. This indicates that these Rayaat were with the leaders of the battalions and there was no evidence that the Messenger (pbuh) was the one who gave them these Rayaat. However, it is allowed for the Khaleefah to allow the Ameer of the brigades to give the banners to the battalion commanders, and this is much more proper for organisation, although it is Mubah (allowed).