11.1 Biashara - Mfumo wa Kiuchumi wa Uislamu | Quran Course

11.1 Biashara - Mfumo wa Kiuchumi wa Uislamu | Quran Course

"Kwa kuwa Mwenyezi Mungu ameruhusu biashara ya kuuza na kukataza riba." [Al-Baqarah: 275] Tumefahamu kutoka kwa haya kwamba kila moja ya hizi ni biashara, na ile inayoruhusiwa na Shari'a ni kuuza. Mchakato wa kuuza unakamilishwa na pande mbili. Mmoja wao hutoa ofa (Ijab) na mwingine hukubali (Qabool). Hivi huonyeshwa kwa neno "nimeuza" na "nimenunua" au maneno yoyote au kitendo chochote chenye maana hizi. Mmiliki wa bidhaa ana haki ya kufanya mauzo na kumteua mtu kuwa wakala au mjumbe wa kutekeleza mauzo hayo kwa niaba yake. Pia anaruhusiwa kumwajiri mtu kufanya mauzo kwa niaba yake, kwa sharti kwamba ujira wake umeainishwa. Ikiwa atamwajiri mtu kwa sehemu ya faida, basi atakuwa mshirika kimya, na kanuni ya mshirika badala ya mfanyakazi itamtumikia. Pia anaruhusiwa kununua mali hiyo mwenyewe au kupitia wakala wake, mwakilishi wake, au kumwajiri mtu atakayenunua kwa niaba yake. Kwa muhtasari, biashara inaruhusiwa. Ni namna ya kuongeza umiliki, na inadhihirika katika sheria za kuuza na kushirikiana (ushirika). Biashara imetajwa katika Qur'ani na Hadithi. Mwenyezi Mungu (subhanahu wa ta'ala) amesema:

“Whereas Allah permitted selling and prohibited usury.” [Al-Baqarah: 275] We understood from this that each of them is trading, and the one which is permitted by Shar’a is selling. The selling process is concluded by two parties. One of them gives the offer (Ijab) and the other accepts (Qabool). These are expressed with the word “I sold” and “I bought” or any words or action which hold these meanings. The owner of the commodity has the right to carry out the selling and to deputise somebody as an agent or as a Messenger to execute the selling on his behalf. He is allowed also to employ a person to perform the selling on his behalf, on condition that his wage is defined. If He employed someone for part of the profit He would be a silent partner, and the rule of the partner rather than the employee will be applied upon him. He is also allowed to buy the property himself or through his agent, his representative or to hire a person who will buy for him. In summary, trading is allowed. It is a form of increasing the ownership, and it is evident in the laws of selling and company (partnership). Trading came in the Qur’an and the Hadith. Allah (swt) said:

Rifa'a alisimulia kwamba alitoka pamoja na Mtume wa Allah ﷺ kuelekea mahali pa kuswalia, akawaona watu wakifanya biashara. Mtume wa Allah ﷺ akasema: "Enyi wafanyabiashara!" Wakamwitikia Mtume wa Allah ﷺ, wakainua shingo na macho yao kumwelekea. Yeye ﷺ akasema: "Wafanyabiashara watafufuliwa Siku ya Kiyama kama mafasiki (waovu), isipokuwa wale waliokuwa wacha Mungu na waaminifu." Al-Tirmidhi ameripoti kwamba Abu Sa'id alisimulia kwamba Mtume wa Allah ﷺ alisema: "Mfanyabiashara mwaminifu na mwadilifu atafufuliwa pamoja na Manabii, waadilifu na mashahidi." Biashara ni ya aina mbili: biashara ya ndani na biashara ya nje. Biashara ya ndani ni kuuza na kununua baina ya watu kwa bidhaa, iwe ni bidhaa za uzalishaji wao wenyewe, za kilimo au za viwanda, au bidhaa za watu wengine, zinazozunguka ndani ya nchi yao. Biashara ya ndani inaruhusiwa bila vikwazo, isipokuwa kwa kanuni zinazohusiana na mauzo. Kuhusu bidhaa, aina zake, na usafirishaji wake ndani ya nchi kutoka sehemu moja hadi nyingine, kila mfanyabiashara anaachiwa kufanya biashara ndani ya kanuni za Sharia. Dola halina jukumu katika biashara ya ndani isipokuwa kwa usimamizi tu. Kuhusu biashara ya nje, ni ununuzi wa bidhaa kutoka nje ya nchi, iwe bidhaa hizo ni za kilimo au za viwanda. Aina hii ya biashara iko chini ya usimamizi wa moja kwa moja wa Dola, hivyo Dola husimamia moja kwa moja uingizaji na usafirishaji wa bidhaa hizi na husimamia wafanyabiashara wa nchi zilizo vitani na wale wa amani (wale waliofungwa na mikataba).

Rifa’a narrated that He went out with the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) to the prayer place and He saw the people trading. The Messenger of Allah (pbuh) said, “O traders!” They responded to the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) and raised their necks and eyes towards him. He (pbuh) said, “Traders will be resurrected on the Day of Judgement as fujjar (wrongdoers) except those who were righteous and honest.” Al-Tirmidhi reported that Abu Sa’id narrated that the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) said: “The honest trustworthy merchant will be resurrected with the prophets, righteous and the martyrs.” Trading is of two types, domestic and foreign. Domestic trading is the selling and buying which occurs among the people over commodities, whether they are of their own products, agricultural or industrial, or of other peoples products, where they are circulated in their own country. Domestic trading is allowed without constraints, except by those rules connected with selling. With regard to the commodities, their types, and their transfer inside the country from place to place, it is left to every merchant to trade within the rules of Shar’a. The State has nothing to do with the domestic trading except through supervision only. Regarding foreign trade, it is the purchase of commodities from abroad, whether such commodities were agricultural or industrial. This type of trading is subject to the direct supervision of the State, so it directly supervises the import and export of these commodities and supervises the belligerent and peaceful (those bound by treaties) merchants.