12.2 Ushirika wa Sawa - Al-Inan - Mfumo wa Kiuchumi wa Uislamu | Quran Course

12.2 Ushirika wa Sawa - Al-Inan - Mfumo wa Kiuchumi wa Uislamu | Quran Course

Katika aina hii ya kampuni, mtaji unawakilishwa na fedha, kwa kuwa fedha huwakilisha thamani ya mali na mauzo. Haijuzu kuingia ushirikiano juu ya bidhaa isipokuwa ikiwa imethaminiwa kwa fedha wakati wa kufanya mkataba. Thamani yake wakati huo ndiyo inayowakilisha mtaji. Ni sharti kwamba mtaji uwe umebainishwa na uweze kutumika mara moja. Kwa hiyo ushirikiano hauruhusiwi kuundwa juu ya mtaji usiojulikana, mali isiyokuwepo au deni, kwa kuwa mtaji lazima urejewe wakati wa kugawana, na kwa sababu deni haliwezi kutumika mara moja, na hilo ndilo lengo la kampuni. Si lazima hisa za mali za wabia ziwe sawa au za aina moja. Hata hivyo, lazima zipimwe kwa kipimo kimoja ili mali zote ziwe kitu kimoja. Kwa hiyo, ni halali kwa mfano kuwa wabia kwa kutumia fedha za Kimisri na za Kisiria, lakini hizi zinapaswa kupimwa kwa thamani moja ili zisiwe na tofauti kati yake na ziwe za aina moja. Ni sharti mtaji wa kampuni uwe mali moja na wa pamoja kwa wabia wote, kwa namna ambayo hakuna mbia anayeweza kutofautisha mali yake na ya mwenzake. Pia ni sharti wabia wote wawe na mamlaka juu ya mtaji. Kampuni ya 'Inan (sawa) imejengwa juu ya uwakilishi na uaminifu. Wabia wanaaminiana kwa kukabidhiana mali, na kwa kuwapa ruhusa ya kutumia mali. Kampuni inapoundwa, huwa kitu kimoja. Ni wajibu kwa wabia kuanza kazi wenyewe, kwa kuwa kampuni imejengwa juu ya miili yao. Hakuna hata mmoja wao anayeruhusiwa kumwakilisha mtu mwingine afanye kazi kwa niaba yake kwa ajili ya kampuni. Kampuni kwa ujumla huajiri yeyote inayemtaka na kutumia nguvu kazi ya yeyote inayempenda kama mfanyakazi wake, si kama mfanyakazi wa mmoja wa wabia.

In this type of company, the capital is represented by money, because money represents the value of the properties and the sales. It is not allowed to enter into partnership over merchandise unless it was evaluated in monetary terms at the time of contract. Its value at this time represents the capital. It is a condition that the capital be defined and disposable. The partnership is thus not allowed to be formed over an unknown capital, absent property or a debt as the capital has to be referred to at the time of division and because the debt cannot be disposed with immediately and this is the aim of the company. It is not necessary that the two property shares are equal or of the same kind. However, they must be evaluated by one measure so that both shares become one property. It is, therefore, valid to become partners with, for example, Egyptian and Syrian money, but these should be evaluated by one value so that there is no difference between them and they become one of the same kind. It is a condition that the capital of the company be one property and common for both such that neither partner can differentiate his property from the other’s. It is also conditional that the two partners have authority over the capital. The ‘Inan (equal) company is based on delegation and trust. The partners trust each other through handing over properties, and by delegating permission to each other to dispose of property. Once the company has been formed it becomes one entity. It is obligatory for the partners to start work themselves as the company is established upon their bodies. Neither of them is allowed to delegate another person to work for the company on his behalf. The company as a whole employs whom it wants and uses the body of whom it likes as its employee not as an employee for one of the partners.

Si sharti kwamba washirika wawili wawe na hisa sawa, lakini ni lazima wawe sawa katika haki ya kutumia mali. Kuhusu mtaji, inafaa washirika wawe na hisa tofauti au sawa, na faida inagawanywa kama wanavyokubaliana. Hivyo inafaa kukubaliana usawa katika faida au kumpa mmoja upendeleo. Kulingana na alichosimulia 'Abdurrazzaq katika Al-Jami', 'Ali (ra) alisema: "Faida ni kama walivyokubaliana."' Kuhusu hasara katika kampuni ya 'Inan, inagawanywa kwa kadiri ya hisa ya mtaji tu. Ikiwa hisa zao ni sawa thamani, basi hasara kati yao inagawanywa kwa usawa, na ikiwa mtaji umegawanywa theluthi, basi hasara inagawanywa theluthi. Ikiwa walikubaliana kinyume na hayo, makubaliano yao hayatapewa thamani yoyote. Kanuni ya hasara inatekelezwa bila kuzingatia makubaliano yao, kwa kugawanya hasara kulingana na uwiano wa hisa zao za mtaji. Hii ni kwa sababu mwili haupotezi mali; bali unapoteza juhudi iliyotumika tu. Hasara hiyo basi inabebwa juu ya mtaji na kugawanywa kulingana na hisa za washirika. Hii ni kwa sababu kampuni ni aina ya uwakilishi (Wakala). Kanuni ni kwamba mwakilishi haishikiliwi kuwajibika kwa hasara, bali hasara inabebwa juu ya mali ya aliyemwakilisha. 'Abdurrazzaq alisimulia katika Al-Jami' kutoka kwa 'Ali (ra): "Hasara (Al-Wadhi'a) iko juu ya mtaji, na faida ni kama walivyokubaliana."'

It is not conditional that the two partners have equal shares, but it is necessary that they are equal in the right of disposal. With regard to the capital, it is valid that the partners have different or equal shares, while the profit is divided as they stipulate. It is thus valid to stipulate equality in the profit or to give preference. According to what ‘Abdurrazzaq narrated in Al-Jami’, ‘Ali (ra) said: ‘The profit is according to what they stipulated.’ With regard to losses in the ‘Inan company, it is according to the capital share only. If their shares are of equal value then the loss between them is divided equally, and if the capital is divided in thirds then the loss is divided in thirds. If they stipulated other than that, no value will be given to their stipulations. The rule on loss is then executed without regard to their stipulations, by dividing the loss based upon the ratio of their capital shares. This is because the body does not lose property; rather it loses the spent effort only. The loss is thus carried on the capital and it is distributed according to the shares of the partners. This is because a company is a form of representation (Wakala). The rule is that the deputy is not held responsible for the loss but the loss is carried upon the property of the deputising person. Abdurrazzaq narrated in Al-Jami’ from ‘Ali (ra): “The loss (Al-Wadhi’a) is upon the capital and the profit is according to what they stipulated.”