Njia nyingine ya kumiliki ni ile ambayo watu huchukua mali za wengine bila kutoa mali mbadala wala juhudi. Njia hii inajumuisha aina tano.

Another means of ownership is that which the individuals take from the properties of others without giving an alternate property or an effort. This means includes five types.

1. Zawadi ambazo watu hutoana wao kwa wao. Hizi zinaweza kuwa wakati wa uhai wao, kama ruzuku na zawadi, au baada ya kufa kwao, kama mali ya wasia. An-Nasai na Ibn Ishaq wamesimulia katika Siira ya Mtume wa Allah ﷺ kutoka kwa 'Amr bin Shu'aib, kutoka kwa baba yake, kutoka kwa babu yake, kwamba wajumbe wa Hawazin walipomjia Mtume ﷺ na kumwomba arejeshe kwao mali ambazo alikuwa ameipata kutoka kwao kama ngawira, Mtume ﷺ alisema: "Ngawira ambayo ni yangu na ya wana wa 'Abdul-Muttalib ni yenu," yaani, ni ruzuku kutoka kwangu kwenu. Ibn 'Asakir alisimulia kutoka kwa Abu Hurairah kwamba Mtume ﷺ pia alisema: "Badilishaneni zawadi miongoni mwenu ili mpendane." Bukhari alisimulia kutoka kwa Ibn 'Abbas kwamba Mtume ﷺ alisema: "Sisi hatutoi mfano mbaya; yule anayedai kurudishiwa ruzuku yake ni kama mbwa anayerudia matapishi yake." Hakuna tofauti kati ya kafiri na Mwislamu kuhusu ruzuku na zawadi. Kutoa zawadi kwa kafiri kunaruhusiwa, na kupokea anachotoa ni sawa na kupokea anachotoa Mwislamu. Imesimuliwa kutoka kwa Asma, binti wa Abu Bakr, aliyesema: "Mama yangu alinitembelea akiwa bado ni mshirikina (Mushrik), miongoni mwa wale walioingia katika mkataba ambao Mjumbe wa Allah ﷺ alikuwa nao na Quraish (Mkataba wa Hudaibiyyah), basi nilimwuliza Mtume, 'Ewe Mtume ﷺ wa Allah! Mama yangu ananipenda, je, nimpe zawadi?' Akasema ﷺ: 'Ndiyo.'" Bukhari alisimulia kutoka kwa Abu Hameed As-Sa'idi, aliyesema kwamba Mfalme wa Ayla alimpa Mtume ﷺ nyumbu mweupe na nguo kama zawadi. Kwa kuwa hiba (ruzuku) na hadiyyah (zawadi) ni kutoa mali kwa hiari wakati wa uhai, mali ya wasia (Wasiyah) ni kutoa mali kwa hiari baada ya kifo. Allah (swt) anasema,

1. Rewards which the individuals give to each other. This could be in their lifetime such as a grant and a gift, or after their death such as the property of a will. An-Nisai and Ibn Ishaq narrated in the Seerah of the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) from ’Amr ibn Shu’aib from his father, from his grandfather that when the delegates of Hawazin came to the Prophet (pbuh) and asked Him to return to them the properties which He had gained from them as spoils, the Prophet (pbuh) said: “The spoils which belong to me and to the sons of ’Abdul-Muttalib are for you,” in other words they are a grant from me to you. Ibn’ Asakir narrated from Abu Hurairah that the Prophet (pbuh) also said: “Exchange gifts amongst yourselves so that you love each other.” It was narrated by Bukhari from Ibn ’Abbas that the Prophet (pbuh) said: “We do not set the bad example; the one who claims back his grant is like the dog which returns back its vomit.” There is no difference between a disbeliever and a Muslim concerning the grant and the gift. Granting a gift to the disbeliever is permitted and accepting that which He gives is like accepting that which a Muslim gives. It is narrated from Asma, daughter of Abu Bakr, who said: “My mother visited me while she was still a polytheist (Mushrik), included in the covenant which the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) had with Quraish (Treaty of Hudaibiyyah), so I consulted the Prophet, ‘O Prophet (pbuh) of Allah! My mother has love for me, should I give her a present?’ He (pbuh) said: ‘Yes.’” Bukhari narrated from Abu Hameed As-Sa’idi, who said that the King of Ayla gave the Prophet (pbuh) a white mule and a dress as a gift. As the grant (Hiba) and the gift (Hadiyyah) are the voluntary giving of property during the lifetime, the property of the will (Wasiyah) is the voluntary giving of property after the death. Allah (swt) says,

“Imewekwa juu yenu, mmoja wenu anapokaribia kufa, ikiwa ameacha mali, kwamba aachiwe wazazi wake na jamaa zake.” [Al-Baqarah: 180] Imepokewa na Bukhari kwamba Sa'ad ibn Waqqas alisema: “Mara moja niliugua huko Makkah kwa kiwango cha kukaribia kufa. Mtume ﷺ alikuja kunitembelea. Basi nikasema: ‘Ee Mjumbe wa Allah, nina mali nyingi, na hakuna anayenirithi isipokuwa binti yangu. Je, ninaweza kuusia theluthi mbili ya mali yangu?’ Yeye ﷺ akasema: ‘Hapana.’ Nikasema: ‘Nusu yake?’ Yeye ﷺ akasema: ‘Hapana.’ Nikasema: ‘Theluthi moja yake?’ Yeye ﷺ akasema: ‘Theluthi ni kubwa (ya kutosha). Ni bora kuwaacha watoto wako wakiwa matajiri kuliko kuwaacha wakiwa maskini wakiomba kwa watu.’” Hivyo basi, mtu kwa njia ya zawadi, ruzuku au mali iliyousiwa, hupewa umiliki wa kitu kilichotolewa, kilichoruzukiwa au kilichousiwa kwake.

“It is prescribed for you, when one of you approaches death, if you leave wealth, that it be bequeathed unto his parents and relatives.” [Al-Baqarah: 180] It was narrated by Bukhari that Sa’ad ibn Waqqas said: “I was ill once in Makkah to the point I was approaching death. The Prophet (pbuh) came to visit me. So I said: ‘O Messenger of Allah, I have great wealth, and nobody inherits from me except my daughter. Can I bequeath two thirds of my property?’ He (pbuh) said: ‘No.’ I said: ‘Half of it?’ He (pbuh) said: ‘No.’ I said: ‘One third of it?’ He (pbuh) said: ‘The third is big (enough). It is better to leave your children rich than to leave them poor and begging from the people.’” Thus the person, by the means of the gift, the grant or the bequeathed property, is given ownership of the thing gifted, granted or bequeathed to him.

2. Mali yanayomstahiki mtu kama fidia kwa madhara aliyoyapata, kama vile diya ya damu na fidia ya jeraha. Allah (SWT) amesema:

2. Property due to a person as a recompense for a harm which had befallen him, such as the blood money and the wound money. Allah (swt) said:

“Na yeyote aliyemuua muumini kwa kosa, sharti amwachie huru mtumwa muumini, na atoe diya kwa jamaa za aliyeuawa.” [An-Nisa: 92] An-Nisai amesimulia kwamba Mtume ﷺ aliandikia watu wa Yemen barua, akaituma kwa Amr ibn Hazm; ndani yake mlikuwamo: “Diya ya mtu aliyeuawa ni ngamia 100.” Kuhusu fidia ya majeraha, An-Nisai amesimulia kutoka kwa al-Zuhri, kutoka kwa Abu Bakr ibn Mohammed ibn ’Amr ibn Hazm, kutoka kwa baba yake, kutoka kwa babu yake, kwamba Mtume ﷺ alimwandikia barua iliyosema: “Diya hulipwa kwa pua iliyokatwa, ulimi, midomo miwili, korodani mbili, uume, uti wa mgongo, na macho mawili. Nusu ya diya hulipwa kwa mguu mmoja. Kwa jeraha linalofika ndani ya kichwa (hata kukwaruza ngozi ya kichwa), theluthi moja ya diya, na kwa jeraha linalofika ndani ya tumbo, au ndani ya kiungo chochote cha mwili, theluthi moja ya diya. Kwa jeraha linalovunja mifupa, ngamia 15.” Diya ya aliyeuawa kwa makusudi ni haki ya warithi wake kutoka kwa muuaji. Imepokelewa na Ibn Majah kutoka kwa ’Amr ibn Al-Ahwas kwamba Mtume ﷺ alisema: “Anayefanya kosa, hufanya hivyo juu ya nafsi yake tu.” Katika mauaji yasiyo ya makusudi, kama mauaji yanayofanana na ya makusudi au yale yanayofanyika kwa kosa, warithi wa aliyeuawa wana haki ya kudai diya kutoka kwa jamaa wa karibu wa muuaji. Bukhari amesimulia kutoka kwa Abu Hurairah, aliyesema: “Wanawake wawili kutoka Hudhail waligombana; mmoja wao alimtupia mwenzake jiwe akamuua, pamoja na kiinitete kilichokuwa tumboni mwake. Wakamlalamikia Mtume ﷺ. Akahukumu kwamba diya ya kiinitete cha mwanamke ilikuwa mtumwa (mwanaume au mwanamke), na akahukumu kwamba diya ya mwanamke huyo ilikuwa kwa jamaa zake wa karibu (’Aqilah).” ’Aqilah maana yake ni yule anayebeba ’Aqal. ’Aqal hapa maana yake ni diya. ‘Aqilah inajumuisha jamaa wote wa karibu wa muuaji, baba, watoto wa kiume, ndugu, wajomba (ndugu wa baba) na watoto wao wa kiume. Iwapo muuaji hana ‘Aqilah, diya hulipwa kutoka Bait ul-Mal kwa sababu Mtume wa Allah ﷺ alilipa diya ya Mwanasari aliyeuawa huko Khaybar kutoka Bait ul-Mal. Pia imepokewa kwamba mtu mmoja aliuawa katika msongamano wa watu wakati wa ‘Umar, na muuaji wake hakujulikana, hivyo ‘Ali akamwambia ‘Umar: “Ee Kiongozi wa Waumini, damu ya Muislamu haipotei bure, kwa hiyo lipa diya yake kutoka Bait ul-Mal.” Kuhusu majeraha kama vile kuvunjika kwa kichwa au uso, au kukatwa (kukatwa viungo) kwa kiungo cha mwili au kipande cha nyama, au kupotea kwa uwezo kama vile kupoteza kusikia, kuona na akili, ambapo mmoja wa majeraha haya humpata mtu, basi huyo mtu anastahili fidia kwa majeraha hayo kulingana na kanuni zilizofafanuliwa za kila kiungo katika kila hali. Kwa njia ya diya inayostahiki kwa mtu kutoka katika diya ya aliyeuawa au kwa kiungo kilichoharibika au uwezo uliopotea, mtu huyu anamiliki fedha hiyo au mali hiyo.

“He who has killed a believer by mistake must set free a believing slave and pay the blood money to the family of the slain.” [An-Nisa: 92] An-Nisai narrated that the Prophet (pbuh) wrote a letter to the people of Yemen and He sent it with Amr ibn Hazm; it included “The blood money for the (killed) person is 100 camels.” With regards to the wounds money, An-Nisai narrated from al-Zuhri from Abu Bakr ibn Mohammed ibn ’Amr ibn Hazm from his father from his grandfather that the Prophet (pbuh) wrote to Him a letter saying: “The blood money is paid in case of the amputated nose, the tongue, the two lips, the two testicles, the penis, the spine and the two eyes. Half the blood money is paid for one leg. For the wound, which reaches inside the head (even scraping the scalp) one third of the blood money, and for the wound which reaches inside the stomach, or inside any member of the body one third of the blood money. In the wound which breaks the bones 15 camels.” The blood money for the one slain intentionally is due to his inheritors from the killer. It is narrated by ibn Majah from ’Amr ibn Al-Ahwas that the Prophet (pbuh) said: “The one who incurs a crime does that on himself only.” In case of the non-intentional killing, like the killing which appears like it is intentional or that committed by mistake, the inheritors of the slain are entitled to claim the blood money from the close relatives of the killer. Bukhari narrated from Abu Hurairah, who said: “Two women from Hudhail quarrelled; one of them threw a stone at the other and killed her and the embryo in her womb. They complained to the Prophet (pbuh). He ruled that the blood money for the women’s embryo was a slave (male or female), and He ruled that the blood money of the woman was for her close relatives (’Aqilah).” ’Aqilah means the one who bears the ’Aqal. ’Aqal here means the blood money. ’Aqilah includes all the close relatives of the killer, fathers, sons, brothers, uncles (fathers’ brothers) and their sons. If the killer has no ’Aqilah, the blood money is taken from the Bait ul-Mal because the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) paid the blood money of the Ansari who was killed in Khaybar from the Bait ul- Mal. It was also narrated that a man was killed in a crowd at the time of ’Umar and his killer was not known so ’Ali said to ’Umar, “O Leader of Believers, no blood of a Muslim is wasted, so pay his blood money from the Bait ul-Mal.” Regarding wounds such as the breaks (fractures) of the head or the face, or the cutting (amputating) of a member of the body or a piece of flesh or, the disablement of a faculty such as the disabling of hearing, sight and mind where one of these wounds occurs to a person, then He deserves money on these wounds according to the detailed rules of each member in each case. By means of the blood money due to a person from the blood money of the slain or for the damaged member or for the faculty disabled, this person owns that money or property.

3. Mahari (mahari ya ndoa) na mambo mengine ya ziada (kama nyumba, zawadi) yanayostahili kwa mwanamke katika mkataba wa ndoa yanamilikiwa kwa mujibu wa kanuni za kina za ndoa. Mali hii si kubadilishana kwa manufaa, kwa sababu wanandoa wanabadilishana manufaa (kuridhishana) kwa pamoja. Badala yake, inastahili kupitia Kauli ya Shariah. Allah (SWT) amesema:

3. The marriage money and other additional things (such as a house, gifts) of the marriage contract due to the woman are owned according to the detailed rules of marriage. This property is not an exchange of a benefit because the couples mutually exchange benefit (satisfaction). It is rather due through the Statement of Shar’ah. Allah (swt) said:

“Na wapeni wanawake mahari yao kwa hiari” [An-Nisa: 4], yaani kwa moyo mweupe, na kwa kuchukua mali ya mahari aliyoiwekea Allah (SWT). Mali hii ni zawadi, kwa sababu kila mmoja wa wanandoa anafurahia mwenzake. Ahmad amesimulia kutoka kwa Anas aliyesema: “Abdurrahman bin ’Awf alikuwa amevaa nguo ya manjano, basi Mtume ﷺ akasema: ‘Je, umependa sana?’ Akasema: ‘Ee Mjumbe wa Allah, nimemuoa mwanamke.’ Mtume ﷺ akasema: ‘Ulimpa zawadi gani?’ Akasema: ‘Uzito wa mbegu ya tende ya dhahabu.’ Mtume ﷺ akasema: ‘Allah akubariki. Fanya karamu hata kwa kondoo mmoja.’” 4. Mali iliyookotwa (Luqatah). Mtu akiokota kitu kilichopotea, jambo hilo linapaswa kuchunguzwa. Ikiwa kitu hicho kinaweza kuhifadhiwa na kuelezewa kwa watu, kama dhahabu, fedha, vito au nguo, na kiko nje ya eneo la Haram (Al-Ka’bah), basi inaruhusiwa kukiokota ili kukimiliki. Hii ni kwa sababu ya alichosimulia Abu Dawud kutoka kwa ’Abdullah bin ’Amr bin al-’As kwamba Mjumbe wa Allah ﷺ aliulizwa kuhusu vitu vilivyopotea vilivyookotwa barabarani, naye akasema: “Chochote kitakachopatikana katika njia inayotumiwa au kijijini, mtatangaza maelezo yake kwa mwaka mmoja. Akija mwenyewe, ni chake, la sivyo ni chako, na juu yake kuna wajibu kama wa hazina iliyofichwa (theluthi moja ya tano kwa Serikali).” Ikiwa kitu kilichookotwa kimepatikana ndani ya Haram, hakizingatiwi kuwa Luqatah, kwa sababu Luqatah ya Haram imekatazwa kulingana na Hadith aliyosimulia ’Abdurrahman bin ’Uthman kwamba Mjumbe wa Allah ﷺ alikataza mwenye Hijja kuokota vitu kama hivyo. Katika hali hiyo, hairuhusiwi kukiokota isipokuwa kukilinda kwa ajili ya mwenyewe, kwa sababu Mjumbe wa Allah ﷺ alisema: “Hakuna mtu anayeruhusiwa kuokota kitu kilichoanguka isipokuwa yule anayekitafuta,” kama alivyosimulia Bukhari.

“And give unto women (whom you marry) free gift of their marriage portions” [An-Nisa: 4] i.e. willingly, and by taking the due money which Allah (swt) prescribed. This money is a gift, because each of the couple enjoys his partner. Ahmad narrated about Anas who said: “Abdurrahman ibn ’Awf was wearing a dress of saffron so He (pbuh) said: ‘Are you passionately in love?’ He said: ‘O Messenger of Allah, I have married a woman.’ The Prophet (pbuh) said: ‘What gift did you give to her?’ He said: ‘A date seed weight of gold.’ The Prophet (pbuh) said: ‘May Allah bless you. Make a feast even with one sheep.’” 4. The picked up property (Luqatah). If a person found a lost thing, the matter has to be examined. If the thing could be saved and be described to people such as gold, silver, jewellery or dresses, and it was away from the area of the Haram (the Ka’bah) then it is allowed to be picked up for possession. This is because of what Abu Dawud narrated from ’Abdullah ibn ’Amr ibn al-’As that the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) was asked about lost things picked up from the road and He said: “Whatever of it was found in a used road or a village, you have to announce its description for one year. If its owner came, it is his, otherwise it is yours, and there is duty on it as on hidden treasure (one-fifth to the State).” If the found thing was found in the Haram it is not considered Luqatah because the Luqatah of the Haram is prohibited according to what came in the Hadith narrated from ’Abdurrahman ibn ’Uthman that the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) forbade the Hajj (pilgrim) from picking such things. In that case it is not permitted to pick it except to protect it for its owner because the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) said: “No one is allowed to pick a fallen thing except the one who is looking for it,” as narrated by Bukhari.

Ikiwa kitu kilichookotwa hakiwezi kuhifadhiwa kwa sababu hakitabaki kikifaa, kama vile chakula kama tikiti maji na vinginevyo kama hivyo, basi mtu huyo ana chaguo la kukila na kulipa thamani yake kwa mwenyewe akipatikana, au kukiuza na kuweka thamani yake kwa muda wa mwaka mmoja. Haya yote ni katika hali ya Luqatah (kitu kilichookotwa) ambacho kwa kawaida hudaiwa kwa sababu kina thamani, na mwenyewe wake asingekipuuza kama kingepotea. Ikiwa ni miongoni mwa vitu vidogo visivyo na thamani kubwa, kama vile tunda moja au kipande cha chakula (kinachoweza kuliwa kwa kuumwa mara chache) na vinginevyo kama hivyo, hahitaji kutangaza maelezo yake, na anaweza kukimiliki mara moja.

If the found thing was not of the kind that can be saved as it will not remain suitable, like for example, food such as a melon and the like, then the person has a choice between eating it and paying its price to its owner if found, or selling it and keeping its price for one year. All this is in the case of Luqatah (a picked thing) which would usually be claimed as it has a value and its owner would not have ignored it if it was lost. If it was of the trivial things such as a piece of fruit or a piece of food (mouthfuls worth) and the like, He does not need to announce its description and He may own it at once.

5. Malipo yanayotolewa kwa Khalifah na wale ambao kazi yao inachukuliwa kuwa ni kutawala. Malipo haya hayatolewi kwao kama kubadilishana na kazi yao, bali ni fidia kwa kuzuiwa kufanya biashara yao wenyewe. Watawala hawa wanamiliki mali hiyo tangu wakati wanapoichukua, kwa sababu Allah (SWT) ameifanya kuwa Halal kwao. Abu Bakr alichukua mali kama fidia kwa kuzuiwa kufanya biashara, pale alipoombwa kujitolea kikamilifu katika kusimamia mambo ya Waislamu, na Maswahaba walikubaliana kwa kauli moja (Ijma’a) juu ya jambo hilo.

5. Recompense given to the Khalifah and those whose work is considered to be ruling. This is not given to them in exchange for their work, but rather as a recompense for being prevented from practising their own business. These rulers own the property from the moment they take it because Allah (swt) made it Halal for them. Abu Bakr took a property as a recompense for being prevented from trading when He was asked to exert all of his effort in taking care of the Muslims affairs, and the Sahabah made Ijma’a on that.

Aina hizi zote tano za mali, yaani zawadi, fidia ya uharibifu, mahari ya ndoa, Luqatah na fidia kwa watawala, katika kila hali hazimilikiwi kwa kubadilishana na mali nyingine wala kwa juhudi fulani. Kumiliki mali katika hali hizi ni mojawapo ya njia halali za umiliki ambazo kwazo mtu anakuwa mmiliki wa mali aliyoipokea.

All these five types or properties, the gift, recompense for damage, marriage money, Luqatah and recompense to the rulers, in all cases are not possessed in exchange for another property or for an effort. Possessing the property in these cases is one of the legal means of ownership by which the person owns the taken property.