12.6 Kampuni ya Mazungumzo - Mufawadha
12.6 Company of Negotiation - Mufawadha
Hii ni hali ambayo washirika wawili hushiriki katika aina zote za kampuni zilizotajwa hapo awali, yaani mchanganyiko wa kampuni za ‘Inan, Abdan, Mudharaba na Wujooh. Kwa mfano, mtu anaweza kutoa mali au mtaji kwa wahandisi wawili walio katika ushirika pamoja na mali zao, ili wajenge nyumba za kuuza. Wahandisi hao wawili wanakubaliana kufanya kazi kwa mali inayozidi ile wanayomiliki, kwa hiyo wanaanza kuchukua bidhaa bila kulipa papo hapo, kwa kutegemea imani ya wafanyabiashara kwao. Hivyo, ushirika wa wahandisi wawili pamoja na nguvu za miili yao ni kampuni ya miili. Kuhusu ufundi wao na malipo ya mali ambayo wanafanyia kazi, ni kampuni ya ‘Inan (sawa). Kitendo cha kuchukua mali kutoka kwa watu wengine maana yake ni kampuni ya Mudharaba. Kwa kuwa wanashiriki katika bidhaa wanazonunua kwa msingi wa imani ya wafanyabiashara kwao, maana yake ni kampuni ya Wujooh. Kampuni hii kwa hiyo imeunganisha aina zote za kampuni zinazoruhusiwa katika Uislamu. Ni sahihi kwa sababu kila aina ya kampuni hizi inaruhusiwa yenyewe, na pia ni sahihi zinapokuwa pamoja. Faida inagawanywa kulingana na makubaliano yao. Inaruhusiwa kuifanya iwe kwa uwiano wa mali mbili. Pia inaruhusiwa kuifanya iwe sawa hata kama mali ni tofauti. Na inaruhusiwa kuifanya iwe ya upendeleo hata kama mali ni sawa.
This is where two partners share in all the types of companies mentioned before, like a combination between the companies of ‘Inan, Abdan, Mudharaba and Wujooh. For example a person may contribute some property or capital to two engineers in partnership with their properties so that they build houses to sell. The two engineers agree to work with property greater than that which they hold, so they start to take goods without paying for them immediately, based on the traders’ trust in them. Thus, the partnership of the two engineers together with their bodies is a company of bodies. With regard to their craft and paying for property with which they work, it is a company of ‘Inan (equal). The fact that they take property from other people means it is a company of Mudharaba. As they share in the goods which they buy based on the trust of the traders in them means it is a Wujooh company. This company has therefore combined all the types of companies allowed in Islam. It is valid because each type of these companies is allowed by itself and they are also valid together. The profit is according to their agreement. It is allowed to make it proportional to the two properties. It is also allowed to make it equal even if the properties are different. And it is allowed to make it preferential even if the properties are equal.
Aina hii ya kampuni ya biashara inaruhusiwa, kwa kuwa maandiko ya Shari'ah yanairuhusu. Hata hivyo, baadhi ya wanazuoni wa fiqhi wametaja aina nyingine ya kampuni ya biashara, ambapo watu wawili wanashiriki kwa namna ya kwamba wanalingana katika mali yao, haki yao ya kutumia mali hiyo, na madeni yao, na kila mmoja wao anaweza kumwakilisha mwenzake kwa ujumla usio na mipaka. Aina hii ya kampuni imekatazwa kabisa. Hakuna dalili yoyote ya Shari'ah inayoiunga mkono. Kuhusu Hadith wanazozinukuu wakisema: "Mkifanya biashara ya ushirika, basi itengenezeni biashara hiyo," au Hadith: "Fanyeni ushirika kwani una baraka zaidi," hakuna hata moja kati ya Hadith hizi mbili iliyothibitika kuwa Sahihi, hata kama tukidhania kwamba maana yake ni sahihi. Zaidi ya hayo, kampuni hii ni ushirikiano wa mali isiyojulikana na kitendo kisichojulikana, jambo ambalo lenyewe linatosha kuifanya kampuni hiyo kuwa batili. Pia, miongoni mwa mali yao ni urithi unaotolewa kwao baada ya kifo cha mrithiwa, na mmoja wa washirika anaweza kuwa Dhimmi (asiye Muislamu). Je, basi ataweza vipi kupokea sehemu ya urithi? Aidha, haijuzu kwa kuwa kampuni hii inajumuisha uwakilishi, ambao haujuzu katika mambo yasiyojulikana. Yote haya yanaonyesha ubatili wa aina hii ya kampuni ya biashara.
This type of company of negotiation is allowed, because the Shari’ah text allows it. Some jurisprudents have, however, mentioned other types of negotiation company, where two persons participate, such that they are equal in their property, their right of disposal and their debts and each of them can deputise for his colleague in absolute terms. This type of company is absolutely prohibited. There is no Shari’ah text that is a proof for it. As for the Hadith which they quote to say: ‘If you negotiate then improve the negotiation’ or the Hadith, ‘Negotiate as it is more blessing,’ neither of these two Hadith have proven to be valid (Sahih), even assuming that their meaning is correct. Moreover, this company is a partnership of unknown property and unknown action, which is enough by itself to make the company invalid. Additionally, included in their property is the inheritance which is given to them after the death of an inheriting person, and one of the partners could be a Dhimmi (non- Muslim). How then could He receive a share of the inheritance? Further, it is not allowed, because the company includes deputation, which is not allowed over unknown things. All this indicates the invalidity of this type of negotiation company.