Biashara ya nje huzalisha uhusiano wa kifedha kati ya nchi, kwa sababu nchi itapaswa kulipa bei ya bidhaa kwa sarafu ya nchi ambayo ililetewa bidhaa hizo, au kwa sarafu inayokubalika na nchi hiyo.

Foreign trade generates a monetary relationship between countries, because a country would have to pay the price of commodities with the currency of the country she had imported from, or with a currency acceptable to that country.

Nchi pia ingehitajika kupokea malipo kwa bidhaa inazouza kwa sarafu yake yenyewe au kwa sarafu ya uchaguzi wake. Hili ndilo linalozalisha uhusiano wa kifedha kati ya nchi mbalimbali.

A country would also have to receive payment for commodities she sells in her own currency or in the currency of her choice. This is what generates a monetary relationship between various countries.

Kuna pia ubadilishanaji wa bidhaa, yaani mauzo ya nje na uagizaji wa bidhaa zinazoonekana. Zaidi ya hayo, kuna ubadilishanaji wa huduma, ambao hujulikana kama mauzo ya nje na uagizaji wa huduma zisizoonekana. Hizi ni pamoja na aina zote za usafiri, kama usafirishaji wa mizigo na abiria, usafirishaji wa kimataifa baharini na mizigo ya ndege, gharama za posta, gharama za simu za kimataifa na telegrafu, aina zote za huduma za kibiashara, pamoja na tume zote na ada za udalali, pamoja na huduma zote zinazohusiana na sekta ya utalii. Mtalii anapotembelea nchi ya kigeni na kutumia sehemu ya mapato yake huko, pia atakuwa amebeba sehemu ya mali yake pamoja naye. Hata hivyo, atakuwa amechukua kutoka nchi yake kile kitakachomwezesha kutumia katika nchi anayotembelea, ama kwa mpangilio wa awali wa kutumia kiasi maalum cha sarafu ya nchi hiyo, ambacho nchi yake itajitolea kukilipia kwa sarafu yake yenyewe, au kwa mpangilio wa kutumia kiasi cha sarafu inayokubalika na nchi hiyo, kwa kutegemea upatikanaji wa sarafu hiyo katika nchi yake.

There is also the exchange of commodities or visible imports and exports. Additionally there is the exchange of services or what are known as invisible imports and exports, these include all types of transport, such as cargo and passenger transport, international shipping and air freight, postal charges, international telegraphic and telephone costs, all types of commercial services, and all the commissions and brokerage charges, as well as all services related to the tourist industry. When a tourist visits a foreign country, and spends some of his income there, He would also be taking some of his property with him. He would however, be taking from his country that which would enable Him to spend in the country He is visiting, either by way of a prior arrangement to spend a specific amount of that country’s currency, which his country would undertake to cover with her own currency, or an arrangement to spend a sum of a currency that is acceptable to that country, subject to the availability of such a currency in his country.

Ili kulipia gharama za uagizaji wa bidhaa kutoka nje, tunaweza ama kutoa sarafu yetu ya ndani ili kununua sarafu ya kigeni, au bidhaa zinaweza kutolewa katika nchi za kigeni ili kupata sarafu zao. Kwa hiyo, kupata sarafu ya kigeni ni jambo la lazima kwa Dola ili kuanzisha uhusiano wa kibiashara, au uhusiano wa kiuchumi, na nchi nyingine.

In order to pay for the cost of imports, we may either offer our local currency in order to buy foreign currency, or commodities may be offered in foreign countries in order to obtain their currencies. The acquisition of foreign currency is therefore essential for the State in order to generate trade relationships, or economic relationships with other countries.

Hata hivyo, sarafu ya dola haipaswi kuhatarishwa kwa kuifanya iwe rahisi kuyumba, au kwa kudhoofisha uaminifu wake, kwa ajili tu ya kuanzisha biashara au mahusiano ya kiuchumi. Badala yake, udhibiti wetu juu ya mahusiano ya kiuchumi ya nje, iwe ni mahusiano ya kibiashara au mengineyo, unapaswa kuwa mojawapo ya misingi ya mahusiano haya ya kifedha. Hili litasaidia kuhifadhi sarafu ya dola na, wakati huo huo, kupata sarafu za kigeni zinazohitajika. Ili kusaidia kutekeleza sera ya namna hii, Dola inapaswa kuepuka kukopa mikopo ya muda mfupi au mrefu, kwani hayo ni miongoni mwa mambo yanayosababisha kuyumba kwa soko la sarafu yake na yanaweza kupunguza thamani ya sarafu yake.

However, the state’s currency should not be jeopardised by making it susceptible to instability, or by undermining its credibility, just for the sake of establishing trade or economic relationships. Rather our control over foreign economic relationships, whether these were trade relationships or otherwise, should be one of the fundamentals of these monetary relationships. This would facilitate the preservation of the state’s currency and, at the same time, our acquisition of the foreign currencies that are needed. In order to help achieve such a policy, the State ought to avoid taking up short or long term loans, for these would be one of the matters that cause instability in it’s currency market and may decrease the value of it’s currency.