5 Mazhab-Mazhab: Aliran-Aliran Pemikiran Hukum Islam
5 The Madh-habs: Schools Of Islamic Legal Thought
Dalam bab-bab sebelumnya kita telah melihat perkembangan madzhab127 dalam konteks sejarah perkembangan fiqih secara keseluruhan. Pada masa kenabian, dasar-dasar fiqih diletakkan melalui ijtihad (putusan hukum hasil penalaran) Nabi Muhammad ﷺ serta ijtihad para sahabatnya. Pada tahap itu, wahyu Ilahi dalam bentuk Al-Qur'an dan Sunnah (gaya hidup Nabi ﷺ (s.w.)) merupakan satu-satunya sumber hukum Islam. Dengan kata lain, hanya ada satu madzhab (aliran pemikiran), yaitu madzhab Nabi ﷺ (s.w.).
In The Previous Chapters We Have Seen The Evolution Of The Madh-hab127 Within The Historical Context Of The Overall Development Of Fiqh. During The Era Of Prophethood, The Foundations Of Fiqh Were Laid Down In The Prophet Mohammed’s Ijtihaads (reasoned Rulings) As Well As Those Of His Sahaabah (followers). During That Stage, Divine Revelation In The Form Of The Qur’aan And The Sunnah (the Life Style Of The Prophet (s.w.) Constituted The Only Source Of Islamic Law. In Other Words, There Was Only One School Of Thought (Madh-hab): That Of The Prophet (s.w.).
Pada tahap berikutnya, yaitu masa Khulafaur Rasyidin, prinsip fikih Ijma' (keputusan berdasarkan kesepakatan bulat) berkembang, dan Ijtihad menjadi prinsip fikih yang berdiri sendiri dengan nama Qiyas. Madzhab pada masa ini pada hakikatnya adalah madzhab masing-masing Khulafaur Rasyidin, karena keputusan akhir dalam urusan hukum berada di tangan mereka. Namun, setiap keputusan hukum tetap dapat diubah berdasarkan pernyataan atau praktik Nabi ﷺ yang tercatat, yaitu Hadits. Oleh karena itu, tidak ada ruang bagi kekakuan dan fanatisme golongan.
In the following stage, that of the Righteous Caliphs, the Fiqh principle of Ijmaa’ (decisions by unanimity) evolved and Ijtihaad became an independent principle of Fiqh under the name Qiyaas. The Madh-hab during theis period was, in rality, that of each of the Righteous Caliphs, since the final say in legal matters rested with them. However, all legal decisions were subject to alteration on the basis of recorded statements or practices of the Prophet (s.w.): that is, Hadeeth. Therefore there was no room for rigidity of factionalism.
Pada periode awal Dinasti Umayyah, para ulama fikih terbagi menjadi dua mazhab utama dalam hal ijtihad, yaitu Ahl ar-Ra'i dan Ahl al-Hadeeth. Kedua mazhab ini berkembang menjadi sejumlah mazhab baru selama peralihan dari kekhalifahan ke kerajaan, ketika khalifah/raja tidak lagi menjadi kepala mazhab. Karena para ulama dan murid-murid mereka tersebar di seluruh wilayah Dinasti Umayyah, ijtihad pribadi mereka meningkat untuk menyelesaikan persoalan-persoalan lokal. Namun perlu dicatat bahwa baik pada masa Umayyah maupun pada awal masa 'Abbasiyah, para penuntut ilmu fikih dengan bebas dan sering berganti guru serta saling bertukar pendapat hukum. Dengan demikian, pada hakikatnya keluwesan pada masa sebelumnya tetap terjaga.
The early period of the Umayyad dynasty saw the division of Fiqh scholars into two main Madh-habs with respect to Ijtihaad: Ahl ar-Ra’i and Ahl al-Hadeeth. These two Madh-habs evolved into a number of new Madh-habs during the shift from caliphate to monarchy when the caliph/King was no longer the head of the Madhhab. Since scholars and their students were dispersed throughout the Umayyad state, their personal Ijtihaad increased in order to solve local issues. It should be noted, however, that during both the period of the Umayyads and that of the early ‘Abbaasids, students of Fiqh freely and frequently changed teachers and exchanged legal opinions. In effect, therefore, the flexibility of the previous was maintained.
Seperti akan ditunjukkan dalam bab tujuh dan delapan, pada masa akhir Dinasti ‘Abbasiyah, Fiqih dirumuskan dan disistematisasi. Jumlah madzhab berkurang, dan perbedaan di antara mereka semakin ditonjolkan, akibat kecenderungan negara terhadap sebagian madzhab atas yang lain serta munculnya persaingan antar-madzhab yang didorong oleh perdebatan di lingkungan istana. Setelah runtuhnya Khilafah ‘Abbasiyah dan kemunduran ijtihad yang berujung pada hilangnya ijtihad sama sekali, jumlah madzhab berkurang menjadi empat, yang kemudian berkembang menjadi entitas-entitas yang sepenuhnya terpisah dan sering kali saling bermusuhan. Perbedaan di antara mereka dianggap tak terjembatani di benak para pengikutnya, dan fanatisme serta sektarianisme madzhab pun merajalela. Karena penerapan Syari‘ah pada setiap masa dan tempat sangat bergantung pada prinsip ijtihad, hilangnya prinsip yang vital ini tak pelak membawa kemandekan dan kemunduran Fiqih.
As will be shown in chapters seven and eight, during the latter part of the ‘Abbaasid dynasty, Fiqh was formalized and systematized. The number of Madh-habs decreased and the differences between them became emphasized due to the state’s preference for some Madh-habs over others and the rise of inter Madh-habs rivalry promoted by court debates. And after the destruction of the ‘Abbaasid Caliphate and the decline of Ijtihaad culminating in its disappearance, the number of Madh-habs decreased to four which evolved into completely distinct and often times antagonistic entities. The differences between them became insurmountable in the minds of their adherents and Madh-hab fanaticism and sectarianism was rife. Since the applicability of Sharee’ah to all times and places depended largely upon the principle of Ijtihaad, the loss of this vital principle spelled the inevitable stagnation and decline of Fiqh.
Dalam dua bab berikut ini kita akan mengkaji lebih dekat madzhab-madzhab secara kronologis berkenaan dengan pendirinya, pembentukannya, dan prinsip-prinsip dasarnya. Kemudian kita akan melihat alasan-alasan utama perbedaan yang muncul di antara mereka.
In the following two chapters we will examine more closely the madh-habs chronologically with respect to their founders, formation and fundamental principles. Then we will have a look at the main reasons for the differences which arose between them.
Jumlah keseluruhan dari fatwa-fatwa para ulama, serta fatwa-fatwa murid-murid mereka, dan fatwa-fatwa seluruh ulama yang mengikuti metode mereka.
127 The sum total of the scholars legal rulings as well as the rulings of his students and that of all the scholars who adhered to their approach.