12.1 Ma'muriy tizim — bu boshqaruv uslubi, hukmronlik emas. - Islomdagi hukmlar tizimi | Quran Course

12.1 Ma'muriy tizim — bu boshqaruv uslubi, hukmronlik emas. - Islomdagi hukmlar tizimi | Quran Course

Shundan keyin tafsilotlar keldi, ular bu umumiy dalildan kelib chiqqan yordamchi amallarga oid edi, masalan, nisobning miqdori, zakot yig'uvchilar va zakot olinadigan mollarning turlari. Bularning barchasi "Zakotni ado eting" degan amrdan kelib chiqqan amallardir. Zakot yig'uvchilar zakotni qanday yig'ishlari, ya'ni otda yoki piyoda yurishlari, boshqa xodimlarni yollashlari yoki yo'qligi, birgalikda yig'ilishlari uchun shtab-kvartira qurishlari, yig'ilgan narsalarni saqlash uchun omborxonalari bo'lishi, bu omborlarning yer ostida yoki don saqlash uylari kabi qurilishi, naqd pulli zakotning xaltalarda yoki sandiqlarda yig'ilishi haqida hech qanday dalil yo'q. Bularning hammasi va shunga o'xshash amallar aynan "Zakotni ado eting" degan amrdan kelib chiqqan yordamchi amallardir. Ularga aniq dalillar bo'lmagani uchun umumiy dalil ularning barchasini qamrab oladi. Barcha uslublarda ham shunday. Demak, uslub asl amalga, ya'ni umumiy dalilga ega bo'lgan amalga tobe bo'lgan yordamchi amaldir. Shu sababli uslubning o'ziga alohida dalil talab qilinmaydi, chunki uning asli dalili uning uchun ham dalil bo'lib xizmat qiladi.

, which is a general evidence. Then the evidences came regarding the subsidiary actions which branched out from it, such as the amount of Nisab, the Zakat collectors and the categories of things from which Zakat is to be taken. All these are actions derived from, “And pay out the Zakat.” There are no evidences regarding the manner by which the Zakat collectors have to collect the Zakat. For example, do they go riding or walking? Do they hire other employees to help them or not? Do they have to establish headquarters where they would all meet? Would they have warehouses where they would store everything they had collected? Would these houses be underground or built like grain houses? Would the cash Zakat be collected in bags or coffers? All these actions and the like are, in fact, subsidiary actions originating from “And pay out the Zakat.” The general evidence covers them all, as there are no specific evidences for them; and this is the case with all the styles. Thus, the style is an action subsidiary to an action i.e. to the origin that has general evidence. Therefore, the style does not require evidence, because the evidence of its origin serves as evidence for it as well.

Ma'muriyatni tashkil etish, ya'ni fuqarolarning manfaatlarini boshqaradigan, ma'muriy ish talab qiladigan har bir sohadagi shaxslarni tayinlash masalasi asosiy (asliy) amal hisoblanadi, yordamchi emas; shu sababli u dalilni talab qiladi. Uning dalili Allohning Elchisi ﷺ ning amallaridan olinadi, chunki u ﷺ hukm yuritish va boshqaruvni olib borgan. U ﷺ xabarni yetkazgan, uni amalga oshirgan va musulmonlarning ishlarini boshqargan. Tabliğ (xabarni yetkazish) masalasi ma'lum. Ijro masalasiga kelsak, vahiy kelib, uni ﷺ sadaqa yig'ishga, o'g'rining qo'lini kesishga, zinokorni toshbo'ron qilishga, iftirochini qamchilashga va dushmanni o'ldirishga buyurgan; bularning barchasi ijro amallaridir. U ﷺ butlarni o'z qo'li bilan sindirgan, bu ham ijrodir, shuningdek, boshqalarni ularni yo'q qilishga yuborgan. U ﷺ jang maydonida o'ldirgan va asirga olingan, odamlarga adolatga rioya qilishni buyurgan va uni o'rnatgan. U ﷺ turli jinoyatchi va isyonkorlarni jazolagan hamda odamlarni o'zi olib kelgan barcha narsaga amal qilishga buyurgan. Bularning barchasi ijrodir.

As for the establishment of the administration, i.e. the establishment of those who would manage the citizens’ interests in every utility that needs an administrative work, this would be categorised as an original action and not a subsidiary one; hence it requires evidence. Its evidence is deduced from the actions of the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) as He (pbuh) used to perform the ruling and the administration. He (pbuh) conveyed the message, executed it and discharged the Muslims’ affairs. With regards to the Tableegh (conveying) this is well known. With regards to the execution, the revelation came and ordered Him to collect the Sadaqah, to cut the hand of the thief, to stone the adulterer, to lash the slanderer and to kill the enemy; all of which are executive actions. He used to destroy the idols by his own hand, which is execution, and He would also send people to remove them. He (pbuh) would kill in the battlefield and take prisoners of war, order people to observe justice and established it. He would punish all the various wrongdoers and rebels and order people to adhere to all that He brought to them. All of this is execution.

Uning ishlarni boshqarishdagi roliga kelsak, u zot (s.a.v.) turli bo‘limlar uchun boshqaruv tizimini o‘rnatdi va o‘sha bo‘limlarni yuritish uchun kotiblar tayinladi. U zot ﷺ Madinadagi odamlarning ishlarini yuritar edilar va turli bo‘limlarni boshqarishda yordam berishi uchun kotiblar tayinladilar. Ali ibn Abu Solib qasamlar va shartnomalarning notariusi bo‘lgan, bu ma’muriy vazifa bo‘lib, hukmronlik lavozimi emas edi. Al-Mu’ayqib ibn Abu Fotima uning rasmiy muhri uchun mas’ul bo‘lgan, bu ham ma’muriy vazifa bo‘lib, hukmronlik lavozimi emas edi. Al-Bukhoriy tarixda Muhammad ibn Bashshor orqali, uning bobosi Mu’ayqibdan rivoyat qilib, shunday degan: “Allohning Elchisi ﷺ ning muhri kumush bilan qoplangan temirdan yasalgan edi va u men (qo‘limda) edi. Mu’ayqib Allohning Elchisi ﷺ ning muhri uchun mas’ul edi.” Mu’ayqib ibn Abu Fotima o‘ljalar va ganimatlar uchun mas’ul kotib ham bo‘lgan. Huzayfa ibn al-Yamon Hijoz mevalar soliqlarini yig‘uvchisi bo‘lgan, Abdulloh ibn Arqam esa qabilalar va ularning suvlari va boshqalarni ro‘yxatga oluvchi bo‘lgan. Bularning barchasi Allohning Elchisi ﷺ hukmdor sifatidagi vazifasidan tashqari ma’muriyatni ham yuritganining dalilidir. Biroq, u zot ﷺ o‘sha direktorlarning har biri uchun ularga tayinlagan vazifa turini belgiladilar, masalan, o‘ljalar va ganimatlarni qayd etish yoki meva soliqlarini baholash va yig‘ish yoki shunga o‘xshash ishlar. Lekin u zot ﷺ direktorlar vazifalarini bajarish uchun amal qiladigan yordamchi harakatlarni belgilab bermadilar. Bu belgilanmaganlik, o‘sha harakatlar asosning tarmoqlari ekanini anglatadi. Shuning uchun, bu vazifalarni bajarishga buyurilgan kishilar, o‘ziga topshirilgan vazifalarni bajarish va manfaatlarni eng samarali tarzda ro‘yobga chiqarish uchun istalgan uslubni tanlashda erkin bo‘lar edilar.

As for his role in managing the affairs, He (pbuh) established a system of administration for the various departments and appointed secretaries to run those departments. He (pbuh) used to run people’s affairs in Madinah and He appointed secretaries to assist Him with the running of the various departments. Ali Ibnu Abi Talib used to be the notary of the oaths and treaties, which was an administrative duty and not a ruling post. Al Mu’ayqib ibnu Abi Fatima was in charge of his official stamp, an administrative duty and not a ruling post. Al-Bukhari reported in the history from Muhammad bin Bashaar from his grandfather Mu’ayqib, who said; “The stamp of the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) was made of iron covered with silver and it was with me (in my hand). Mu’ayqib was responsible for the stamp of the Messenger of Allah (pbuh).” Mu’ayqib Ibnu Abi Fatima was also the secretary in charge of the spoils and booty. Huzayfah Ibnul-Yaman was the collector of fruit levies of Hijaz, and ‘Abdullah Ibnu Arqam was the registrar of tribes and their waters and so on. All this serves as evidence that the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) ran the administration in addition to carrying out his role as a ruler. However, He (pbuh) had determined for each one of those directors the type of task He had appointed them to do, such as recording the spoils and booty, or the assessment and collection of fruit levies or the like. He (pbuh) however, did not specify the subsidiary actions, which the directors would follow to accomplish their tasks. This non-specification meant that those actions are subsidiaries of the origin. Therefore, those people ordered to carry out those tasks would have been free to choose any styles they wished in order to accomplish the tasks assigned to them and discharge the interests in the most effective way.