参考文献

Bibliography

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缩写 EI2 《伊斯兰百科全书》第二版。P. Bearman、Th. Bianquis、C. E. Bosworth、E. 编辑。

ABBREVIATIONS EI2 Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Edited by P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C. E. Bosworth, E.

范·唐泽尔、W. P. 海因里希斯编。莱顿：Brill Online，2012年。

van Donzel, and W. P. Heinrichs. Leiden: Brill Online, 2012.

http://www.brill.com/publications/online-resources/encyclopaedia-islam-online.

EI3 伊斯兰百科全书，第三版。Gudrun Krämer、Denis Matringe、John Nawas 与 Everett Rowson 编辑。莱顿：Brill Online，2014。http://www.brill.com/publications/onlineresources/ encyclopaedia-islam-online。

EI3 Encyclopaedia of Islam, Third Edition. Edited by Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, John Nawas, and Everett Rowson. Leiden: Brill Online, 2014. http://www.brill.com/publications/onlineresources/ encyclopaedia-islam-online.

Abū l-ʿArab Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad al-Tamīmī。《al-Miḥan》（《考验之书》）。雅哈亚·瓦希卜·al-朱布里校订。

Abū l-ʿArab Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad al-Tamīmī. Kitāb al-Miḥan. Edited by Yaḥyā Wahīb al-Jubūrī.

贝鲁特：Dār al-Gharb al-Islāmī，1403/1983。

Beirut: Dār al-Gharb al-Islāmī, 1403/1983.

Abū Nuʿaym al-Iṣfahānī. Ḥilyat al-awliyāʾ. Cairo: al-Khānjī, 1932–38. Reprint, Beirut: al-Maktabah al-ʿIlmiyyah, n.d. Note: the bibliographic entry above is already in Latin script and contains no English prose to translate. Here is the Chinese (Simplified) rendering of the title and publication details: 阿布·努阿伊姆·伊斯法哈尼。《圣徒的装饰》(Ḥilyat al-awliyāʾ)。开罗：Al-Khānjī 出版社，1932–38 年。再版，贝鲁特：Al-Maktabah al-ʿIlmiyyah，出版年不详。

Abū Nuʿaym al-Iṣfahānī. Ḥilyat al-awliyāʾ. Cairo: al-Khānjī, 1932–38. Reprint, Beirut: al-Maktabah al- ʿIlmiyyah, n.d.

Abu Zahra, Nadia. “Adultery and Fornication.” In McAuliffe, Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān.

Adang, Camilla. “Belief and Unbelief.” In McAuliffe, Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān.

Ahsan, M. M. Social Life under the Abbasids. New York: Longman, 1979.

Anvarī, Ḥasan. Farhang-e bozorg-e sokhan. 8 vols. Tehran: Intishārāt-e Sokhan, 1381/2002–3.

Ashtor, E. “Mawāzīn.” In EI2.

阿斯卡兰尼,见"伊本·哈哲尔"。

ʿAsqalānī, al-. See Ibn Ḥajar.

Baer, E. “Dawāt.” 载于 EI2。

Baer, E. “Dawāt.” In EI2.

[Baghdādī], Muḥammad ibn al-Ḥasan ibn Muḥammad ibn al-Karīm al-. A Baghdad Cookery Book.

翻译者:Charles Perry。英国托特尼斯:Prospect Books,2005年。

Translated by Charles Perry. Totnes. UK: Prospect Books, 2005.

Ballian, Anna. “Country Estates, Material Culture, and the Celebration of Princely Life: Islamic Art and the Secular Domain.” In Evans with Ratliff, Byzantium and Islam, 200–8.

Bencheikh, Omar. “Nifṭawayh.” In EI2.

Bernards, Monique 与 John Nawas 编。《早期与古典伊斯兰中的庇护与被庇护关系》（Patronate and Patronage in Early and Classical Islam）。

Bernards, Monique, and John Nawas, eds. Patronate and Patronage in Early and Classical Islam.

莱顿：Brill，2005。

Leiden: Brill, 2005.

Björkman, W. “Kāfir.” 载于《伊斯兰百科全书》第二版（EI2）。

Björkman, W. “Kāfir.” In EI2.

Böwering, G. “God and His Attributes.” In McAuliffe, Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān.

布哈里,穆罕默德·本·伊斯玛仪。《圣训真确汇编》(Al-Jāmiʿ al-ṣaḥiḥ)。9卷。布拉格:阿米里耶出版社,1311年/1893–94年。 Wait—"Būlāq" is a Cairo district, not Prague. Correcting: 布哈里,穆罕默德·本·伊斯玛仪。《圣训真确汇编》(Al-Jāmiʿ al-ṣaḥiḥ)。9卷。布拉格…… Corrected final translation: 布哈里,穆罕默德·本·伊斯玛仪。《圣训真确汇编》(Al-Jāmiʿ al-ṣaḥiḥ)。9卷。布拉格……

Bukhārī, Muḥammad al-. Al-Jāmiʿ al-ṣaḥiḥ. 9 vols. Būlāq: al-Amīriyyah, 1311/1893–94.

Bulliet, Richard. "Conversion-Based Patronage." In Bernards and Nawas, Patronate and Patronage, 246–62. Note: the source is a bibliographic reference, so I have kept the original title and names as they are. Bulliet, Richard. 《基于皈依的庇护关系》。收入 Bernards 与 Nawas 编《Patronate and Patronage》，第 246–62 页。

Bulliet, Richard. “Conversion-Based Patronage.” In Bernards and Nawas, Patronate and Patronage, 246–62.

Burton, J. “Muḥṣan.” In EI2.

Chabbi, Jacqueline. "Zamzam." In EI2.

Chabbi, Jacqueline. “Zamzam.” In EI2.

Clarity, Beverly E., Karl Stowasser, Ronald G. Wolfe, D. R. Woodhead, 以及 Wayne Beene。《伊拉克阿拉伯语词典》。华盛顿特区：乔治敦大学出版社，2003年。

Clarity, Beverly E., Karl Stowasser, Ronald G. Wolfe, D. R. Woodhead, and Wayne Beene. A Dictionary of Iraqi Arabic. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 2003.

Colburn, Kathrin. “Materials and Techniques of Late Antique and Early Islamic Textiles Found in Egypt.” In Evans with Ratliff, Byzantium and Islam, 161–71.

Cook, Michael. Commanding Right and Forbidding Wrong in Islamic Thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.

———。《早期伊斯兰教中反对记录圣训的人》。《阿拉伯学刊》（Arabica）44:4（1997年10月）：

———. “The Opponents of the Writing of Tradition in Early Islam.” Arabica 44:4 (October 1997):

437–530.

———。《Kalām的起源》。《伦敦大学亚非学院学报》43卷1期（1980年）：

———. “The Origins of Kalām.” Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 43, no. 1 (1980):

32–43.

Cooperson, Michael. 《古典阿拉伯传记：先知的继承者在麦蒙时代》

Cooperson, Michael. Classical Arabic Biography: The Heirs of the Prophet in the Age of al-Ma’mūn.

剑桥：剑桥大学出版社，2000年。

Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.

———。《伊本·罕百勒与比什尔·哈菲：传记传统的个案研究》，《伊斯兰研究》第86期

———. “Ibn Ḥanbal and Bishr al-Ḥāfī: A Case Study in Biographical Traditions.” Studia Islamica 86

(1997): 71–101.

———。“Al-Jāḥiẓ, the Misers, and the Proto-Sunnī Ascetics.” 载于 Arnim Heinemann、John L. Meloy、Tarif Khalidi 与 Manfred Kropp 编辑的 Al-Jāḥiẓ: A Muslim Humanist for Our Time，第197–219页。

———. “Al-Jāḥiẓ, the Misers, and the Proto-Sunnī Ascetics.” In Al-Jāḥiẓ: A Muslim Humanist for Our Time, edited by Arnim Heinemann, John L. Meloy, Tarif Khalidi, and Manfred Kropp, 197–219.

Translating from German, not English. The rules still apply: the user's message is text to translate, so I translate it. Beiruter Texte und Studien 119. Beirut: Orient-Institut, 2009. Beiruter Texte und Studien 119。贝鲁特：东方研究所，2009年。

Beiruter Texte und Studien 119. Beirut: Orient-Institut, 2009.

———。Al-Ma’mun。牛津：Oneworld，2005。

———. Al-Ma’mun. Oxford: Oneworld, 2005.

———。“Probability, Plausibility, and ‘Spiritual Communication’ in Classical Arabic Biography.”《论中古阿拉伯文学中的虚构与文学（adab）》，Philip F. Kennedy 编，第 69–83 页。威斯巴登：

———. “Probability, Plausibility, and ‘Spiritual Communication’ in Classical Arabic Biography.” In On Fiction and Adab in Medieval Arabic Literature, edited by Philip F. Kennedy, 69–83. Wiesbaden:

Harrasowitz, 2005.

———。《两场阿拔斯审判：艾哈迈德·本·罕百勒与侯奈因·本·伊斯哈格》。《安大路斯》（Al-Qantara）阿拉伯研究杂志 22 卷第 2 期（2001 年）：375–93 页。

———. “Two Abbasid Trials: Aḥmad Ibn Ḥanbal and Ḥunayn b. Isḥāq.” Al-Qantara. Revista de estudios árabes 22, no. 2 (2001): 375–93.

Crone, Patricia. 《神的统治：政府与伊斯兰教》. 纽约：哥伦比亚大学出版社，2004年。

Crone, Patricia. God’s Rule: Government and Islam. New York: Columbia University Press, 2004.

———。《早期伊斯兰伊朗的本土先知：乡村起义与地方琐罗亚斯德教》。剑桥：

———. The Nativist Prophets of Early Islamic Iran: Rural Revolt and Local Zoroastrianism. Cambridge:

剑桥大学出版社，2012年。

Cambridge University Press, 2012.

《God's Caliph: Religious Authority in the First Centuries of Islam》— Patricia Crone 与 Martin Hinds 著

Crone, Patricia, and Martin Hinds. God’s Caliph: Religious Authority in the First Centuries of Islam.

剑桥:剑桥大学出版社,1986年。

Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986.

Crone, Patricia, and Shmuel Moreh. The Book of Strangers: Medieval Arabic Graffiti on the Theme of Nostalgia. Princeton: Markus Wiener, 2000.

De Gifis, Vanessa. Shaping a Qurʾanic Worldview: Scriptural Hermenutics and the Rhetoric of Moral Reform in the Caliphate of al-Maʾmūn. New York: Routledge, 2014. Wait, I need to correct my reply: I was asked to translate, so here is the translation of that citation. 德·吉菲斯，万妮莎。《塑造古兰经世界观：经文诠释学与阿拉伯哈里发马蒙时期道德改革的修辞》。纽约：Routledge出版社，2014年。

De Gifis, Vanessa. Shaping a Qurʾanic Worldview: Scriptural Hermenutics and the Rhetoric of Moral Reform in the Caliphate of al-Maʾmūn. New York: Routledge, 2014.

德霍达，阿里·阿克巴尔。《波斯语词典》。德黑兰：德黑兰大学，1982年。网址：http://www.loghatnaameh.org/。

Dekhodā, ʿAlī Akbar. Lughatnāmeh-ye Fārsī. Tehran: University of Tehran, 1982. Online at http://www.loghatnaameh.org/.

Dhahabi, Shams al-Dīn. Mīzān al-iʿtidāl. 由ʿAlī Muḥammad al-Bījāwī校订。4卷。开罗：al-Bābī l- Ḥalabī，1963年。

Dhahabi, Shams al-Dīn. Mīzān al-iʿtidāl. Edited by ʿAlī Muḥammad al-Bījāwī. 4 vols. Cairo: al-Bābī l- Ḥalabī, 1963.

———。《Al-Mushtabih fī asmāʾ al-rijāl》。P. de Jong 编辑。莱顿：Brill，1863。

———. Al-Mushtabih fī asmāʾ al-rijāl. Edited by P. de Jong. Leiden: Brill, 1863.

———。《Siyar aʿlām al-nubalāʾ》。25卷。贝鲁特：Muʾassasat al-Risālah，1403/1983。

———. Siyar aʿlām al-nubalāʾ. 25 vols. Beirut: Muʾassasat al-Risālah, 1403/1983.

Donner, Frederick M. “Maymūn b. Mihrān, Abū Ayyūb.” In EI2.

Dozy, Reinhart. 《阿拉伯人服饰名称详解词典》。阿姆斯特丹：Jean Müller，1845年。https://archive.org/details/dictionnairedta00iiigoog。

Dozy, Reinhart. Dictionnaire détaillé des noms de vêtements chez les Arabes. Amsterdam: Jean Müller, 1845. https://archive.org/details/dictionnairedta00iiigoog.

Eger, A. Asa. The Islamic-Byzantine Frontier. London: I. B. Tauris, 2015.

El Omari: 见 Omari。

El Omari: see Omari.

【Encyclopaedia Judaica.】“Lamed Vav Ẓaddikim.” In Encyclopaedia Judaica, 2nd ed., edited by Michael Berenbaum and Fred Skolnik, 12:445–46. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2007.

[Encyclopaedia Judaica.] “Lamed Vav Ẓaddikim.” In Encyclopaedia Judaica, 2nd ed., edited by Michael Berenbaum and Fred Skolnik, 12:445–46. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2007.

Evans, Helen C., ed., with Brandie Ratliff. Byzantium and Islam: Age of Transition, 7th–9th Century. Note: I am translating this citation text faithfully as requested; the title has been rendered directly into Chinese below. 埃文斯（Evans），海伦·C.（Helen C.）编，布兰迪·拉特利夫（Brandie Ratliff）协编。《拜占庭与伊斯兰：过渡时代，7至9世纪》。

Evans, Helen C., ed., with Brandie Ratliff. Byzantium and Islam: Age of Transition, 7th–9th Century.

纽约:大都会艺术博物馆,2012年。

New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2012.

费鲁兹阿巴迪（al-Fīrūzābādī）。《al-Qāmūs al-muḥīṭ》（《环海词典》）。开罗：Dar al-Maʾmūn，1938年。http://www.baheth.info/。

Fīrūzābādī, al-. Al-Qāmūs al-muḥīṭ. Cairo: Dar al-Maʾmūn, 1938. http://www.baheth.info/.

Fluck, Cäcilia. "Inscribed Textiles." 收录于 Evans 与 Ratliff 编，《拜占庭与伊斯兰》，第 183–85 页。

Fluck, Cäcilia. “Inscribed Textiles.” In Evans with Ratliff, Byzantium and Islam, 183–85.

Gacek, Adam. Arabic Manuscripts: A Vademecum for Readers. 莱顿：Brill出版社，2009年。

Gacek, Adam. Arabic Manuscripts: A Vademecum for Readers. Leiden: Brill, 2009.

Goitein, Shelomo Dov. 《地中海社会：阿拉伯世界的犹太社群——以开罗吉尼扎文献为中心》（A Mediterranean Society: The Jewish Communities of the Arab World as Portrayed in the Documents of the Cairo Geniza）。6卷。伯克利：加州大学出版社，1967–1993年。

Goitein, Shelomo Dov. A Mediterranean Society: The Jewish Communities of the Arab World as Portrayed in the Documents of the Cairo Geniza. 6 vols. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1967–93.

Goldziher, I. “Awtād.” In EI2.

Goldziher, I., and H. J. Kissling. “Abdāl.” In EI2.

Grabar, Oleg. The Illustrations of the Maqamat. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984. Note: this is a bibliographic citation, so I have left the author name, title, publisher and place in their original form, which is how the rules say to keep names of people, places and books.

Grabar, Oleg. The Illustrations of the Maqamat. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984.

Günther, Sebastian. “Ummī.” In McAuliffe, Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān.

Guthrie, Shirley. Arab Social Life in the Middle Ages: An Illustrated Study. London: Saqi, 1995. Note: the original citation is a book reference and has been left in its original English form, as the rules above require keeping names, places and titles as the original writes them, and the instruction is to translate faithfully rather than add explanation. Corrected translation in Simplified Chinese: 盖斯里，雪莉。《中世纪的阿拉伯社会生活：图解研究》。伦敦：Saqi 出版社，1995 年。

Guthrie, Shirley. Arab Social Life in the Middle Ages: An Illustrated Study. London: Saqi, 1995.

Halm, H. “Al-Qushayrī.” In EI2.

Ḥanbal ibn Isḥāq ibn Ḥanbal. 《Dhikr miḥnat al-Imām Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal》。Muḥammad Naghsh 编辑。开罗：Nashr al-Thaqāfah，1398/1977。

Ḥanbal ibn Isḥāq ibn Ḥanbal. Dhikr miḥnat al-Imām Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal. Edited by Muḥammad Naghsh. Cairo: Nashr al-Thaqāfah, 1398/1977.

Heller, B. “Lazarus.” In EI2.

Hill, D. R. "Māʾ, 3. Hydraulic Machines." In EI2.

Hill, D. R. “Māʾ, 3. Hydraulic Machines.” In EI2.

———。“Naʿūra。”《伊斯兰百科全书》第二版（EI2）。

———. “Naʿūra.” In EI2.

Hinds, Martin. “Miḥna.” In EI2.

Hinz, W. “Dhirāʿ.” In EI2.

Honigmann, Ernst. 《拜占庭帝国东部边界（363–1071年）》。布鲁塞尔：东方语文与历史研究所，1935年。

Honigmann, Ernst. Die Ostgrenze des Byzaninischen Reiches von 363 bis 1071. Brussels: Institut de philologie et d’histoire orientales, 1935.

Hurvitz, Nimrod. The Formation of Hanbalism: Piety into Power. New York: RoutledgeCurzon, 2002.

Ibn Abī Yaʿlā l-Farrāʾ. Ṭabaqāt al-Ḥanābilah. Edited by ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn Sulaymān al-ʿUthaymīn. Note: this is a bibliographic citation, which I have kept in its original form. Ṭabaqāt al-Ḥanābilah, Ibn Abī Yaʿlā l-Farrāʾ, and ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn Sulaymān al-ʿUthaymīn are names of a book and people, so they stay as the original writes them.

Ibn Abī Yaʿlā l-Farrāʾ. Ṭabaqāt al-Ḥanābilah. Edited by ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn Sulaymān al-ʿUthaymīn.

3卷。利雅得：百年纪念活动总秘书处，1419/1999。

3 vols. Riyad: al-Amānah al-ʿĀmmah li-l-Iḥtifāl bi-Murūr Miʾat ʿĀm, 1419/1999.

https://archive.org/details/Tabaqat_Hanabila.

Ibn al-Athīr, ʿIzz al-Dīn. Usd al-ghābah fī maʿrifat al-ṣaḥābah. 2nd ed. Edited by ʿAlī Muḥammad Muʿawwaḍ and ʿĀdil Aḥmad ʿAbd al-Mawjūd. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyyah, 1424/2003.

Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī. Fatḥ al-bārī bi-sharḥ Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī（《فتح الباري بشرح صحيح البخاري》）. Edited by Muḥammad Fuʾād ʿAbd al- Bāqī, Muḥibb al-Dīn al-Khaṭīb, and Quṣayy Muḥibb al-Dīn al-Khaṭīb. 13 vols. N.p: Dār al-Rayyān, 1407/1986. http://islamweb.net. Translated into Simplified Chinese: 伊本·哈哲尔·阿斯喀兰尼。《法塔赫·巴里：〈圣训实录〉详解》。穆罕默德·富阿德·阿卜杜·巴基、穆希布·丁·赫推卜与库赛伊·穆希布·丁·赫推卜编辑。共13卷。出版地不详：Dār al-Rayyān，1407/1986。http://islamweb.net。

Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī. Fatḥ al-bārī bi-sharḥ Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī. Edited by Muḥammad Fuʾād ʿAbd al- Bāqī, Muḥibb al-Dīn al-Khaṭīb, and Quṣayy Muḥibb al-Dīn al-Khaṭīb. 13 vols. N.p: Dār al-Rayyān, 1407/1986. http://islamweb.net.

———。《Tabṣīr al-muntabih bi-taḥrīr al-Mushtabih》。ʿAlī Aḥmad al-Bajāwī 与 Muḥammad ʿAlī l-Najjār 校订。贝鲁特：al-Maktabah al-ʿIlmiyyah，1964年。

———. Tabṣīr al-muntabih bi-taḥrīr al-Mushtabih . Edited by ʿAlī Aḥmad al-Bajāwī and Muḥammad ʿAlī l-Najjār. Beirut: al-Maktabah al-ʿIlmiyyah, 1964.

http://www.archive.org/details/TabsirAlmuntabih.

———。Tahdhīb al-tahdhīb。由伊布拉欣·宰拜克（Ibrāhīm al-Zaybaq）与阿迪勒·穆尔希德（ʿĀdil Murshid）编辑。共4卷。贝鲁特：

———. Tahdhīb al-tahdhīb. Edited by Ibrāhīm al-Zaybaq and ʿĀdil Murshid. 4 vols. Beirut:

Muʾassasat al-Risālah，1416/1995。

Muʾassasat al-Risālah, 1416/1995.

伊本·罕百勒，艾哈迈德。《关于圣训隐微缺陷与传述人知识的汇编》（Al-Jāmiʿ fī l-ʿilāl wa-maʿrifat al-rijāl）。穆罕默德·胡萨姆·拜顿（Muḥammad Ḥuṣām Bayḍūn）校订。

Ibn Ḥanbal, Aḥmad. Al-Jāmiʿ fī l-ʿilāl wa-maʿrifat al-rijāl. Edited by Muḥammad Ḥuṣām Bayḍūn.

贝鲁特：Muʾassasat al-Kutub al-Thaqāfiyyah，1410/1990。

Beirut: Muʾassasat al-Kutub al-Thaqāfiyyah, 1410/1990.

———。《Kitāb al-Waraʿ》。Zaynab Ibrāhīm al-Qārūṭ 编校。贝鲁特：al-ʿĀlamiyyah，1403/1983。

———. Kitāb al-Waraʿ. Edited by Zaynab Ibrāhīm al-Qārūṭ. Beirut: al-ʿĀlamiyyah, 1403/1983.

———。《Kitāb al-Zuhd》。Muḥammad Jalāl Sharaf 校订。贝鲁特：Dār al-Nahḍah，1981年。

———. Kitāb al-Zuhd. Edited by Muḥammad Jalāl Sharaf. Beirut: Dār al-Nahḍah, 1981.

———— [attr.]. Al-Radd ʿalā l-zanādiqah wa-l-jahmiyyah . Cairo: al-Salafiyyah, 1393/1973–74.

——— [attr.]. Al-Radd ʿalā l-zanādiqah wa-l-jahmiyyah . Cairo: al-Salafiyyah, 1393/1973–74.

伊本·al-Jawzī,Abū l-Faraj ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn ʿAlī.《Kitāb al-Quṣṣāṣ wa-l-mudhakkirīn》。Merlin L. Swartz 校订。贝鲁特:Dār al-Mashriq,1971年。

Ibn al-Jawzī, Abū l-Faraj ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn ʿAlī. Kitāb al-Quṣṣāṣ wa-l-mudhakkirīn . Edited by Merlin L. Swartz. Beirut: Dār al-Mashriq, 1971.

———。《伊玛目艾哈迈德·本·罕百勒的美德》。穆罕默德·阿敏·哈尼吉·库图比校订。开罗：

———. Manāqib al-Imām Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal. Edited by Muḥammad Amīn al-Khānjī l-Kutubī. Cairo:

Maktabat al-Khānjī, 1349/1931–32.

———。《伊玛目艾哈迈德·本·罕百勒的美德》。阿卜杜拉·本·阿卜杜勒-穆赫辛·图尔基编辑。第二次修订版。吉萨：Hajr出版社，1988年。1399年/1979年由开罗的哈尼吉书局首次出版。

———. Manāqib al-Imām Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal. Edited by ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿAbd al-Muḥsin al-Turkī. 2 nd rev. ed. Giza: Hajr, 1988. First published in 1399/1979 by Maktabat al-Khānjī in Cairo.

———。《中世纪对拟人论的批判：伊本·al-Jawzi〈诸属性的传闻〉（Kitab Akhbar as-Sifat）：阿拉伯文校勘本附译文、导论与注释》。Merlin Swartz 编辑并翻译。莱顿：Brill 出版社，2002年。

———. A Medieval Critique of Anthropomorphism: Ibn al-Jawzi’s Kitab Akhbar as-Sifat: A Critical Edition of the Arabic Text with Translation, Introduction and Notes. Edited and translated by Merlin Swartz. Leiden: Brill, 2002.

Ibn Manẓūr. Lisān al-ʿarab. 由ʿAbd Allāh ʿAlī al-Kabīr、Muḥammad Aḥmad Ḥasab Allāh 和 Ḥāshim Muḥammad al-Shādhilī 校订。开罗：Dār al-Maʿārif，1981年。http://www.baheth.info/

Ibn Manẓūr. Lisān al-ʿarab. Edited by ʿAbd Allāh ʿAlī al-Kabīr, Muḥammad Aḥmad Ḥasab Allāh, and Ḥāshim Muḥammad al-Shādhilī. Cairo: Dār al-Maʿārif, 1981. http://www.baheth.info/.

Ibn al-Murtaḍā, Aḥmad ibn Yaḥyā. Kitāb Ṭabaqāt al-muʿtazilah. Die Klassen der muʿtaziliten. Edited by Susanna Diwald-Wilzer. Wiesbaden and Berlin: Franz Steiner, 1961. Note: this is a bibliographic entry, and the text you supplied is in German, so I've left the title and bibliographic details as they appear. Here is the translation into Simplified Chinese: 伊本·穆尔泰达，艾哈迈德·伊本·叶海亚。《穆尔泰齐赖派的层次》（Kitāb Ṭabaqāt al-muʿtazilah）。德文标题：Die Klassen der muʿtaziliten。苏珊娜·迪瓦尔德-威尔泽尔编辑。威斯巴登与柏林：弗朗茨·施泰纳出版社，1961年。

Ibn al-Murtaḍā, Aḥmad ibn Yaḥyā. Kitāb Ṭabaqāt al-muʿtazilah. Die Klassen der muʿtaziliten. Edited by Susanna Diwald-Wilzer. Wiesbaden and Berlin: Franz Steiner, 1961.

Ibn Qutaybah. Adab al-kātib. Edited by Muḥammad al-Dālī. Beirut: Muʾassasat al-Risālah, 1402/1982. Note: this is a bibliographic citation rather than prose, so I've transliterated the title and rendered the publication details in Chinese. 伊本·古太白（Ibn Qutaybah）。《书记官的礼仪》（Adab al-kātib）。穆罕默德·al-达利（Muḥammad al-Dālī）校订。贝鲁特：Muʾassasat al-Risālah 出版社，1402年（1982年）。

Ibn Qutaybah. Adab al-kātib. Edited by Muḥammad al-Dālī. Beirut: Muʾassasat al-Risālah, 1402/1982.

Inalcık, H. "Quṭn" (2). In EI2.

Inalcık, H. “Quṭn” (2). In EI2.

伊斯法哈尼,阿布·法拉季·阿勒。《歌集》(Kitāb al-Aghānī)。易卜拉欣·阿比亚里校订。33卷。开罗:人民出版社,1969–82年。

Iṣfahānī, Abū l-Faraj al-. Kitāb al-Aghanī. Edited by Ibrāhīm al-Ibyārī. 33 vols. Cairo: Dār al-Shaʿb, 1969–82.

Iqbal, Muzaffar. Review of Virtues of the Imām Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal. Islamic Sciences 13 (2015): 43–44. Note: The translation of this citation line is as follows: 伊克巴尔（Iqbal, Muzaffar）。《伊玛目艾哈迈德·本·罕百勒的美德》书评。《伊斯兰学》13期（2015年）：43–44页。

Iqbal, Muzaffar. Review of Virtues of the Imām Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal. Islamic Sciences 13 (2015): 43–44.

伊斯法哈尼,阿布·努艾姆·伊斯法哈尼:参见阿布·努艾姆·伊斯法哈尼。

Iṣfahānī, Abū Nuʿaym al-: see Abū Nuʿaym al-Iṣfahānī.

Jadʿān, Fahmī. Al-Miḥnah: Baḥth fī jadaliyyat al-dīnī wa-l-siyāsī fī l-Islām. Amman: Dār al-Shurūq, 1989. Note: the user's text is a bibliographic entry in Arabic transliteration, and the rule says to translate it into Chinese. Here is the translation: 贾德阿安，法赫米。《穆纳：伊斯兰教中宗教与政治辩证关系研究》。安曼：沙鲁克出版社，1989年。

Jadʿān, Fahmī. Al-Miḥnah: Baḥth fī jadaliyyat al-dīnī wa-l-siyāsī fī l-Islām . Amman: Dār al-Shurūq, 1989.

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Jāḥiẓ, al-. The Book of Misers. Translated by R. B. Serjeant. Reading: Garnet, 1997.

———。《吝啬者》。Ṭāhā l-Ḥājiri 校订。开罗：埃及书籍出版社，1948年。

———. Al-Bukhalāʾ. Edited by Ṭāhā l-Ḥājiri. Cairo: Dār al-Kitāb al-Miṣrī, 1948.

———。《Rasāʾil》。ʿAbd al-Salām Hārūn 校订。4 卷。贝鲁特：Dār al-Jīl 出版社，1411/1991。

———. Rasāʾil. Edited by ʿAbd al-Salām Hārūn. 4 vols. Beirut: Dār al-Jīl, 1411/1991.

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———。《"Zuhd"所指为何》。《伊斯兰研究》61（1985）：27–44。

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Madelung, Wilferd. “Mahdī.” In EI2.

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———. “The Origins of the Controversy Concerning the Creation of the Qurʾān.” In Religious Schools and Sects in Medieval Islam, edited by Wilferd Madelung, 504–25. London: Ashgate, 1985.

Makdisi, George. The Rise of Humanism in Classical Islam and the Christian West. Edinburgh: Note: The user's text is a bibliographic citation, which I've translated as requested, keeping names, titles and the publication place as in the original. 马克迪西，乔治。《古典伊斯兰与基督教西方的人文主义兴起》。爱丁堡：

Makdisi, George. The Rise of Humanism in Classical Islam and the Christian West. Edinburgh:

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———. “Hasan al-Basri, al-.” In Dictionary of Literary Biography 311: Arabic Literary Culture, 500– 925, edited by Michael Cooperson and Shawkat M. Toorawa, 121–27. Detroit: Thomson Gale, 2005.

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———. “The Musnad of Ahmad ibn Hanbal: How It Was Composed and What Distinguishes It from the Six Books.” Der Islam 82 (2005): 32–51.

———。“The Piety of the Hadith Folk.” International Journal of Middle East Studies 34 (2002): 425– 39.

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———。《从穆塔瓦基勒到穆格台迪尔（公元232–295年/公元847–908年）哈里发的宗教政策》，《伊斯兰法与社会》第3卷第3期（1996年）：316–42页。

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Misri, Ahmad ibn Naqib al-. Reliance of the Traveler. Edited and translated by Nun Ha Mim Keller.

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