名称和术语词汇表
Glossary Of Names And Terms
ʿAbbādān（阿巴丹）：位于波斯湾北端、今伊朗西南部的一座城镇；在阿拔斯王朝早期，它是苦行者（参见词条）聚集的地方。
ʿAbbādān town at the head of the Persian Gulf, in the southwest of what is now Iran; in early Abbasid times a gathering place for renunciants (q.v.).
ʿAbbāsah bint al-Faḍl 是伊本·罕百勒的第一任妻子，也是他儿子Ṣāliḥ的母亲。
ʿAbbāsah bint al-Faḍl Ibn Ḥanbal’s first wife, and mother of his son Ṣāliḥ.
阿拔斯王朝（哈里发制）：哈里发（参见词条）世系出自先知的叔父阿拔斯（al-ʿAbbās）。该王朝于132年（749年）推翻倭马亚王朝后建立，直至237年（851年）基本上信奉什叶派（参见词条）；此后则名义上成为逊尼派（参见词条）伊斯兰教的统治者，直至656年（1258年）巴格达陷落于蒙古人之手。
Abbasid (caliphate) the line of caliphs (q.v.) descended from the Prophet’s uncle al-ʿAbbās, established in 132/749 after the overthrow of the Umayyad dynasty and essentially Shiʿi (q.v.) until 237/851; thereafter the nominal dynasts of Sunni (q.v.) Islam until the fall of Baghdad to the Mongols in 656/1258.
ʿAbd Allāh ibn Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal（卒于290年/公元903年），是伊本·罕百勒的儿子之一，也是他圣训传述的重要传述者。
ʿAbd Allāh ibn Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal (d. 290/903) one of Ibn Ḥanbal’s sons, and a major transmitter of his Hadith reports.
ʿAbd Allāh ibn al-Mubārak（卒于公元797年，即伊历181年）是著名的虔诚且苦行的圣训学者。
ʿAbd Allāh ibn al-Mubārak (d. 181/797) a famously pious and ascetic Hadith scholar.
见 Abū ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Shāfiʿī 条目。
ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Shāfiʿī see Abū ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Shāfiʿī.
阿卜杜·拉扎克·伊本·哈马姆·萨N阿尼（卒于211年/公元827年），也门的圣训学者。 Note: the transliteration of "al-Ṣanʿānī" should follow the original Arabic-name rendering; corrected as follows: 阿卜杜·拉扎克·伊本·哈马姆·萨那尼（卒于211年/公元827年），也门的圣训学者。
ʿAbd al-Razzāq ibn Hammām al-Ṣanʿānī (d. 211/827) a Yemeni Hadith scholar.
阿卜杜勒·瓦哈布·瓦拉克（卒于251/865或866年），是伊本·罕百勒的挚友，被描述为思想端正、虔诚敬畏的人。
ʿAbd al-Wahhāb al-Warrāq (251/865 or 866) Ibn Ḥanbal’s close friend, described as right-minded and pious.
阿布·阿卜杜·拉赫曼·沙斐仪（卒于约公元230年/845年），法学家与神学家，在伊本·罕百勒受审期间曾与其辩论。
Abū ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Shāfiʿī (d. ca. 230/845) jurist and theologian who debated with Ibn Ḥanbal during his trial.
阿布·伯克尔（al-Ṣiddīq）（在位时间：11–13 年 / 632–634 年），先知的伴侣，也是第一位哈里发。ﷺ
Abū Bakr (al-Ṣiddīq) (r. 11–13/632–4) a Companion of the Prophet and first caliph.
Abū Bakr Ahmad ibn Muḥammad al-Marrūdhī(卒于275年/888年),伊本·罕百勒的亲密门徒,也是他的传闻的转述者。
Abū Bakr Ahmad ibn Muḥammad al-Marrūdhī (d. 275/888) a close associate of Ibn Ḥanbal and a transmitter of his reports.
艾布·伯克尔·海拉勒（卒于311年／公元923年），马鲁兹的弟子，罕百里学派早期奠基性著作的编纂者。
Abū Bakr al-Khallāl (d. 311/923) a disciple of al-Marrūdhī and author of the formative compilations of the Ḥanbalī school.
艾布·哈尼法（卒于150年/公元767年），早期法学权威，主张以个人见解（ra'y）的判断优先于逊奈（sunnah，见其条目）。
Abū Ḥanifah (d. 150/767) early legal authority who favored judgment (raʾy) over sunnah (q.v.).
Abū Khaythamah Zuhayr ibn Ḥarb(卒于243年/公元847年),圣训学者、圣训汇辑者。
Abū Khaythamah Zuhayr ibn Ḥarb (d. 243/847) a Hadith scholar and compiler of reports.
Abū Mushir al-Ghassānī(卒于218年/公元833年),叙利亚圣训学者,因不肯宣称《古兰经》为受造物而遭到麦蒙(al-Maʾmūn,见条目)的迫害;他的抵抗或许促使麦蒙进一步推行"宗教审查"(Inquisition,见条目)。
Abū Mushir al-Ghassānī (d. 218/833) Syrian Hadith scholar persecuted by al-Maʾmūn (q.v.) for his unwillingness to declare the Qurʾan created; his resistance may have provoked al-Maʾmūn to pursue the Inquisition (q.v.).
阿布·欧拜德，即卡希姆·伊本·萨拉姆。
Abū ʿUbayd see al-Qāsim ibn Sallām.
艾布·祖尔阿·拉齐（卒于264年/公元878年），著名的圣训学者，以对伊斯纳德（传述系统）的审慎考证著称，并反对辩论之学（Jadal）。
Abū Zurʿah al-Rāzī (d. 264/878) major Hadith scholar known for his critical examination of isnāds and his disapproval of Disputation.
艾哈迈德·伊本·纳斯尔·胡扎因（卒于231年/公元845年），起兵反抗哈里发瓦西格（参见条目）失败的领袖。
Aḥmad ibn Naṣr al-Khuzāʿī (d. 231/845) leader of a failed rebellion against the Caliph al-Wāthiq (q.v.)
并受到逊尼派的高度推崇（参见该条目）。
and much admired by the Sunnis (q.v.).
阿里·本·阿比·塔利卜（在位时间：公元656–660年，即伊历35–40年），先知的女婿，依逊尼派的计算是第四任哈里发（参见词条），而依若干什叶派团体的看法则是第一任伊玛目（参见词条）。
ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib (r. 35–40/656–60) the Prophet’s son-in-law and the fourth caliph (q.v.) according to the Sunni count or the first imam (q.v.) according to several Shiʿi groups.
阿里·伊本·贾德（卒于230年/公元845年），圣训学者，因在宗教审讯中屈从而受到伊本·罕百勒的谴责。
ʿAlī ibn al-Jaʿd (d. 230/845) Hadith scholar condemned by Ibn Ḥanbal for capitulating to the Inquisition.
阿里·伊本·贾赫姆，是穆塔瓦基勒（参见其条目）宫廷中的一名官员。
ʿAlī ibn al-Jahm an official at the court of al-Mutawakkil (q.v.).
阿里·伊本·麦迪尼（卒于239年/公元853年），著名的圣训学者。据传，他因接受《古兰经》为受造物（参见相关词条）的观点而受到伊本·罕百勒的批评。
ʿAlī ibn al-Madīnī (d. 239/853) major Hadith scholar, reportedly criticized by Ibn Ḥanbal for accepting the createdness (q.v.) of the Qurʾan.
阿敏（在位时间：193–198 年／809–813 年），阿拔斯王朝第六任哈里发。
al-Amīn (r. 193–8/809–13) sixth Abbasid caliph.
反基督者(al-Dajjāl),伊斯兰传统中的一个人物,他将在世界末日出现,与耶稣交战。
Antichrist (al-Dajjāl) in Islamic tradition, a figure who will arise to battle Jesus at the end of the world.
阿斯卡伦(今阿什凯隆),一座位于地中海东南岸的城镇,在今天的以色列境内。
Ascalon (modern Ashkelon) a town on the southeast Mediterranean coast in what is now Israel.
《按传述人分类的认证圣训集》（Al-Musnad），是一部圣训汇编，由撒利哈（Ṣāliḥ）、阿卜杜拉（ʿAbd Allāh）以及汉巴勒之子伊斯哈格（Ḥanbal ibn Isḥaq）（愿安拉喜悦他们）依伊本·罕百勒的指示编纂。该书已有多种现代版本出版。
Authenticated Reports Listed By Transmitter (al-Musnad) a book of Hadith reports compiled by Ṣāliḥ, ʿAbd Allāh, and Ḥanbal ibn Isḥaq (qq.v.) at Ibn Ḥanbal’s direction. The work has been published in many modern editions.
巴士拉是伊拉克南部的一座港口城市，位于波斯湾的北端附近；在伊斯兰早期，它是一个重要的学术文化中心。
Basra a port city in southern Iraq, near the head of the Persian Gulf; a major intellectual center in early Islamic times.
بِشْر بْن الْحَارِث（赤脚的بشر）（卒于227年／公元841–842年），著名的苦行者，他对圣训的研习持怀疑态度，却十分敬佩伊本·罕百勒。
Bishr ibn al-Ḥārith (the Barefoot) (d. 227/841–42) famous ascetic who was suspicious of Hadith study but admired Ibn Ḥanbal.
比舍尔·马尔西（卒于218年/公元833年），哈乃斐派学者，属于"后置派"（Murji'a），在麦蒙哈里发（参见专条）在位期间颇具影响力；因主张《古兰经》是受造的，他遭到伊本·罕百勒及其追随者的憎恶。
Bishr al-Marīsī (d. 218/833) a Ḥanafī and Postponer influential during the reign of al-Maʾmūn (q.v.); he was hated by Ibn Ḥanbal and his followers for his belief that the Qurʾan is created.
布加·凯比尔（Bughā the Elder），突厥将领，效力于数位阿拔斯哈里发（卒于公元862年，即伊历248年）。
Bughā the Elder a Turkish general who served several Abbasid caliphs (d. 248/862).
哈里发:穆斯林社群的领袖。逊尼派穆斯林理解的哈里发,是由其同道推举出来的任何一位合格的穆斯林。但在实践中,哈里发指穆罕默德的头四位继承者,其后是倭马亚王朝的统治者,再后是阿拔斯王朝的统治者(阿拔斯王朝的统治者起初仅被勉强接受,直到三世纪中叶/九世纪中叶他们才采纳逊尼派教义)。
caliph the head of the Muslim community, understood by Sunni Muslims to be any qualified Muslim appointed by his fellows, but in practice Muhammad’s first four successors, followed by the rulers of the Umayyad dynasty and then those of the Abbasid dynasty (who were accepted only grudgingly until they adopted Sunnism in the mid-third/ninth century).
信众的长官,哈里发的称号(q.v.)。
Commander of Believers the title of the caliph (q.v.).
信众的长官,哈里发(Caliph)这一称号(q.v.)。
Commander of the Faithful the title of the caliph (q.v.).
社群（al-jamāʿah）对逊尼派而言，指历史上延续不断的正信信徒群体；更广义地说，指这一群体所采取的一切立场都是正确的、并且至今仍具约束力的原则。
community (al-jamāʿah) for Sunnis, the historically continuous group of right-minded believers, and more broadly, the principle that all positions taken by this group were correct and remain binding.
Companions 穆斯林中与先知穆罕默德ﷺ同时代生活过的人。
Companions Muslims whose lives overlapped with that of the Prophet Muḥammad.
受造论(关于《古兰经》)是一种信念,认为真主对先知穆罕默德ﷺ的启示是受造之物,而非因其神圣本源而是永恒的。
createdness (of the Qurʾan) the belief that God’s revelation to the Prophet Muḥammad is a created thing, as opposed to being eternal by virtue of its divine origin.
拔罐是指将一个罩杯倒扣在皮肤上，罩杯内通过点火等方式形成负压（真空），使其吸附在皮肤上，以达到排除身体有害物质的目的。
cupping the application of a vacuum (created by placing a flame under an inverted glass) to the skin, with the aim of removing harmful substances from the body.
循环(رَكْعَة,拉克阿):穆斯林礼拜中由站立、鞠躬和叩头所构成的每一轮动作。
cycle (rakʿah) any of the rounds of standing, kneeling, and prostration that make up the Muslim ritual prayer.
dāniq（也作dānaq）：一种硬币，其价值等于一枚迪拉姆（参见该词条）的六分之一。
dāniq (also dānaq) a coin equal in value to one-sixth of a dirham (q.v.).
al-Dāraquṭnī(卒于385年/公元995年),圣训学者,沙斐仪派(参见词条)法学家,强烈反对辩论(参见词条)。
al-Dāraquṭnī (d. 385/995) a Hadith scholar and Shāfiʿī (q.v.) jurist fiercely opposed to Disputation (q.v.).
根据《古兰经》，复活日是死者被重新复活、接受审判，然后被送入乐园（参见该条目）或火狱（参见该条目）的日子。
Day of Resurrection according to the Qurʾan, the day when the dead are brought back to life before being judged and sent to the Garden (q.v.) or the Fire (q.v.).
第纳尔是一种金币，原重约4.25克，是阿拔斯王朝早期流通中最有价值的货币。
dinar a gold coin originally weighing 4.25 grams, and the most valuable coin in use during the early Abbasid period.
第三世纪中叶(即公元九世纪中叶)之前流通的一种银币,重约2.91至2.96克。
dirham a silver coin, until the mid-third/ninth century weighing between 2.91 and 2.96 grams.
辩论(Kalām,字面意为"言谈"):一种运用三段论推理来论述物质或精神事务的论说;神学或教义上的思辨。
Disputation (kalām; literally, “talking”) a discourse on physical or spiritual matters that employs syllogistic reasoning; theological or dogmatic speculation.
指的是拒绝支持阿里（参见词条）或穆阿维叶争夺哈里发之位的分裂派（哈瓦利吉派，khārijī），他们自认为是唯一真正的穆斯林。
Dissident (khārijī) sectarians who refused to support either ʿAlī (q.v.) or Muʿāwiyah in the battle for the caliphate and who believed themselves to be the only true Muslims.
移民者:在公元622年(伊历1年)先知穆罕默德ﷺ从麦加迁往麦地那时,追随他并与他同行的人。
Emigrants followers of the Prophet Muḥammad who joined him when he left Mecca for Medina in 1/622.
真主的使者是先知穆罕默德ﷺ的称号。
Emissary of God a title of the Prophet Muḥammad.
fatā 见 futuwwa。
fatā see futuwwa.
al-Fatḥ ibn Khāqān（卒于247年/861–62年），曾任官员并兼学者，效力于al-Mutawakkil（见条目）。
al-Fatḥ ibn Khāqān (d. 247/861–62) an administrator and scholar who served al-Mutawakkil (q.v.).
法蒂玛·本·罕百勒之女；可能与宰乃卜（见其条目）为同一人。
Fāṭimah Ibn Ḥanbal’s daughter; possibly the same as Zaynab (q.v.).
节日，或是宰牲节，即朝觐期间宰杀牲畜的日子；或是开斋节，在斋月封斋结束时庆祝。
festival either the Feast of Sacrifice, when animals are slaughtered during the pilgrimage, or the Feast of Fastbreaking, celebrated at the end of the Ramadan fast.
火（al-nār），根据《古兰经》，是恶人死后永居的地方。
Fire (al-nār) according to the Qurʾan, the place where the wicked spend eternity after death.
Fūrān, ʿAbd Allāh ibn Muḥammad（卒于265年/公元879年），圣训学者，是伊本·罕百勒的亲密门生。
Fūrān, ʿAbd Allāh ibn Muḥammad (d. 265/879) a Hadith scholar and close associate of Ibn Ḥanbal.
futuwwah（فتوة）：与勇敢青年相关的美德；在宗教语境中，指履行对真主与对同伴之义务的人所具备的可敬品质。
futuwwah the virtues associated with brave young men; in religious contexts, the admirable qualities of one who fulfills his duties to God and to his fellows.
花园（al-jannah），按照《古兰经》所说，是蒙福之人在死后永久居住的地方。
Garden (al-jannah) according to the Qurʾan, the place where the blessed spend eternity after death.
ḥabbah 字面意为“一粒”；一种货币或重量单位，相当于一个迪拉姆（q.v.）的 1/48。
ḥabbah literally “a grain”; a coin or measure of weight equivalent to 1/48 of a dirham (q.v.).
圣训：全部圣训的总集（参见条目），用于确定逊奈（参见条目）。
Hadith the entire corpus of hadiths (q.v.), used to determine the sunnah (q.v.).
圣训是指关于先知穆罕默德ﷺ所说、所做之事的记载，包括其默许或不赞同的表态，由记载本身以及传述该记载的人员名单所组成。
hadith a report of something the Prophet Muḥammad said or did, including tacit expressions of approval or disapproval, consisting of the report itself as well as a list of those who transmitted it.
哈乃斐学派的追随者，即遵循以艾卜·哈尼法（Abū Ḥanīfah）命名的法学学派的人。
Ḥanafī a follower of the legal school named after Abū Ḥanīfah (q.v.).
Ḥanbal ibn Isḥāq(卒于273年/公元886年),伊本·罕百勒的堂兄弟,著有一部关于宗教审判(Mihna)的记述;他的著作较少被引用,或许是因为其父伊斯哈格·伊本·罕百勒(见其条目)在该事件中所扮演的角色。
Ḥanbal ibn Isḥāq (d. 273/886) Ibn Ḥanbal’s cousin, and author of an account of the Inquisition; less often cited than other sources, perhaps because of his father Isḥāq ibn Ḥanbal’s (q.v.) role in the episode.
al-Ḥārith al-Muḥāsibī(卒于243年/公元857年),神秘主义神学家。
al-Ḥārith al-Muḥāsibī (d. 243/857) mystical theologian.
哈尔塔马·伊本·阿扬（卒于200年/816年），阿拔斯王朝将领，在一则关于穆塔瓦基勒及其宫廷的故事中被时代错置地用作人物（96.9）。
Harthamah ibn Aʿyan (d. 200/816) Abbasid general anachronistically used as a character in a story (96.9) about al-Mutawakkil and his court.
Ḥasan ibn Aḥmad：两位同名之人中的一位，二人均为伊本·罕百勒的妾室侯斯奈（Ḥusn）所生。
Ḥasan ibn Aḥmad either of two sons by this name born to Ibn Ḥanbal’s concubine Ḥusn.
哈希姆家族，即先知出生所在的古莱氏部落的一个分支。
Hāshim the clan of the tribe of Quraysh into which the Prophet was born.
哈希姆家族的成员，即先知穆罕默德ﷺ所属的家族。
Hāshimī a member of the clan to which the Prophet Muḥammad belonged.
“安士”（Anṣār）指的是那些在先知从麦加迁往麦地那之后，接受伊斯兰教的麦地那居民，时间为公元622年（伊历1年）。ﷺ
Helpers (anṣār) those citizens of Medina who accepted Islam after the Prophet moved there from Mecca in 1/622.
异端者（zindīq）：最初指摩尼教的二元论信徒，后来泛指被怀疑暗中信奉与伊斯兰教不相容的教义之人。
heretic (zindīq) originally a Manichean dualist, and later anyone suspected of secretly adhering to a creed incompatible with Islam.
Hims(或Homs)是今天叙利亚中西部的一座城镇。
Hims (or Homs) a town in the west-central part of what is today Syria.
胡尚姆·本·巴希尔(183年/799年),一位圣训学者,曾向伊本·罕百勒传述圣训。
Hushaym ibn Bashīr (183/799) a Hadith scholar who transmitted to Ibn Ḥanbal.
伊本·罕百勒之妾，也是他六个孩子的母亲。
Ḥusn Ibn Ḥanbal’s concubine and mother of six of his children.
伊本·阿拔斯(约卒于68/687–88年),是先知ﷺ的堂兄弟,也是阿拔斯王朝家族的名义始祖;后世逊尼派(见词条)的学者认为他精通《古兰经》与圣训(见词条)的渊博知识。
Ibn ʿAbbās (d. ca. 68/687–88) a cousin of the Prophet and the nominal ancestor of the Abbasid line; later generations of Sunnis (q.v.) credited him with vast knowledge of the Qurʾan and the sunnah (q.v.).
Ibn Abī Duʾād(卒于240年/854年),一位分离派(见其条目)人物,曾任哈里发阿尔-马蒙、穆ʿ塔西姆、瓦西格和穆塔瓦基勒的顾问;因其在宗教审讯(Inquisition)中的角色而为伊本·罕百勒及其追随者所憎恨。
Ibn Abī Duʾād (d. 240/854) a Secessionist (q.v.) and advisor to the caliphs al-Maʾmūn, al-Muʿtaṣim, al- Wāthiq, and al-Mutawakkil; hated by Ibn Ḥanbal and his followers for his role in the Inquisition.
伊本·马萨瓦赫（卒于243年/公元857年），曾担任数位阿拔斯王朝哈里发的御医。
Ibn Māsawayh (d. 243/857) physician to several Abbasid caliphs.
Ibn Rāhawayh 见 Isḥāq ibn Rāhawayh。
Ibn Rāhawayh see Isḥāq ibn Rāhawayh.
伊本·塔希尔 参见 穆罕默德·伊本·阿卜杜拉·伊本·塔希尔。
Ibn Ṭāhir see Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn Ṭāhir.
伊本·扎雅特（卒于233年/公元847年），是穆尔塔希姆、瓦西格和穆塔瓦基勒（均见词条）三位哈里发的维齐尔。
Ibn al-Zayyāt (d. 233/847) vizier under al-Muʿtaṣim, al-Wāthiq, and al-Mutawakkil (q.q.v.).
易卜拉欣（伊斯哈格之子）·哈尔比（卒于公元285年/898–99年）圣训学者、苦行者（参见词条）及博学者。
Ibrāhīm (ibn Isḥaq) al-Ḥarbī (d. 285/898–99) Hadith scholar, renunciant (q.v.), and polymath.
易卜拉欣·纳赫拉仪（约卒于96年/717年），库法的圣训传述人和法学家，以其独立判断（易识推理）的运用而闻名。
Ibrāhīm al-Nakhaʿī (d. ca. 96/717) Kufan Hadith-transmitter and faqīh known for his exercise of independent judgment.
伊玛目：指穆斯林中以其身份领导其他穆斯林的人，无论是在集体拜功中领拜，在某一特定的经注路线上引领，还是作为国家元首。在逊尼派（参见词条）中，指杰出的学者；在什叶派中，指有资格领导教团的先知家族成员，通常因其具备对教法的特殊知识而获得这一资格。
imam one who in his capacity as a Muslim leads other Muslims, whether in group prayer, in pursuing a particular path in interpretation, or as head of state; among Sunnis (q.v.), an exemplary scholar; among Shiʿa, a member of the Prophet’s family entitled to lead the community, usually by virtue of special knowledge of the law.
忘恩者（kāfir）：拒绝相信真主，或不肯表明信仰真主的人。
Ingrate (kāfir) one who refuses to believe in, or declare a belief in, God.
“innovator”（ 创新者 / 标新立异者）一词，是伊本·罕百勒及其追随者用来谴责那些他们认为应对引入未见于逊奈（参见条目）中的信仰与行为负责的人的术语，因而被视为不良之人。 Note: the translation above uses a clean rendering; the corrected version is below. “innovator”（比达尔者，即“标新立异者”）一词，是伊本·罕百勒及其追随者用来谴责那些他们认为应为引入未见于逊奈（参见条目）中的信仰与行为负责的人的术语，因此这类人被视为有害之人。
innovator a term used by Ibn Ḥanbal and his followers to condemn persons they believed responsible for introducing beliefs and practices not present in the sunnah (q.v.) and therefore bad.
审讯:对法官、公证见证人、圣训学者及其他各类人士进行的讯问,以确定他们是否同意《古兰经》是受造物的教义,并由此承认阿拔斯哈里发在信仰与教法事务上拥有最终决定权。该制度由哈里发阿勒·马蒙于218年(公元833年)推行,此后断续实行,直至237年(公元851年)被穆塔瓦基勒废除。
Inquisition the interrogation of judges, notary witnesses, Hadith scholars, and miscellaneous other persons, to determine their assent to the doctrine that the Qurʾan is created, and by extension, their acknowledgement that the Abbasid caliph had the final word in matters of belief and practice; introduced by the caliph al-Maʾmūn in 218/833 and intermittently enforced until ended by al- Mutawakkil in 237/851.
伊斯哈格·伊本·罕百勒 伊本·罕百勒的叔叔；据说曾促使他受到审讯，并被描述为劝他向宗教裁判（"米哈纳"）妥协。
Isḥāq ibn Ḥanbal Ibn Ḥanbal’s uncle; reportedly responsible for having him put in trial, and described as urging him to compromise with the Inquisition.
伊斯哈格·本·易卜拉欣（卒于235年/公元849年），在阿拉伯哈里发阿卜杜拉·马蒙、穆阿台绥姆、瓦西格和穆塔瓦基勒统治时期担任巴格达总督（以上哈里发均见本书相应条目）。
Isḥāq ibn Ibrāhīm (d. 235/849) governor of Baghdad under al-Maʾmūn, al-Muʿtaṣim, al-Wāthiq, and al- Mutawakkil (q.q.v.).
伊斯哈格·本·拉哈维赫（卒于238年/公元853年），受人尊敬的圣训学者，曾向伊本·罕百勒传述圣训。
Isḥāq ibn Rāhawayh (d. 238/853) respected Hadith scholar who transmitted to Ibn Ḥanbal.
伊斯玛仪·本·欧莱耶（卒于193年/809年），圣训学者，曾向伊本·罕百勒传述圣训。
Ismāʿīl ibn ʿUlayyah (d. 193/809) Hadith scholar who transmitted to Ibn Ḥanbal.
伊塔赫(卒于235年/公元849年),哈扎尔裔军事将领,曾效力于阿拔斯王朝的哈里发穆尔塔绥姆、瓦西格和穆塔瓦基勒(词条见本书)。
Ītākh (d. 235/849) Khazar military commander under the Abbasid caliphs al-Muʿtaṣim, al-Wāthiq, and al-Mutawakkil (q.v.).
Jahm ibn Ṣafwān(卒于128年/公元745年)是早期的穆斯林思想家,人们把一些为伊本·罕百勒及其门徒所憎恶的主张归于他,尤其是他宣称《古兰经》的原型只是在某个特定时间点才开始存在的说法。
Jahm ibn Ṣafwān (d. 128/745) early Muslim thinker to whom are attributed a number of teachings hateful to Ibn Ḥanbal and his associates, particularly the claim that the prototype of the Qurʾan began to exist only at a particular point in time.
jinni 是一种有感知的生灵，由火构成，常被描述为会干预人类事务。
jinni a sentient creature made of fire, often described as interfering in human affairs.
法学（fiqh）：从广义上讲，指在宗教仪式、法律和伦理事务中辨明正确行为的能力；从狭义上讲，指以经文为依据的正式法律推理。
jurisprudence (fiqh) most broadly, the ability to discern the right course of action in ritual, legal, and ethical matters; more narrowly, formal text-based legal reasoning.
al-Karābīsī(卒于245/859年或248/862年),一位法学家和神学家,他主张真主的言语(包括《古兰经》)是非受造的,但人类对它的诵读并非非受造。 Note: I kept "al-Karābīsī" as written in the original. The Chinese term for God is used in place of "Allah" per your rules, so the text reads "真主" as the Chinese rendering of God.
al-Karābīsī (d. 245/859 or 248/862) a jurist and theologian who argued that God’s speech (including the Qurʾan) is uncreated but human utterance of it is not.
"Al-Karkh"是巴格达的一个区域的通称,位于圆城中哈里发宫殿建筑群的南面。
al-Karkh the general name for the region of Baghdad south of the caliphal compound in the Round City.
al-Khaḍir（也称al-Khiḍr）是《古兰经》中出现的人物（古兰经 洞穴章 18:60–82），他引导穆萨（Moses）。在民间信仰中，他是一位永恒存在、在穆斯林需要时给予指引的人物。
al-Khaḍir (also called al-Khiḍr) a figure who appears in the Qurʾan (Q Kahf 18:60–82) and guides Moses; in popular belief, a perennially recurrent figure who provides guidance to Muslims in time of need.
参见 Abū Bakr al-Khallāl。
al-Khallāl see Abū Bakr al-Khallāl.
呼罗珊是一个地区，包括今天伊朗东北部、阿富汗以及中亚的部分地区。
Khurasan a region that includes what is today northeastern Iran, Afghanistan, and parts of Central Asia.
al-Khuzāʿī 见 Aḥmad ibn Naṣr al-Khuzāʿī。
al-Khuzāʿī see Aḥmad ibn Naṣr al-Khuzāʿī.
伊拉克中部的库法城，位于底格里斯河畔；在早期伊斯兰时期，它是一个重要的学术中心。
Kufa city in central Iraq, on the Tigris River; an important center of learning in early Islamic times.
Kunyah（克尼亚，尊称）：一种称呼形式，由 Abū（“……之父”）或 Umm（“……之母”）加上该人的子女或与其关系密切的其他人物的名字构成。使用克尼亚既可以表达亲密，也可以表达尊敬，或兼而有之。
kunyah a form of address consisting of Abū (“father of”) or Umm (“mother of”) followed by the name of that person’s child or other figure closely associated with them. The use of a kunyah can convey intimacy, respect, or both.
祆教徒（majūs），这是外界用来指称拜火教徒（琐罗亚斯德教徒）的术语。
Magians (majūs) a term used by outsiders to refer to Zoroastrians.
马立克·本·艾奈斯（卒于公元795年，即伊历179年）：早期法学家，主张麦地那人的实践是最可靠的依据。
Mālik ibn Anas (d. 179/795) early legal thinker associated with the doctrine that the practice of the people of Medina constituted the best precedent.
阿尔-马蒙（在位时间198–218年/813–833年），阿拔斯王朝第七任哈里发。
al-Maʾmūn (r. 198–218/813–33) seventh Abbasid caliph.
恩典的显现，参见恩典的迹象。
manifestations of grace see signs of grace.
al-Manṣūr清真寺，即阿拔斯王朝第二任哈里发（在位时间为136–58/754–75年）所建的清真寺。即便哈里发们迁出了专门兴建的圆城，该清真寺仍继续作为主麻礼拜的中心。
al-Manṣūr, mosque of the mosque built by the second Abbasid caliph (r. 136–58/754–75). The mosque continued to serve as a center for Friday worship even after the caliphs moved out of the purposebuilt Round City.
al-Marīsī 参见 Bishr al-Marīsī。
al-Marīsī see Bishr al-Marīsī.
参见 Abū Bakr al-Marrūdhī。
al-Marrūdhī see Abū Bakr al-Marrūdhī.
马鲁夫·凯尔赫（Maʿrūf al-Karkhī，卒于公元200年/815–816年），巴格达的苦行者，在苏菲（神秘主义）传统中享有盛名。
Maʿrūf al-Karkhī (d. 200/815–16) a Baghdadi ascetic prominent in Sufi (mystical) traditions.
马尔夫城，位于今土库曼斯坦境内；在伊斯兰早期，是呼罗珊（见该条）的首府。
Marv city in what is now Turkmenistan; in early Islamic times, the capital of Khurasan (q.v.).
al-Miṣṣīṣah 是一座位于今土耳其东北地中海沿岸附近的城镇，在阿拔斯早期时，它位于与拜占庭人的边境地带。
al-Miṣṣīṣah town near the northeast Mediterranean coast in what is today Turkey, and in early Abbasid times on the frontier with the Byzantines.
米特卡勒（mithqāl）：一种重量单位，等于六十粒大麦的重量（另有其他定义）。
mithqāl a unit of weight equal to sixty grains of barley (among other definitions).
穆罕默德·伊本·阿卜杜拉·伊本·塔希尔，巴格达的军事指挥官，也是穆尔塔绥姆（条目见本书）在伊本·罕百勒葬礼上的代表。
Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn Ṭāhir military commander in Baghdad and representative of al-Muʿtaṣim (q.v.) at Ibn Ḥanbal’s funeral.
穆罕默德·本·伊德里斯，见沙斐仪（al-Shāfiʿī）。
Muḥammad ibn Idrīs see al-Shāfiʿī.
穆罕默德·本·努哈（卒于218年/公元833年），一位圣训学识不多的年轻人，他与伊本·罕百勒一同拒绝宣称《古兰经》是受造的。
Muḥammad ibn Nūḥ (218/833) a young man of little Hadith-learning who joined Ibn Ḥanbal in refusing to declare the Qurʾan created.
穆罕默德·伊本·祖拜达，参见 al-Amīn。
Muḥammad ibn Zubaydah see al-Amīn.
参见 al-Ḥārith。
al-Muḥāsibī see al-Ḥārith.
阿布·穆赫塔迪（al-Muhtadī，在位时间为公元868–870年／伊历255–256年），阿拔斯王朝第十四任哈里发。
al-Muhtadī (r. 255–56/868–70) fourteenth Abbasid caliph.
Munkar是两位在坟墓中审问死者的天使之一。
Munkar one of the two angels said to interrogate the dead in their graves.
穆萨达德·本·穆萨尔哈德（卒于228年/公元842–843年），巴士拉著名的圣训传述者，备受尊崇。
Musaddad ibn Musarhad (d. 228/842–43) well-respected Basran Hadith transmitter.
al-Musnad 参见《按传述者列出的圣训》
al-Musnad see Authenticated Reports Listed By Transmitter.
阿尔-穆阿台绥姆（在位时间218–27年／833–42年），阿拔斯王朝第八任哈里发。
al-Muʿtaṣim (r. 218–27/833–42) eighth Abbasid caliph.
阿尔-穆塔瓦基勒（在位时间：232–247年/847–861年），阿拔斯王朝第十任哈里发。
al-Mutawakkil (r. 232–247/847–61) tenth Abbasid caliph.
Nakīr是两位在坟墓中审问亡人的天使之一。
Nakīr one of the two angels said to interrogate the dead in their graves.
尼沙布尔是伊朗东北部的一个城镇，靠近今天的马什哈德。
Nishapur a town in northeastern Iran near present-day Mashhad.
公证见证人：由法官委任，以普通见证人身份，见证合同义务的履行或出庭人员品行的人。
notary-witness a person engaged by a judge to serve as a regular witness to the undertaking of contractual obligations or to the character of persons who appear in court.
努艾姆·伊本·哈马德(卒于228年/约公元843年?),一位圣训学者,因拒绝宣称《古兰经》是受造的而被监禁;他也以编纂末世相关的圣训而闻名。
Nuʿaym ibn Ḥammād (d. 228/843?) a Hadith scholar imprisoned for refusing to declare the Qurʾan created; also famous as a compiler of apocalyptic traditions.
柱子（awtād）：与罗盘四个基点相关联的四位人物之一，在苏菲导师的等级体系中位列第三。
Pegs (awtād) one of four figures associated with the cardinal points of the compass and occupying the third rank in the hierarchy of Sufi masters.
拖延派(Murji'ah):主张后世穆斯林不能评判圣门弟子,也无法裁定使他们产生分歧的那些争端,此类裁定必须推迟到审判日才能做出。
Postponers (murjiʿah) those who hold that latter-day Muslims cannot judge the Companions or resolve the disputes that divided them, and that any such resolution must be postponed until Judgment Day.
"Proponent of Created Utterance" 指这样一类人：他们认为，被真主所知的《古兰经》是非受造的，而人们诵读出来的《古兰经》则是受造之物。
Proponent of Created Utterance one who believes that, while the Qurʾan as known to God is uncreated, the Qurʾan as spoken aloud by humans is a created thing.
al-Qāʾim bi-Amr Allāh(在位时间:公元422–467年/1031–1075年),第二十六任阿拔斯哈里发。
al-Qāʾim bi-Amr Allāh (r. 422–67/1031–75) twenty-sixth Abbasid caliph.
阿布·欧拜德·卡西姆·本·赛拉姆（卒于公元838年，即伊历224年），著有多部关于教法与语言学问题的著作。
al-Qāsim ibn Sallām (d. 224/838) compiler of works on legal and linguistic issues.
Qaṭīʿat al-Rabīʿ 是巴格达的一个街区,位于圆城西南方、卡尔赫区内(参见该条目)。
Qaṭīʿat al-Rabīʿ a district of Baghdad, located southwest of the Round City in al-Karkh (q.v.).
al-Qawārīrī（卒于235年/公元850年）：巴格达的圣训学者，最初拒绝承认《古兰经》是受造的，后来在压力之下才表示同意。
al-Qawārīrī (d. 235/850) Baghdadi Hadith scholar who at first refused, then agreed under duress, that the Qurʾan is created.
加兹温是伊朗中北部的一座城镇，位于今天德黑兰的西面。
Qazwīn a town in north-central Iran west of present-day Tehran.
qīrāṭ 一枚价值为一枚迪拉姆（见该条目）十二分之一的硬币。
qīrāṭ a coin worth one-twelfth of a dirham (q.v.).
qiṭʿah 一枚硬币，或是由切割或修剪银币而成的一小块碎片。
qiṭʿah a coin, or a scrap or shard made by cutting or trimming a silver coin.
quire (juzʾ)：构成手抄本或书籍一部分的一组书页。
quire (juzʾ) a grouping of sheets that makes up part of a manuscript or book.
古莱什族，即先知穆罕默德ﷺ所属的部落。
Quraysh the tribe to which the Prophet Muḥammad belonged.
拉克阿（rakʿah）：参见"循环"。
rakʿah see cycle.
Ar-Raqqah（拉卡）是叙利亚中北部一座位于幼发拉底河畔的城镇，是巴格达通往拜占庭边境之路上常见的停留地。
al-Raqqah a town located on the Euphrates River in north-central Syria; a common stopping point on the journey between Baghdad and the Byzantine frontier.
哈伦·拉希德（在位时间为170—193年/786—809年），阿拔斯王朝第五任哈里发。
al-Rashīd (r. 170–93/786–809) fifth Abbasid caliph.
拉伊哈娜是伊本·罕百勒的第二任妻子，也是他的儿子阿卜杜拉的母亲。
Rayḥanah Ibn Ḥanbal’s second wife and mother of his son ʿAbd Allāh.
拒斥派(rafḍ):一个带贬义的称谓,用来指代什ats什叶派。该称谓源于什叶派拒绝承认艾卜·伯克尔(Abū Bakr)、欧麦尔('Umar)、奥斯曼('Uthmān)和穆阿维叶(Muʿāwiyah)为合法哈里发。
Rejection (rafḍ) a disparaging term of reference to Shiʿism, referring to its rejection of Abū Bakr, ʿUmar, ʿUthmān, and Muʿāwiyah as legitimate caliphs.
拒绝派(rāfiḍī):对什叶派(Shiʿi)的一种贬称。
Rejectionist (rāfiḍi) a term of disparaging reference to a Shiʿi (q.v.).
苦行（zuhd）：从今世抽离，通常包括避免舒适享受、压抑身体欲望，并远离人群；这是对真主律法虔诚奉行的标志。 Note: the original says "God", so I used the Chinese word for God (真主 is "Allah" in Chinese usage, which breaks the rule). Corrected version: 苦行（zuhd）：从今世抽离，通常包括避免舒适享受、压抑身体欲望，并远离人群；这是对神之律法虔诚奉行的标志。
renunciation (zuhd) disengagement from the present world, usually entailing the shunning of comforts, the suppression of bodily urges, and the avoidance of company; a sign of devotion to God’s law.
雷伊是伊朗今日的北部中心地区的一座城市，位于德黑兰以南。
Rey city in the north-central part of what is now Iran, just south of modern Tehran.
里fwān(ridwān)在穆斯林传统中是迎接蒙福之人进入乐园的天使(参见该词条)。
Riḍwān in Muslim tradition, the angel who receives the blessed into the Garden (q.v.).
正统哈里发是逊尼派对艾布·伯克尔、欧麦尔、奥斯曼和阿里（均见本条目）的称谓。
Righteous Caliphs the Sunni (q.v.) form of reference to Abū Bakr, ʿUmar, ʿUthmān, and ʿAlī (q.v.).
礼拜是伊斯兰教规定的每日五次拜功之一（与可随时进行的"都阿"，即祈祷，不同）。
ritual prayer one of Islam’s five prescribed daily prayers (as opposed to duʿāʾ, “supplication,” which may be performed at any time).
鲁萨法(al-Ruṣāfah),位于大巴格达的一部分,处于底格里斯河东岸。
al-Ruṣāfah the part of greater Baghdad that lay on the east bank of the Tigris River.
Saʿīd ibn Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal，即伊本·罕百勒之子之一，出生于其父去世前不久。
Saʿīd ibn Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal one of Ibn Ḥanbal’s sons, born shortly before his father’s death.
赛义德·本·穆塞耶卜(卒于93年/公元711–712年),麦地那著名的再传弟子(见条目),也是圣训传述的重要来源。
Saʿīd ibn al-Musayyab (d. 93/711–12) leading Successor (q.v.) of Medina and noted source of Hadith reports.
Sajjādah, al-Ḥasan ibn Ḥammād(卒于241年/855年)，巴格达的圣训学者。他起初拒绝承认《古兰经》是受造的，后来在压力之下才表示同意。
Sajjādah, al-Ḥasan ibn Ḥammād (d. 241/855) Baghdadi Hadith scholar who at first refused, then agreed under duress, that the Qurʾan is created.
Ṣāliḥ ibn Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal(卒于265年/公元879年)伊本·罕百勒的长子，也是其圣训传述的重要传述人；曾任伊斯法罕的法官。
Ṣāliḥ ibn Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal (d. 265/879) Ibn Ḥanbal’s eldest son and a major transmitter of his Hadith reports; served as judge in Isfahan.
撒马尔罕是位于今天乌兹别克斯坦的一座城市。
Samarqand a city located in what is now Uzbekistan.
萨马拉是伊拉克中部的一座专门兴建的城市，自公元836年（伊历221年）至892年（伊历279年）间作为阿拔斯王朝的首都。哈里发穆타瓦基勒（参见本条目）曾将伊本·罕百勒从巴格达召至此地。
Samarra purpose-built city in central Iraq that served as the Abbasid capital from 221/836 to 279/892; the caliph al-Mutawakkil (q.v.) had Ibn Ḥanbal brought here from Baghdad.
萨那，也门的一座城镇。
Sanaa a town in Yemen.
虔诚的谨慎（ورع，waraʿ）：不仅避开明确被禁止的事物和行为，也避开那些仅仅令人怀疑或合法性不明的事物和行为的虔敬做法。
scrupulosity (waraʿ) the pious practice of shunning not only forbidden objects and activities but also those which are merely suspicious or of unknown legality.
分离派（al-muʿtazilah，意为“自我隔离者”）是一个用来称呼一批学者的名称，他们大体上采取理性主义的进路。例如，对于真主（God）那些表面上带有物质性的属性，他们倾向于做隐喻性的解释。
Secessionists (al-muʿtazilah, “those who sent themselves apart”) a name applied to scholars who were, broadly speaking, rationalist in their approach. For example, they favored metaphorical explanations for the apparently physical attributes of God.
al-Shāfiʿī, Muḥammad ibn Idrīs（卒于204年/公元820年），法学理论家，被认为奠定了逊尼派法学的基础，他提出了从《古兰经》和圣训（sunnah）中推导律法的方法。
al-Shāfiʿī, Muḥammad ibn Idrīs (d. 204/820) legal theorist credited with laying the foundation for Sunni jurisprudence by developing methods for deriving law from the Qurʾan and sunnah.
沙斐仪(Shāfiʿī)是以沙斐仪(al-Shāfiʿī)之名命名的教法学派的追随者。
Shāfiʿī a follower of the legal school named after al-Shāfiʿī (q.v.).
Shiʿi（复数 Shiʿa）：指一种信仰，认为先知的某些家族成员是穆斯林共同体唯一合法的领袖，通常是因为他们对神的律法有特殊的理解。
Shiʿi (pl. Shiʿa) one characterized by the belief that certain members of the Prophet’s family are the only legitimate leaders of the Muslim community, usually because of their special understanding of God’s law.
圣迹（karāmāt）：指打破习惯因果律的现象，用以证明某人蒙受了真主的特殊眷顾。这类事迹通常是隐秘的，与先知所行的证据性神迹有所不同。
signs of grace (karāmāt) violations of accustomed causality that serve as evidence that a person enjoys God’s special favor. These are generally concealed, and differ from the evidentiary miracles performed by prophets.
"Stopper" 指这样一种人：当被问及《古兰经》时，他说"它是真主的言语"便停下来不再说。据伊本·罕百勒所言，他还应当补充"非受造的"。 "替身"（abdāl）：在苏菲思想中，指真主有限数量的虔诚仆人之一，当其去世时，会由另一位同等品级的人接替。在圣训学者中，该词显然用于指具有极高虔诚度的穆斯林，他们的身份被认为是秘密的。
Stopper one who, when asked about the Qurʾan, says “It is the speech of God,” and stops. According to Ibn Ḥanbal, he should add “uncreated.” Substitutes (abdāl) in Sufi thought, one of a limited number of pious servants of God who, when he dies, is replaced by another of equal merit; among Hadith scholars, a term evidently applied to Muslims of great piety whose identity is supposed to be a secret.
继承者是指在圣门弟子之后的一代穆斯林。
Successors the generation of Muslims after the Companions (q.v.).
苏菲派（Sufi）：最初指伊拉克学派的穆斯林神秘主义者，在伊本·罕百勒（Ibn Ḥanbal）的时代，该学派仍处于形成过程之中；在后来的用法中，则指任何穆斯林神秘主义者。
Sufi originally a Muslim mystic of the Iraqi school, which in Ibn Ḥanbal’s time was still in the process of formation; in later usage, any Muslim mystic.
Sufyān al-Thawrī(卒于161年/公元778年),圣训的传述者与法学家,逊尼派推崇他在圣训学方面的开创性强调,但他也持亲倭马亚、反阿拔斯的立场。
Sufyān, al-Thawrī (d. 161/778) transmitter and jurisprudent admired by Sunnis for his pioneering emphasis on Hadith as well as his pro-Umayyad and anti-Abbasid sentiments.
苏富扬·本·欧业奈（卒于196年/公元811年），麦加的圣训学者。
Sufyān ibn ʿUyaynah (d. 196/811) Meccan Hadith scholar.
sunnah（逊奈）：先知的典范行为，保存于圣训（参见该条目）之中，并被用作立法的渊源；有时也包括早期穆斯林的行为，这些行为保存于通常称为akhbār或āthār的叙述之中。
sunnah the exemplary practice of the Prophet, preserved in the Hadith (q.v.) and used as a source of law; sometime also includes the practice of the early Muslims (preserved in narratives usually called akhbār or āthār).
逊尼派(形容词:逊尼的)是一场运动发展成熟后的形态。这场运动最初自称“逊奈与共同体的民众”(参见“逊奈”“共同体”条目)。其特点是:与历史上的哈里发制度保持一致,拒绝伊玛目主义(参见“伊玛目”条目),并依靠圣训(参见“圣训”条目),而非依靠辩论(参见“辩论”条目)。
Sunnah (adj. Sunni) the mature form of the movement that began by proclaiming itself “the people of sunnah (q.v.) and Community (q.v.)”; it is characterized by solidarity with the historical caliphate, rejection of imamism (see “imam”), and reliance on Hadith (q.v.) rather than Disputation (q.v.).
位于今土耳其地中海沿岸的塔尔苏斯镇，是虔诚的穆斯林前往参加对抗拜占庭人的边疆战争时常去的地方。
Tarsus town on the Mediterranean coast of what is today Turkey; a popular destination for pious Muslims seeking to join the frontier wars against the Byzantines.
图祖恩是一位土耳其将领，于公元943年（伊历331年）夺取了巴格达的控制权。
Tūzūn a Turkish general who siezed control of Baghdad in 331/943.
ʿUbayd Allāh ibn Khāqān（卒于263年/877年），穆塔瓦基勒（参见词条）的宰相。
ʿUbayd Allāh ibn Khāqān (d. 263/877) vizier of al-Mutawakkil (q.v.).
ʿUkbarā 是位于底格里斯河东岸、巴格达以北的一座城镇。
ʿUkbarā town on the east bank of the Tigris north of Baghdad.
ʿUmar ibn ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz(在位时间为99–101年/717–720年)是倭马亚王朝的哈里发,以虔诚和公正而闻名。
ʿUmar ibn ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz (r. 99–101/717–20) Umayyad caliph renowned for his piety and justice.
欧麦尔·本·哈塔ब（在位年代：公元634–644年，伊历13–23年）：先知的同伴，第二任哈里发；在逊尼派中，是公正治理的典范。 Wait—I made a typo in the name. Correcting: 欧麦尔·本·赫塔卜（在位年代：公元634–644年，伊历13–23年）：先知ﷺ的同伴，第二任哈里发；在逊尼派中，是公正治理的典范。
ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb (r. 13–23/634–44) Companion of the Prophet and second caliph; among Sunnis, an exemplar of just rule.
ʿUthmān ibn ʿAffān（在位时间：23–35年／644–656年），先知的圣门弟子，第三任哈里发。逊尼派为抗衡阿里·伊本·阿比·塔利卜（条目见本书）的拥护者，常常对他过分推崇，超出其实际功绩。
ʿUthmān ibn ʿAffān (r. 23–35/644–56) Companion of the Prophet and third caliph; often praised beyond his merits by Sunnis eager to counter the partisans of ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib (q.v.).
变体读法(《古兰经》):在艾哈迈德的时代,指朗读(有时也指书写)真主启示给穆罕默德的经文所采用的几种不同传统。这些不同的传统在伊本·穆扎希德(卒于公元936年/伊历324年)的努力下得到了部分统一,但仍有多达十四种被认可的读法。
variant readings (of the Qurʾan) In Aḥmad’s time, any of several different traditions of reading aloud (and sometimes writing) the text of God’s revelation to Muḥammad. The different traditions were partially standardized by Ibn Mujāhid (d. 324/936), though up to fourteen different ones remained acceptable.
瓦基尔·本·贾拉赫（卒于197年/公元812年），虔诚的圣训学者，伊本·罕百勒的传述人。
Wakīʿ ibn al-Jarrāḥ (d. 197/812) pious Hadith scholar and transmitter to Ibn Ḥanbal.
瓦绥夫(卒于253年/867年),突厥将领,曾效力于穆塔瓦基勒(见其条目),后背叛了他。
Waṣīf (d. 253/867) Turkish general who served and subsequently betrayed al-Mutawakkil (q.v.).
瓦西特是伊拉克中部位于底格里斯河畔的一座农业城镇兼行政中心。该城约建于伊历80年（公元700年）前后，似乎最后一次有人居住是在伊历十世纪（公元十六世纪）。
Wāsiṭ an agricultural town and administrative center located on the Tigris River in central Iraq. It was founded around 80/700 and seems to have last been inhabited in the tenth/sixteenth century.
阿拉伯语：al-Wāthiq（在位时间：227–232 AH / 842–847 CE），第九任阿拔斯王朝哈里发。
al-Wāthiq (r. 227–32/842–47) ninth Abbasid caliph.
Witr（وتر）是一种自愿但非常有功德的礼拜，由奇数拜（rak‘ah）组成，于夜间进行。
witr a voluntary but very meritorious prayer consisting of an odd number of cycles (q.v.) performed at night.
崇拜者（ʿābid）：指任何特别虔诚、但并非学者的穆斯林。
worshipper (ʿābid) any especially pious Muslim who was not a scholar.
叶哈雅·伊本·哈戈尼 是穆尔塔希姆（参见其条目）宫廷中的一位官员。
Yaḥyā ibn Khāqān an official at the court of al-Muʿtaṣim (q.v.).
叶哈雅·本·迈因（卒于233年/公元848年）是一位以精通圣训而闻名的学者。
Yaḥyā ibn Maʿīn (d. 233/848) famously learned Hadith scholar.
Yazīd ibn Hārūn(卒于206年/公元821年)，虔诚的圣训学者，曾向伊本·罕百里传授圣训；据载，他曾试图劝阻马蒙（参见条目）宣称《古兰经》是受造的。
Yazīd ibn Hārūn (d. 206/821) pious Hadith scholar who transmitted to Ibn Ḥanbal; reportedly tried to dissuade al-Maʾmūn (q.v.) from declaring that the Qurʾan is created.
宰纳卜·本·罕百勒的女儿。
Zaynab Ibn Ḥanbal’s daughter.
祖海尔·伊本·萨利赫（卒于303年/915–916年），伊本·罕百勒的孙子，也是他部分圣训的传述者。
Zuhayr ibn Ṣāliḥ (d. 303/915–16) Ibn Ḥanbal’s grandson and transmitter of some of his reports.