The user message "Notes" is a single word/heading to translate. Translation: 注释 注释

The user message "Notes" is a single word/heading to translate. Translation: 注释注释 - 伊本·罕百勒的一生 | Quran Course

现代学术研究将宗教审判（Inquisition）解释为麦蒙（al-Maʾmūn）试图使哈里发成为信仰与教法问题上一切指引之源的努力。这一努力大体上可以被描述为什叶派式的。麦蒙采取了若干其他亲什叶派的立场，包括任命阿里的一位后裔为其王储。然而，他并未将典范式的领导权局限于阿里的家族。他将自己的家族阿拔斯家族也纳入潜在的伊玛目或指引者之列，当然他自己也相信自己是当时的伊玛目。他似乎是在自己与其前任哈里发艾敏（al-Amīn）之间的内战过程中形成了这些想法。无论是有意还是无意，麦蒙的什叶派式自我定位使他与伊本·罕百勒（Ibn Ḥanbal）这类人发生了冲突，后者认为教法应当在圣行（sunnah）中寻找，而不是在个人的宣告中。为了迫使圣训学者及志同道合的法学家承认他的权威，麦蒙狡猾地决定就《古兰经》是否受造的问题质询他们。

335 Modern scholarship has explained the Inquisition as al-Maʾmūn’s attempt to make the caliphate the source of all guidance in matters of belief and law. This attempt can broadly be characterized as a Shiʿi one. Al-Maʾmūn adopted several other pro-Shiʿa positions, including the nomination of a descendant of ʿAlī as his heir apparent. He did not, however, limit exemplary leadership to ʿAlī’s family. He included his own family, the Abbasids, among the potential imams or guides, and of course believed himself to be the imam in his own time. He seems to have developed these ideas in the course of the civil war between himself and his predecessor, the caliph al- Amīn. Intentionally or not, al-Maʾmūn’s Shiʿi self-positioning brought him into conflict with people like Ibn Ḥanbal, who believed that the Law was to be found in the sunnah rather than in the declarations of individuals. To force the Hadith-men and like-minded jurists to acknowledge his authority, al-Maʾmūn craftily decided to ask them about the createdness of the Qurʾan.

Ḥanbal的记述让这句话呈现出不同的意味。在他的叙述中，伊本·阿比·杜阿德对伊本·罕百勒说："我听说你喜欢做领袖"（balaghanī annaka tuḥibbu r-riʾāsah；Dhikr，51），随后哈里发便提出要让伊本·罕百勒游街示众，将他塑造成英雄。伊本·罕百勒的民间追随者问题是一个令人着迷的议题。Steppat（"From Ahd Ardašīr"）指出，马蒙所熟知的一部波斯政治治理著作主张统治者应当铲除民间任何宗教领袖的势头，这部著作或许启发了这场宗教审判（Inquisition）。Ḥanbal声称，在伊本·罕百勒受鞭刑期间，"人们聚集在广场、小巷以及其他各处；市场关门，人群聚集起来"（Dhikr，60）。后来的罕百里派记载对这一人群大加渲染，不过这些记载并不十分令人信服（Winkelmann-Liebert，"Die miḥna"，246）。另一方面，敌视伊本·罕百勒及其追随者的史料，则战战兢兢地谈论他们所谓号令乌合之众的能力（Qāḍī，"Earliest Nābita"；Cooperson，"Al-Jāḥiẓ"）。

371 Ḥanbal’s account sets this remark in a different light. In his telling, Ibn Abī Duʾād says to Ibn Ḥanbal: “I hear you like to be a leader” (balaghanī annaka tuḥibbu r-riʾāsah; Dhikr, 51), and then the caliph makes his offer to parade Ibn Ḥanbal around as a hero. This question of Ibn Ḥanbal’s popular following is a tantalizing one. Steppat (“From Ahd Ardašīr”) notes that a Persian work on statecraft known to al-Maʾmūn urges rulers to crush any manifestations of religious leadership among the people, and may have inspired the Inquisition. Ḥanbal claims that during the Ibn Ḥanbal’s flogging “people had gathered in the square, the lanes, and elsewhere; the markets had closed and crowds had gathered” (Dhikr, 60). Later Ḥanbalī accounts make much of the crowd, though these accounts are not very persuasive (Winkelmann-Liebert, “Die miḥna,” 246). On the other hand, sources hostile to Ibn Ḥanbal and his followers speak fearfully of their supposed power to command the rabble (Qāḍī, “Earliest Nābita” and Cooperson, “Al- Jāḥiẓ”).

The user message "Notes" is a single word/heading to translate. Translation: 注释 注释

The user message "Notes" is a single word/heading to translate. Translation: 注释注释