1.6 Garuruwan Filistiya Masu Ci Gaba Sosai - Falasdinu: Tarihin Shekaru Dubu Hudu | Quran Course

1.6 Garuruwan Filistiya Masu Ci Gaba Sosai - Falasdinu: Tarihin Shekaru Dubu Hudu | Quran Course

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1.6 Garuruwan Filistiya Masu Ci Gaba Sosai

1.6 The Highly Developed Cities Of Philistia

by Nur Masalha2 min readViewed 206 times

A cikin yawancin zamanin Ƙarfe (kimanin 1200‒600 BC) Filistiya ta bunƙasa bisa dogaro da hanyoyin kasuwanci masu ƙarfi da ƙasashen waje, kuma, kamar yadda za mu gani a ƙasa, ta samar da tsarin kuɗi na farko a Filasɗin a ƙarshen ƙarni na 6 zuwa farkon ƙarni na 5 BC. Binciken kayan tarihi a ƙasa da kuma binciken ilimin kayan tarihi a ƙarƙashin ruwa na jiragen ruwan da suka nutse a Filistiya sun nuna cewa Filistiyawa mutane ne masu wayewa sosai.

Throughout much of the Iron Age (c. 1200‒600 BC) Philistia flourished on strong international trade links and, as we shall see below, developed the first monetary system of Palestine in the late 6th‒early 5th century BC. Terrestrial excavations and underwater archaeology of shipwrecks of Philistia have revealed that the Philistines were a highly civilised people.

Sun kasance masu jirgin ruwa masu hikima da kwarewa sosai, kuma manyan masu gine-gine da tsara birane, da kuma masu fasaha sosai a aikin tukwane da saka, da aikin hauren giwa da ƙarfe (Dothan 1992). Kamar Finisiyawa, Filistiyawa sun ƙirƙiri fasahar jirgin ruwa mai ci gaba wanda tabbas ya ƙara martabarsu a matsayin mutanen teku. Ko da yake asalinsu (daga Aegean ko Gabas ta Kusa) ya kasance abin takaddama mai tsanani tsakanin malamai (Berlin 1997) – inda bincike na baya-bayan nan ke nuna cewa mutane ne na asali a yankin Levant (Evian 2017) – akwai dalilai masu kyau da za a ɗauka cewa ci gaban garuruwan-jihohi na Filistiyawa masu ci gaba a Falasɗinu ya yi kama, zuwa wani mataki, da ci gaban polis na Girkanci mai hikima na zamanin da. Bayan lokaci, kuma musamman a lokutan Hellenawa da Roman, garuruwa da dama a Falasɗinu, musamman Ascalon a kudu da Ptolemais (Acre) a arewa, sun zama polis na Girkanci na al'ada. Kalmar Girkanci polis (jam'i poleis), ‘birni-jiha’, ta ci gaba da canzawa a tsawon zamanin da a matsayin magabacin birni, jiha, kuma daga baya ‘yancin zama ɗan ƙasa; kalmar Girkanci polis (Larabci madinah) ta ci gaba a lokutan Hellenawa, Roman da Byzantine, kuma ta zama ruwan dare wajen sunan garuruwa a Falasɗinu mai magana da Romawanci da Girkanci a zamanin Byzantine; ana kuma samunta a Falasɗinu ta zamani a sunan birnin Nablus da aka karɓa (asalinsa Neapolis).

Dogon al'adar ciniki mai ƙarfi da ƙirƙirar fasaha ta Filistiya a wannan lokaci, da yanayin wayewar Filistiya – al'adu da ƙasa mai ci gaba sosai kuma mai tasiri a yankin Bahar Rum – duk an tabbatar da su ta hanyar binciken kayan tarihi na kwanan nan. Binciken kayan tarihi a Filistiya ya nuna cewa birane-jihohin Filistiyawa suna da al'ada mai ci gaba sosai, a zahiri sun fi ci gaba a fannin birane da fasaha (daga ƙarfe zuwa tukwane) fiye da sauran yankunan Falasdinu na lokacin. Shaidar binciken kayan tarihi da Isra'ilawa suka tono game da wannan babban matakin ci gaba a gaɓar tekun Filistiya an same ta a wajen iyakar arewa ta birnin Tel Aviv na yanzu (babban birnin Isra'ila – 'uwar birni' – wanda baƙin Yahudawan Gabashin Turai suka kafa a shekarar 1909, kuma shi ne babban birnin mazaunin mulkin mallaka na Zionist Yishuv a Falasdinu har zuwa 1948) a cikin ragowar Tel Qasile, garin Filistiya wanda ya zama tashar jiragen ruwa mai bunƙasa a ƙarni na 12 zuwa na 10 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa. An ajiye waɗannan binciken kayan tarihi a 'Gidan Tarihin Eretz Israel' da ke harabar Jami'ar Tel Aviv, gidan tarihi na tarihi da kayan tarihi a unguwar Ramat Aviv ta Tel Aviv. Harabar Jami'ar Tel Aviv kanta an gina ta ne a kan kufan tsohon garin Filistiya da kuma ƙauyen Falasdinawa na zamani, al-Shaykh Muwannis, wanda Haganah ta kwashe mazaunansa a watan Maris na 1948.

The strong tradition of trading and the technological innovation of Philistia during that period, and the nature of Philistine civilisation – a highly developed and influential Mediterranean culture and polity – have all been confirmed by recent archaeological excavations. The archaeology of Philistia has shown that the Philistine city-states had a highly sophisticated culture, in fact far more advanced in urban and technological development (from iron to pottery) than other contemporary regions of Palestine. Israeli- excavated archaeological evidence for this high level of development of the coast of Philistia was found outside the northern border of the modern city of Tel Aviv (the Israeli metropolis – ‘mother city’ – founded by East European Jewish settlers in 1909 and effectively the capital of the Zionist Yishuv settler colony in Palestine until 1948) in the remains of Tel Qasile, a Philistine town which formed a thriving harbour town through the 12th‒10th centuries BC. These archaeological discoveries were deposited in ‘the Eretz Israel Museum’ on the campus of Tel Aviv University, a historical and archaeological museum in the Ramat Aviv neighbourhood of Tel Aviv. The campus of Tel Aviv University itself was constructed on the ruins of an ancient Philistine town and a modern Palestinian village, al-Shaykh Muwannis, depopulated by the Haganah in March 1948.

A lokacin Zamanin Ƙarfe, Filistiya, tare da iyakokinta na halitta a kudu da arewa, ta fito a matsayin wata ƙasa ta musamman da ke zaune tsakanin manyan abokan cinikayya guda biyu, Masar da Feniks, amma kuma ta bunƙasa cinikayyar duniya da yankin Aegean a yamma da Larabawa a kudu. Wannan makwabtaka Filistiyawa sun yi amfani da ita da hikima, inda suka yi amfani da ita wajen bunƙasa hanyoyin cinikayyarsu ta duniya, tattalin arzikinsu, da wani yanki na siyasa da al'adun gargajiya na musamman (Ben-Shlomo 2010; Thompson 2016). Tattalin arzikin Filistiya wanda ya dogara da cinikayya shi ma wani babban abu ne da ya haɗa kan ƙasar, wadda ta kasance tana da addinin bautar gumaka da kuma gauraya ta al'adu. Filistiyawa sun haɗu da sauran al'ummomin yankin, suna zaune a garuruwan tashoshin ruwa na bakin teku da ƙauyukan da ke kewaye da su. Manyan biranensu suna ƙarƙashin sarakuna masu cin gashin kansu, kuma al'ummominsu sun gauraya kuma sun haɗu da sauran 'yan asalin Falasdinu. Ragowar tukwane da aka tono a tsoffin birane irin su Gaza, Jaffa, Ekron, Ashdod, Ascalon da Gath, waɗanda aka yi wa ado da hotunan tsuntsaye da aka zana cikin salo, suna ba da shaidar kayan tarihi na manyan biranen Filistiyawa a tsohuwar Falasdinu. Jiragen ruwa da ke tafiya a gabar tekun Bahar Rum ta Gabas tsakanin Masar da Feniks suna amfani da tashoshin Filistiya (Gaza, Ascalon, Ashdod, Jaffa da Tantur/Dor) don sake cika kayayyaki da kuma neman mafaka lokacin guguwa. Abin lura shi ne, biranen Filistiya suna sarrafa hanyar cinikayya ta duniya ta Via Maris ('Hanyar Filistiyawa') kuma suna karɓar haraji daga ayarin cinikayya saboda wucewa ta yankinsu (Gallagher 1999: 113).

Throughout the Iron Age Philistia, with its southern and northern natural borders, emerged as a distinct polity nestling between two powerful trading neighbours, Egypt and Phoenicia, but also cultivated flourishing international trade with the Aegean region in the West and Arabia in the south. This neighbourhood was shrewdly exploited by the Philistines, who used it to develop their international trade links, economy and a distinct geo-political region and material culture (Ben-Shlomo 2010; Thompson 2016). The trade-based economy of Philistia was also a major unifying factor in a country which was shaped by polytheism and cultural hybridity. The Philistines integrated with other local populations and lived in coastal port towns and their surrounding villages. Their key cities were ruled by autonomous kings and their populations were mixed and inteThe grated with other indigenous populations of Palestine. Pottery remains excavated in ancient cities such as Gaza, Jaffa, Ekron, Ashdod, Ascalon and Gath, decorated with stylised birds, provide archaeological evidence for highly developed Philistine cities in ancient Palestine. Ships sailing along the Eastern Mediterranean coast between Egypt and Phoenicia used the harbours of Philistia (Gaza, Ascalon, Ashdod, Jaffa and Tantur/Dor) to replenish supplies and take shelter in stormy weather. Crucially, the cities of Philistia controlled the international trade route of the Via Maris (‘Way of the Philistines’) and charged the trade caravans tolls for passing through their region (Gallagher 1999: 113).