Shaidun kuɗi da na tattalin arzikin kuɗi muhimman tushe ne na ilimi game da tattalin arziki da kuma matakin cin gashin kan siyasa na Palestine ta Roma, ta Byzantine da ta tsakiyar Musulunci. Shaidar kuɗi ta tsabar kuɗin Byzantine na Larabawa na lardin Jund Filastin (lardin soji/gudanarwa na Palestine a farkon Musulunci) a karni na 7 (Goodwin 2004)

Numismatic and monetary evidence are important sources of knowledge on the economy and degree of political autonomy of Roman, Byzantine and medieval Islamic Palestine. Numismatic evidence of Arab Byzantine coinage of the province of Jund Filastin (the military/administrative province of Palestine in early Islam) in the 7th century (Goodwin 2004)

Yana nuna ci gaba da dorewar Falasɗinu, da bambancin salo da al'adu da ke ci gaba da bunƙasa a ƙasar, da kuma wasu al'adu na musamman da ke tasowa a cikin Falasɗinu.

shows the continuities of Palestine, the variety of styles and traditions evolving in the country, as well as some of the distinct traditions evolving within Palestine.

Ɗaya daga cikin muhimman alamomin wadatar tattalin arziki da ƙara ikon cin gashin kai na yanki ko birni a ƙarƙashin daula shi ne ikon yankin ko birnin na fitar da kuɗinsa. Kamar yadda muka riga muka gani, mataki na farko na wannan lamari na ɗan lokaci a Falasdinu ya fara ne a ƙarshen ƙarni na 6 da farkon ƙarni na 5 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, kuma ya faru a Filistiya. Wannan mataki ya ci gaba zuwa ƙarni na 4, har zuwa ƙarshen mulkin Achaemenid (Farisa) a kan Falasdinu. A mafi yawan wannan lokaci, biranen Falasdinu masu cin gashin kai na tattalin arziki, wato Gaza, Ascalon da Ashdod, sun iya fitar da nasu tsabar kuɗin azurfa. Wannan lamari na tsabar kuɗin azurfa ya zama sananne sosai da suna tsabar kuɗin Filistiya ko tsabar kuɗin Philisto-Arabian.

One of the key indicators of economic prosperity and greater regional and economic autonomy under empire was the ability of a particular region or city to issue its own currency. As we have already seen, the earliest phase of the momentary phenomenon in Palestine began in the late 6th and early 5th century BC and took place in Philistia. This phase continued into the 4th century up to the end of the Achaemenid (Persian) rule over Palestine. Throughout much of this period the economically autonomous Palestinian cities of Gaza, Ascalon and Ashdod were able to issue their own silver coins. The monetary phenomenon of silver coinage became widely known as the coinage of Philistia or Philisto-Arabian coins.

Duk da haka, a karni na 1 miladiyya Daular Roma ta ba birane da yawa a Falasdinu damar yin kuɗi na tagulla da jan karfe kawai. Yin tsabar azurfa masu daraja an takaita shi ga wasu muhimman birane kaɗan a wajen Roma.

However, in the 1st century AD the Roman Empire granted many cities in Palestine the right to mint only bronze and copper coins. Minting prestigious silver coins was confined to a few important cities outside of Rome.

Ana yin kuɗin tagulla a birane da dama na Falasdinu, ciki har da Gaza, Kaisariya, Yafa (Jaffa), Ashkelon, Ptolemais (Akka), Tiberiya, Sefforis, Neapolis (Nablus), Antipatris, Diyopolis (Lydda), Nikopolis (Imwas), Aelia Capitolina (Urushalima) da Eleutheropolis (Beit Jibrin). Antoninus Pius (Titus Fulvus Aelius Hadrianus Antoninus Augustus Pius, 86–161

Bronze coins were issued by many Palestinian cities, including Gaza, Caesarea, Joppa (Jaffa), Ascalon, Ptolemais (Akka), Tiberias, Sepphoris, Neapolis (Nablus), Antipatris, Diospolis (Lydda), Nicopolis (Emmaus), Aelia Capitolina (Jerusalem) and Eleutheropolis (Beit Jibrin). Antoninus Pius (Titus Fulvus Aelius Hadrianus Antoninus Augustus Pius, 86–161

Antoninus Pius (138–161 AD), wanda aka fi sani da Antoninus, shi ne Sarkin Rome daga shekara ta 138 zuwa ta 161 AD.

AD), also known as Antoninus, was Roman Emperor from 138 to 161 AD.

Sunansa ya bayyana a kan tsabar tagulla ta sarauta da aka buga a Gaza, Philistia. Wannan al'adar buga tsabar tagulla a birane da dama na Falasdinu ta ci gaba har zuwa zamanin Byzantine.

His name appears on imperial bronze coins struck in Gaza, Philistia. This tradition of bronze coinage struck in several Palestinian cities persisted into the Byzantine era.

Musulunci a Falasdinu ya daidaita cikin hikima tare da haɗa al'adar tsabar kuɗi ta Roman/Byzantine da tsabar azurfa ta Achaemenid a Falasdinu, kuma ya ƙarfafa yin tsabar azurfa da zinariya a biranen Falasdinu. Haka kuma, ci gaba da wannan al'adar Larabawa-Byzantine da kuma ci gaban tattalin arziki da cinikayya mai albarka a Falasdinu ƙarƙashin Musulunci a bayyane yake a yawaitar karafa masu daraja da yin tsabar zinariya a Falasdinu ta Musulunci.

Islam in Palestine pragmatically adapted and combined the Roman/ Byzantine monetary tradition of coinage with the Achaemenid silver coinage in Palestine and encouraged the minting of both silver and gold coins in Palestinian cities. Furthermore, the continuation of this Arab-Byzantine tradition and the continuity of economic growth and prosperous trade in Palestine under Islam is evident in the widespread presence of precious metals and minting of gold coinage in Islamic Palestine.

Ƙarafa masu daraja, waɗanda ba kasafai ake samun su ba kuma suna da yawan daraja ta tattalin arziki da saka hannun jari, sun kasance muhimmai a tarihi wajen kayan ado masu tsada da tsabar kuɗi a matsayin kuɗi. Shahararrun ƙarafa masu daraja sun haɗa da tsabar kuɗin Musulunci na Larabawa, kuma da farko an fara ƙera tsabar kuɗi a Filastin da tagulla, daga baya kuma aka ƙera tsabar kuɗin zinariya da azurfa sosai a birane da dama na Filastin.

Rare and naturally occurring elements of high economic value and investment, historically precious metals were important in fine jewellery and coinage as currency. The best known precious metals were the Arab Islamic coinage and initially coins were minted in Filastin in copper, and later gold and silver coins were widely minted in several Palestinian cities.

Muhimman abubuwan da ke cikin tsabar kuɗin Musulunci da aka buga a Falasɗinu – kayayyakin da aka yi su da su, kalmomi, zane-zane, alamomi da tambura – sun sauya sosai tun daga tsabar kuɗin farko irin na Byzantine da aka yi amfani da su a farkon Musulunci, har zuwa kuɗin da aka fara amfani da shi bayan gyaran da Khalifa ‘Abdel Malik ibn Marwan ya yi kimanin shekara ta 696 AD, da kuma tsabar kuɗin da aka yi amfani da su a zamanin Abbasiyawa, Tulunawa, Ikhshidawa da Fatimiyawa daga karni na 8 zuwa na 11 (Shamma 1969, 1980). Bayan da Umayyawa suka karɓi ragamar Khalifancin Musulunci, suka mayar da Damascus babban birninsu a shekara ta 661 AD, daidaiton tattalin arziki da kuɗi na babbar daular Musulunci ta su yana cikin abubuwan da suka fi ba su muhimmanci. Saboda haka, solidus irin na Byzantine – wanda asalinsa ma'aunin nauyi ne na Romawa na zinariya mai tsafta – ya yi tasiri a kan dinarin zinariya na Umayyawa; sunan Larabci na tsabar zinariyar ya samo asali ne daga denarius, wata tsabar kuɗin Romawa. An fara fitar da dinarin zinariyar Larabawa ne a kimanin shekara ta 696 AD ta hannun Khalifa mai gyara ‘Abdel Malik ibn Marwan, inda hotonsa ya maye gurbin na Sarkin Byzantine. Sai dai daga baya an cire hoton Khalifa daga kuɗin Musulunci. Harshen Girka shi ne harshen hukuma na Daular Byzantine, kuma karkashin tasirin tsabar kuɗin irin na Byzantine, ana auna tsaftar dinarin zinariyar Larabawa da qirat (carat), kalmar da ta samo asali daga κεράτιον na Girka. Carat a matsayin ma'aunin nauyi na zinariya har yanzu yana nan a yau.

The key elements of the Islamic coins struck in Palestine – materials, words, designs, signs and symbols – evolved significantly from the initial Byzantine-style coinage used in early Islam to the post-reform currency introduced by Caliph ‘Abdel Malik ibn Marwan around 696 AD into the coins used during the Abbasid, Tulunid, Ikhshidid and Fatimid periods from the 8th to the 11th centuries (Shamma 1969, 1980). After the Umayyads took over the Muslim Caliphate and made Damascus their capital in 661 AD, the economic and financial stability of their vast Islamic empire was one of their top priorities. Consequently, the Byzantine-style solidus – originally a Roman weight unit of a relatively pure gold – influenced the Umayyad gold dinar; the Arabic name of the gold coin derives from denarius, a Roman coin. The Arab gold dinar was first issued by the reforming Caliph ‘Abdel Malik ibn Marwan around 696 AD, with his own image replacing that of the Byzantine Emperor. However, subsequently the image of the Caliph was removed from the Islamic currency. Greek was the official language of the Byzantine Empire and under the influence of Byzantine-style coinage, the fineness of the gold Arab dinar was measured in qirat (carat) which derives from the Greek κεράτιον. The carat as a gold unit of weight still stands today.

Sabon tsarin kuɗi irin na Musulunci da wannan halifa na biyar na Daular Umayyawa ya kawo an tsara shi ne don ƙarfafa mulkin Umayyawa da kuma samar da tsarin tsabar kuɗi na Larabawa da Musulunci iri ɗaya, wanda ke nuna sabon yanayin siyasa da al'adu na lokacin (Ramadan 2010b). Ta hanyar amfani da tsohon salon rubutun Larabci, wato rubutun Kufi, baya ga "Babu wani abin bautawa sai Allah" da kuma daga baya "Muhammadu manzon Allah ne", tsabar zinariya, azurfa da tagulla da aka buga a Falasdinu sun ƙara sunan Larabci Filastin.

The Islamic-style currency reform introduced by this fifth Umayyad ruler was designed to reinforce Umayyad power and provide a standardised Arab Islamic coinage that reflected the new politico-cultural reality of the time (Ramadan 2010b). Using the oldest calligraphic form of the Arabic script, the Kufi script, in addition to ‘there is no god but God’ and later ‘Muhammad is the messenger of God’, gold, silver and copper coins struck in Palestine added the Arabic name Filastin.

Ekonomiyar Falasdinu da arzikinta na kuɗi a farkon Musulunci, da kuma muhimmancin tsabar kuɗin da aka buga a cikin gida a lardin Jund Filastin, musamman a babban birnin gudanarwa al-Ramla, a rabin farko na karni na takwas, a bayyane yake daga asalin tuluna biyu na tsabar kuɗin Musulunci bayan gyara da aka tono a Jericho. Kuɗi batu ne na ƙarfin tattalin arziki, kuma kuɗin da aka buga a Falasdinu a gida yana ba mu fahimtar irin yancin kai na gida da aka yi amfani da shi a lardin Falasdinu a karkashin Musulunci. Ba abin mamaki ba ne, idan aka duba wurin Jericho da muhimmancin lardin Falasdinu a zamanin Umayyawa, lardunan Jund Filastin da Jund Dimashq sun ba da 'kusan adadin tsabar kuɗi iri ɗaya' da aka tono daga wurin Jericho (Walmsley 2000: 338). Wadannan tsabar kuɗi sun fito daga wurare daban-daban na ɗaukar kuɗi a Bilad al-Sham, kuma kason su ya kasance kamar haka:

The economic and monetary prosperity of Palestine in early Islam and the centrality of the coins minted locally in the province of Jund Filastin, especially in the administrative capital al-Ramla, in the first half of the 8th century is evident from the origins of the two hoards of post-reform Islamic coins excavated at Jericho. Currency is about monetary power and the currency minted locally in Palestine gives us a sense of the extent of the local autonomy exercised in the province of Palestine under Islam. Not surprisingly, in view of the location of Jericho and the centrality of the province of Palestine in the Umayyad period, the provinces of Jund Filastin and Jund Dimashq ‘provided an almost equal number of coins’ excavated from the Jericho site (Walmsley 2000: 338). Originating from a range of mints in Bilad al-Sham, the percentage of these coins were as follows:

• kashi 32 cikin ɗari da aka buga a lardin Jund Filastin; • kashi 35 cikin ɗari daga lardin Jund Dimashq; • kashi 20 cikin ɗari da aka buga a Jund Hims; • kashi 6 cikin ɗari daga Jund al-Urdun; • kashi 5 cikin ɗari daga al-Jazirah; • kashi 1 cikin ɗari daga Jund Qinnasrin; • kashi 1 cikin ɗari daga Masar (Walmsley 2000: 336‒337).

• 32 per cent minted in the province of Jund Filastin; • 35 per cent from the province of Jund Dimashq; • 20 per cent minted in Jund Hims; • 6 per cent from Jund al-Urdun; • 5 per cent from al-Jazirah; • 1 per cent from Jund Qinnasrin; • 1 per cent from Egypt (Walmsley 2000: 336‒337).

Waɗannan tsabar kuɗin sun fito ne daga waɗannan masanan kuɗi:

These coins were from the following mints:

• dirhami ashirin da bakwai na Jund Filastin (ashirin da uku daga makarantar kudi ta babban birnin al-Ramla; uku na Lydda; daya na Iliya [Urushalima]); • dirhami ashirin da tara na Jund Dimashq (duka daga makarantar kudi ta babban birnin Dimashq); • biyar na Jund al-Urdin (hudu na Tiberias; daya na al-Urdun); • goma sha bakwai na Jund Hims (duka daga makarantar kudi ta Hims)

• twenty-seven Jund Filastin (twenty-three from the mint of the capital al-Ramla; three Lydda; one Iliya [Jerusalem]); • twenty-nine Jund Dimashq (all from the mint of the capital Dimashq); • five Jund al-Urdin (four Tiberias; one al-Urdun); • seventeen Jund Hims (all from Hims mint)

• ɗaya Jund Qinnasrin (rumbun tsabar kuɗi na Aleppo); • huɗu al-Jazirah (rumbun tsabar kuɗi na al-Ruha); • ɗaya Masar (rumbun tsabar kuɗi na Alexandria) (Walmsley 2000: 338).

• one Jund Qinnasrin (Aleppo mint); • four al-Jazirah (al-Ruha mint); • one Egypt (Alexandria mint) (Walmsley 2000: 338).

Daga zuwa farkon karni na 8 Miladiyya, a ƙarƙashin Musulunci, Filastinu ta fara bunƙasa al'adun Larabawa-Musulunci nata na musamman game da ma'auni, awo da kuɗi; abin lura shi ne, an buga tsabar kuɗi a biranen Filastinu da dama, tare da tambarin "an buga a Filastin" (Gil, M. 1997: 257)9, kuma aka yi amfani da su a cikin gida, a yankin da kuma a duniya baki ɗaya. Shaidar lambobin kuɗi ta farko da ke nuna sunan ƙasar a hukume a matsayin Palaestina a tsabar kuɗin Romawa ta fito ne daga zamanin Vespasian (69 zuwa 79 AD), sannan sunan "Syria Palaestina" ya bayyana a zamanin Marcus Aurelius, wanda ya zama Sarkin Romawa daga 161 zuwa 180 AD. A karni na 1 AD, Daular Romawa ta kuma ba biranen Filastinu da dama izinin buga tsabar kuɗin tagulla.

Under Islam, especially from the early 8th century onwards, Palestine also began to develop its own distinct Arab Islamic traditions of weights, measures and coinage; crucially coins were produced in several Palestinian cities with the mint formula ‘struck in Filastin’ (Gil, M. 1997: 257)9 and circulated locally, regionally and internationally. The earliest numismatic evidence for the official designation of the country as Palaestina on Roman coins comes from the period of Vespasian (69 to 79 AD) and subsequently for the name ‘Syria Palaestina’ from the period of Marcus Aurelius, who was Roman Emperor from 161 to 180 AD. In the 1st century AD the Roman Empire also granted many Palestinian cities the right to mint bronze coins.

Sir George Francis Hill, Darakta kuma Babban Ma'aji na Gidan Tarihi na Biritaniya (1931–1936), ya wallafa Kundin Bayanan Tsabar Kuɗin Falasdinu na Gidan Tarihi na Biritaniya, wanda ya nuna garuruwan Falasdinu goma sha shida da suka yi ɗaba'ar tsabar kuɗinsu (Hill 1914).

Sir George Francis Hill, the Director and Principal Librarian of the British Museum (1931–1936), produced the British Museum Catalogue of Palestine coins showing sixteen Palestinian cities minting their own coins (Hill 1914).

Wannan al'ada ta cin gashin kai na tattalin arziki da tsabar kuɗin garuruwan Falasdinu ta ƙare a ƙarni na 3 miladiyya lokacin da Daular Roma ta yamma ta rushe, amma an sake farfado da ita aka faɗaɗa ta a Falasdinu ƙarƙashin mulkin Musulunci a Tsakiyar Zamani, har ta haɗa da buga tsabar kuɗi na azurfa da zinariya a garuruwan Falasdinu na Ilya10 (Bayt al-Maqdis, al-Quds, Urushalima), al-Ramla, Tabariyyah (Tiberiya), ‘Asqalan da sauransu. Wannan tsabar tagulla mai cin gashin kai ta garuruwan Falasdinu a ƙarƙashin Romawa da Bayzantiyawa, da ta azurfa da zinariya a ƙarƙashin Musulunci, tana nuna ci gaban wani matsayi mai girma na cin gashin kan yankin Falasdinawa da al'adu na musamman na gida, nesa da tsayayyen ikon sarauta.

This tradition of economic autonomy and Palestine city-coins came to an end in the 3rd century AD when the (western) Roman Empire disintegrated, but it was renewed and expanded in Muslim-ruled Palestine in the Middle Ages to include the minting of coins in silver and gold in the Palestine cities of Ilya10 (Bayt al-Maqdis, al-Quds, Jerusalem), al-Ramla, Tabariyyah (Tiberias), ‘Asqalan and others. This autonomous bronze coinage of Palestine cities under the Romans and Byzantines and silver and gold under Islam suggests the development of a considerable degree of regional Palestinian autonomy and of distinct local traditions, away from rigid imperial control:

Binciken tsabar-tsabar kuɗi ya nuna cewa an yi yawan samar da tsabar kuɗi sosai a Falasdinu a wurare masu zuwa: Urushalima, Bet Guvrin [Beit Jibrin], Ramla, Ascalon, ‘Amman, Gaza, Lod [Lydda], Yavne [Yubna], Tiberias, Bet Shean [Beisan], Sipphoris [Saffuriyah] da Tyre. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan wuraren samar da kuɗi sun riga sun kasance a zamanin Byzantine, kuma da alama an sake amfani da su a zamanin Halifofin Damascus bayan ‘Abdel Malik. Rubutun da ke kan tsabar kuɗin sun kasance Ilyā Filastin [al‑Quds Filastin], ‘Asqalān Filastin, da makamantansu. Daga wurin samar da kuɗi na Bet Shean (Beisan), an sami tsabar kuɗi masu rubutun Helenanci, amma da alama an maye gurbinsu a hankali da Larabci. Daga cikin tsabar kuɗin Bet Shean akwai wasu masu rubutun Helenanci ‘Skythopolis’ tare da Larabci ‘Baysān’ ko ‘Baysan’ (Gil, M. 1997: 110).

The finds of coins indicate that there was an intensive production of coins in Palestine in the following places: Jerusalem, Bet Guvrin [Beit Jibrin], Ramla, Ascalon, ‘Amman, Gaza, Lod [Lydda], Yavne [Yubna], Tiberias, Bet Shean [Beisan], Sipphoris [Saffuriyah] and Tyre. Some of these mints were already in existence during the Byzantine era, and it appears that they were again in use during the days of the Damascene Caliphs after ‘Abdel Malik. The inscriptions on the coins were Ilyā Filastin [al‑Quds Filastin], ‘Asqalān Filastin, and the like. From the mint of Bet Shean (Beisan), coins were found with Greek inscriptions, but appear to have been gradually replaced by Arabic. Among those coins from Bet Shean there were some with the Greek inscription ‘Skythopolis’ together with the Arabic, ‘Baysān’ or ‘Baysan’ (Gil, M. 1997: 110).

Tarihin Filastin ta Musulunci sau da yawa ana karanta shi ta hanyar tsarin tarihin Daular Khalifanci gaba ɗaya, ba tare da yin la'akari sosai da ci gaban yankin da yanayin ƙasar ba. A ƙarƙashin Musulunci, Filastin ta samu wani gagarumin 'yancin kai na tattalin arziki da kasuwanci. Ta samar da kuɗinta na kanta, kuma ta ƙirƙiri al'adun kasuwanci nata na musamman game da ma'auni da awo. An buga tsabar kuɗinta a birane da dama na Filastin, tare da rubutun 'a Filastin', kamar yadda ake nuna ƙasar kera ko samar da kaya a yau.

The history of Islamic Palestine is often read through overall Caliphate chronologies with little consideration for local developments and regional conditions. Under Islam Filastin developed a substantial measure of economic and commercial autonomy. It produced its own coinage and developed its own distinct commercial traditions of weights and measures. Its coins were minted in several Palestinian cities with the inscription ‘in Palestine’, in the same way as the country of manufacture or production is stated on goods today.

Al-Maqdisi ya keɓe wani sashe gaba ɗaya na littafinsa ga waɗannan al'adu, ma'auni da kuɗaɗen ƙasarsa ta asali (Gil, M. 1997: 257). Ƙirƙirar tsabar kuɗin Musulunci (dinari na zinariya da dirhami na azurfa) a Filastin ya fara ne a zamanin Umayyawa. Daga baya Abbasawa sun dakatar da hakan, amma aka sake fara ta a al-Ramla a zamanin Tulunawa, waɗanda su ne daular Musulmi ta farko mai cin gashin kanta da ta yi mulkin Masar, Filastin da yawancin Siriya daga shekara ta 868 zuwa 905 miladiyya. Bayan shekaru talatin, daular Ikhshidawa ta yi mulkin Masar da Filastin daga shekara ta 935 zuwa 969 miladiyya:

Al-Maqdisi devotes an entire section of his work to these distinct traditions, measures and coins of his native country (Gil, M. 1997: 257). The minting of Islamic coins (dinar in gold and dirham in silver) in Filastin began under the Umayyads. It was initially halted by the Abbasids but was restarted in al-Ramla under the Tulunids, which was the first independent Muslim dynasty to rule Egypt, Palestine and much of Syria from 868 until 905 AD. Three decades later the Ikhshidid dynasty ruled Egypt and Palestine from 935 to 969 AD:

a cikin ƙarni na 9 tsabar kuɗi na Falasdinu sun fara bayyana masu rubutun bi-filastin [‘ بفلسطين ’, ‘a-Falasdinu’]. Na farko daga cikinsu an yi su ne a zamanin Khumarawayh da ɗansa, Harun, daga shekara ta 890.

[in the 9th century Palestinian] coins began to appear with the inscription bi-filastin [‘ بفلسطين ’, ‘in-Palestine’]. The first of these were produced in the days of Khumarawayh and his son, Harun, from 890

har zuwa shekara ta 904, kuma waɗannan dinare ne na zinari masu nauyin 3, wanda ba a saba da shi ba.2

until 904, and these were gold dinars with the unusual weight of 3.2

grams. Waɗannan al'adu sun ci gaba a lokacin da Abbasiyawa suka sake ƙwace Masar da Falasdinu ... Ikhshidawa sun ci gaba da buga tsabar kuɗi a Ramla, kamar yadda aka saba a baya, amma sabanin ƙarancin ingancin tsabar kuɗin Falasdinu da aka yi a zamanin Tulunawa, Muhammad ɗan Tughj, Ikhshid, ya umarci a buga dinare masu inganci mafi kyau ...

grams. These practices continued during the period when the Abbasids reconquered Egypt and Palestine ... The Ikhshidids continued to mint coins in Ramla, as previously, but unlike the inferior quality of the Palestinian coins produced under the Tulunids, Muhammad ibn Tughj, the Ikhshid, ordered the minting of dinars of a finer quality ...

Mint a Ramla ya ci gaba da aiki a zamanin Fatimiyyawa ma ... Mint a Tiberias ma yana aiki ... Bayan da Crusaders suka mamaye mafi yawan yankin Falasdinu, an sake kunna mint a Ascalon [‘Asqalan]. (Gil, M. 1997: 258; duba kuma Album 1998)11

The mint in Ramla continued working during Fatimid times as well ... The mint in Tiberias was also active ... After the conquest of most of Palestine by the Crusaders, the mint in Ascalon [‘Asqalan] was activated. (Gil, M. 1997: 258; see also Album 1998)11