3.1 Haɗa Ƙasar Falasɗinu Da Hadrian: Sunan Hukuma Na Lardin ‘Syria Palaestina’ (135‒390 AD)

3.1 Haɗa Ƙasar Falasɗinu Da Hadrian: Sunan Hukuma Na Lardin ‘Syria Palaestina’ (135‒390 AD) - Falasdinu: Tarihin Shekaru Dubu Hudu | Quran Course

A.D. (Anno Domini) ya haɗa lardin Romawa na gwamnati (na masu gudanarwa) na Iudaea (wanda ya ƙunshi Yahudiya da Samariya) da tsohuwar Filistiya, da Galili a arewa da Idumiya a kudu, don samar da sabon babban lardi (na proconsul) mai suna 'Syria Palaestina'. Wasu labarai sun ce an kafa sabon lardin ne bayan cin nasarar sojoji da aka yi wa tawayen Yahudawa na Bar-Kochba a shekara ta 135 A.D. Shekaru huɗu bayan haka, an bayar da sunan hukuma na sabon lardin 'Syria Palaest[ina]' a cikin takardar sojan Romawa ta shekara ta 139 A.D., wadda aka bayar saboda hidimar soja. Wannan takarda ce ta tagulla mai siffar murabba'i, wadda aka gano a 'Palestine kusa da Nazareth' a ƙarshen karni na 19, kuma aka baje ta a gidan tarihin Louvre (de Villefosse 1897). Sarkin Romawa ne ya bayar da waɗannan takardun sojoji, kuma ana ajiye su a cikin ma'ajiyar sojoji ta Rome. An rubuta su a tagulla domin tabbatar da cewa mai riƙe da takardar ya sallama daga rundunar sojojin Romawa, kuma ya samu zama ɗan ƙasar Romawa tare da gatanci, a matsayin lada saboda hidimar soja. Baya ga wannan shaidar soja, shaidar tsabar kuɗi ta farko ga lardin Syria-Palaestina ta fito ne daga zamanin Marcus Aurelius, Sarki daga shekara ta 161 zuwa 180. Duk da haka, bai kamata a rikitar da sabon lardin 'Syria Palaestina' da Syria ta Romawa baki ɗaya ba, kamar yadda wasu masana tarihi ke yi, ko kuma da lardin Syria-Coele na Romawa daban a arewacin Syria, ko Phoenicia ta Romawa (Lebanon ta yau).

AD) officially combined the minor Roman (procuratorial) province of Iudaea (comprising Judaea and Samaria) with the old Philistia, the Galilee in the north and Idumaea in the south to form a new major (proconsular) province of ‘Syria Palaestina’. According to some accounts the new province was created following the military defeat of the Jewish revolt of Bar-Kochba in 135 AD. Four years later the official designation of the new province of ‘Syria Palaest[ina]’ was given in a 139 AD Roman military diploma granted for military service – ‘a rectangular bronze tablet’ which was ‘discovered in Palestine near Nazareth’ in the late 19th century and was exhibited at the Louvre Museum (de Villefosse 1897). Issued by the Roman Emperor and lodged in the military archive of Rome, these military certificates were inscribed in bronze confirming that the holder was discharged from the Roman armed forces and had received the grant of Roman citizenship with its privileges, as a reward for military service. In addition to this military evidence, the first numismatic evidence for the province of Syria-Palaestina comes from the period of Marcus Aurelius, Emperor from 161 to 180. However, the new province of ‘Syria Palaestina’ should not be conflated with Roman Syria as a whole – as some historians do – or with either the separate Roman province of Syria-Coele in the northern parts of Syria or Roman Phoenicia (modern Lebanon).

Sunan Girkin Palaistine da kuma sunan Latin Palaestina an ambata su sau da yawa kuma akai-akai a cikin adabin zamanin Girka da Roma, da kuma cikin rubuce-rubucen masana tarihi da mawaƙan Girka da Roma na dā, dangane da ƙasar dake tsakanin Masar da Finikiya. Sauyin sunan Falasdinu – daga Filistiya zuwa Palaestina – ba abin mamaki ba ne idan aka yi la'akari da cewa mawaƙin Roma na farkon karni na 1 miladiyya, Ovid, ɗaya daga cikin mawaƙan gargajiya na adabin Latin, ya yi amfani da kalmar Palaestina da siffar Palaestino (Bafalasdine) akai-akai a cikin Metamorphoses da sauran waƙoƙinsa na almara.1 A cikin Ars Amatoria ('Fasahar Soyayya') Ovid ya kuma ambaci "bikin ranar Asabar da Basiriye na Falasdinu [Palaestino Syro] ke kiyayewa", yana nufin mabiya addinin Yahudanci a Falasdinu, waɗanda a karni na 1 miladiyya suna cikin ƙungiyoyin addini da dama da ke ƙasar. Ovid da sauran marubutan Roma ba su takaita kalmar Palaestina da Palaestino ga yankin gaɓar teku da ake kira Filitiya ba, sun haɗa da cikin ƙasar ma.Dio Chrysostom (kimanin 40–kimanin 115), wani shahararren marubucin Girka da Roma na karni na 1, a kimanin shekara ta 90 miladiyya,

The Greek name for the country Palaistine and the Latin name Palaestina were frequently and repeatedly cited in classical literature and by classical Greek and Roman historians and poets with reference to the country between Egypt and Phoenicia. The metamorphosis of Palestine – from Philistia to Palaestina – is not surprising when considering that the early 1st century Roman poet Ovid, one of the canonical poets of Latin literature, repeatedly invoked the term Palaestina and adjective Palaestino (Palestinian) in Metamorphoses and his other epic poems.1 In Ars Amatoria (‘The Art of Love’) Ovid also mentioned ‘the seventh-day feast that the Syrian of Palestine [Palaestino Syro] observes’, with reference to followers of Judaism in Palestine, who were in the 1st century AD one of the many religious groups in the country. Ovid and other Roman writers did not confine the term Palaestina and Palaestino to the coastal region known as Philitia, but included the interior of the country. In c. 90 AD another famous 1st century Greco-Roman author, Dio Chrysostom (c. 40–c. 115

Wani mawaƙin Roman na ƙarni na 1 miladiyya, Publius Papinius Statius, a cikin littafinsa na Silvae, ya ambaci ‘liquores Palaestini’ (ruwan inabin Falasdiɗ) (Zeiner 2005: 104; Feldman 1996: 565), wanda ake samarwa da yawa kuma aka sani sosai a ko'ina cikin yankin Bahar Rum. Shahararsa ta samo asali ne daga amfani da kayan yaji na kudancin Larabawa da ganyayyaki na gida, da kuma Balsam mai ƙamshi na Falasdiɗ wajen yin ruwan inabi a Falasdiɗ da yankin Larabawa baki ɗaya, abin da Statius ya kira liquores Arabes (Zeiner 2005: 104). A lokacin zamanin Byzantine da ya biyo baya, yawan samar da Palaestini liquores a babbar Palaestina ya haifar da cinikin wannan kaya a duniya, kuma ana fitar da ruwan inabin Falasdiɗ zuwa ko'ina a yankin Bahar Rum da Gabas ta Kusa. Duk da cewa addini ya hana shi, nau'in waƙoƙin ruwan inabi (al-Khamriyyat) ya zama jigo da ake maimaita shi a cikin waƙoƙin Larabci na zamanin Abbasiyawa a Tsakiyar Zamani. Hanyoyin yin ruwan inabi na dā sun ci gaba da wanzuwa a Falasdiɗ har zuwa zamani, yayin da aka ruwaito cewa ana noman itacen balsam a Galili a farkon ƙarni na 19 (Burckhardt 1822: 323).

Another classical Roman poet of the 1st century AD, Publius Papinius Statius, in the Silvae, refers to ‘liquores Palaestini’ (Palestinian wine) (Zeiner 2005: 104; Feldman 1996: 565), which was produced in large quantities and was widely known throughout the Mediterranean region. Its fame was partly derived from the application of south Arabian spices and local herbs and the Palestinian aromatic Balsam2 to wine-making in Palestine and the Arab region as a whole, something which Statius called liquores Arabes (Zeiner 2005: 104). In the course of the subsequent Byzantine period, large-scale production of Palaestini liquores in greater Palaestina led to international commerce in the commodity, and Palestinian wine was exported around the Mediterranean region and in the Near East. Although religiously discouraged, the genre of wine poetry (al-Khamriyyat) became a recurring theme in classical Arabic poetry of the Abbasid period in the Middle Ages. Ancient methods of wine-making survived in Palestine into the modern period, while the balsam shrub was reported to be cultivated in the Galilee in the early 19th century (Burckhardt 1822: 323).

Sunan lardin da aka kafa, 'Syria Palaestina', kusan tabbas an yi masa wahayi ne daga ayyukan masana tarihi, masana ƙasa da mawaƙan Girka da Roma na zamani, waɗanda suka ba da gudummawa sosai wajen yaɗawa da shahararta sunan Palaestina tun daga aikin Herodotus a ƙarni na 5 K.Z. Mutane da yawa suna ɗaukar Hadrian a matsayin mai koyi da tsoffin al'adu, kuma ɗaya daga cikin manyan Sarakunan Roma kuma mafi nasara, ya kasance mai son al'adun Girka, tarihin rubutu da adabi (Birley 1997). A lokacin mulkinsa, ya yi tafiye-tafiye masu yawa tare da sojojin Roma kuma ya ziyarci kusan kowane lardi na daular, ciki har da Palestine. Mai ƙaunar yaɗuwar al'adun Hellenanci, ya nemi ya mai da Athens babban birnin al'adu na daular kuma ya ba da umarnin gina haikali masu yawa da kyau a birnin. Hadrian ya taɓa zama Gwamnan Syria, wanda hakan ya ba shi cikakken sani game da yankin (Birley 1997: 75). Ya ratsa Palestine kuma ya ziyarci Gaza – birni mafi ƙarfi na tsohuwar Philistia – a hanyarsa zuwa Masar a shekara ta 130 AD: 'Gaza ta fara kirga kuɗinta da sabon zamani wanda ya fara tun zuwan Hadrian, wanda za a iya takaita zuwa Yuli. An kuma kafa "bikin Hadrian" a can' (Birley 1997:

The administrative name of the new province, ‘Syria Palaestina’, was almost certainly inspired by the works of classical Greek and Roman historians, geographers and poets who had contributed so much to the spread and popularisation of the name Palaestina since the work of Herodotus in the 5th century BC. Considered by many to have been a classicising humanist, and one of the greatest and most accomplished of the Roman Emperors, Hadrian was fond of Greek culture, historiography and literature (Birley 1997). During his reign, he travelled extensively with the Roman military and visited nearly every province of the empire, including Palestine. An admirer of cultural Hellenisation, he sought to make Athens the cultural capital of the empire and ordered the construction of many opulent temples in the city. Hadrian had served as the Governor of Syria, giving him an intimate knowledge of the region (Birley 1997: 75). He had travelled through Palestine and visited Gaza – the most powerful city of old Philistia – on his way to Egypt in 130 AD: ‘Gaza began dating its coinage by a new era beginning with Hadrian’s arrival, which can be narrowed down to July. A “Hadrian festival” was also founded there’ (Birley 1997:

Duka sunayen hukuma na lardin ‘Syria Palaestina’ da kalmar Palaestina sun ci gaba da kasancewa, tsawon shekaru masu yawa, ana amfani da su tare da junansu sosai daga marubuta, masana ƙasa, masana tarihi da jami'an gwamnatin daular Roma da Girka, da kuma 'yan asalin Falasdinu, don nufin yankin da ke tsakanin Tekun Bahar Rum da Kogin Urdun. Romawa sun ƙara bunƙasa birane a Falasdinu, kuma lardin ‘Syria Palaestina’ da kansa yana da ingantacciyar hanyar sadarwa ta hanyoyi da tsarin zirga-zirga mai kyau, a matsayin muhimman ginshiƙan gudanar da mulkin daular yadda ya kamata. Muhimmancin Provincia Palaestina ya bayyana ta yadda Romawa suka zuba manyan albarkatu a ababen more rayuwa na birane da tsarin sufuri na ƙasar, da ƙwarewar aiki da fasaha wajen gina hanyoyi. A mafi yawan lokacin wannan zamani na Roman Provincia Palaestina, Urushalima ta zama ɗaya daga cikin cibiyoyin gudanarwa da al'adu guda biyu na ƙasar – ɗayan kuwa shi ne birnin Caesarea-Palaestina – kuma ita ce mazaunin Gwamnan Roma da kotun sarauta.

Both the official administrative name of the province of ‘Syria Palaestina’ and the term Palaestina continued for many years to be widely and interchangeably used by native Palestinian and Roman and Greek writers, geographers, historians and imperial administrators to refer to the area between the Mediterranean Sea and River Jordan. The Romans promoted further urbanisation in Palestine and the province of ‘Syria Palaestina’ itself had a well-organised road network and an efficient traffic system as basic elements of proper imperial administration. The importance of Provincia Palaestina can be seen by the fact that the Romans invested great resources in the urban infrastructure and transport system of the country, in labour and technological skill in road building. During much of this period of Roman Provincia Palaestina Jerusalem served as one of the two administrative and cultural hubs of the country – the other one being the city of Caesarea-Palaestina – and the seat of the Roman Governor and the royal court.