9.2 Rubuce-rubucen Tafiye-tafiyen Turawan Yamma Kan Falasdinu: Bambancin Tsakanin Falasdinu/Kasar Alfarma Da Siriya - Falasdinu: Tarihin Shekaru Dubu Hudu | Quran Course

9.2 Rubuce-rubucen Tafiye-tafiyen Turawan Yamma Kan Falasdinu: Bambancin Tsakanin Falasdinu/Kasar Alfarma Da Siriya - Falasdinu: Tarihin Shekaru Dubu Hudu | Quran Course

Misalai da yawa na adabin Falasdinu, ciki har da littattafan ƙasa da na "tafiye-tafiye a" Falasdinu a karni na 19, a cikin manyan harsunan Turai da dama, sun haɗa da: Travels in Syria and the Holy Land na John Lewis Burckhardt (1822); Early Travels in Palestine na Thomas Wright (1848), wanda ya ƙunshi bayanan tafiye-tafiyen mahajjata na farko zuwa Falasdinu; da A Handbook for Travellers in Syria and Palestine: Including an Account of the Geography, History, Antiquities, Inhabitants of these Countries, Part 1 and 2 na Leslie Porter (1858, 1868); Syrie, Liban et Palestine: géographie administrative, statistique, descriptive et raisonnée na Vital Cuinet (1896); Dritte Wanderung nach Palästina na Titus Tobler (1859); da Bibliographia Geographica Palestinae (1867). John Murray, ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu bugawa kuma masu tasiri a Birtaniya, ya buga A Handbook for Travellers in Syria and Palestine na Porter, wanda ke nazarin Falasdinu a matsayin ƙasa daban. Wannan littafi ya bayyana Falasdinu a manyan sassa uku: Kashi na I "Palestine-Jerusalem" da "Southern Palestine", wanda ya haɗa da garuruwa daga Gaza zuwa Jaffa, da Kashi na 2 mai sassa biyu:

A few examples of the large amounts of Palestine literature, including geographic publications on and ‘travels in’ Palestine in the 19th century, in several key European languages, include John Lewis Burckhardt’s Travels in Syria and the Holy Land (1822); Thomas Wright’s Early Travels in Palestine (1848), which consists of accounts of the early pilgrims to Palestine, and Leslie Porter’s A Handbook for Travellers in Syria and Palestine: Including an Account of the Geography, History, Antiquities, Inhabitants of these Countries, Part 1 and 2 (1858, 1868), Vital Cuinet, Syrie, Liban et Palestine: géographie administrative, statistique, descriptive et raisonnée (1896); Titus Tobler’s Dritte Wanderung nach Palästina (1859); and Bibliographia Geographica Palestinae (1867). John Murray, one of the most important and influential publishers in Britain, produced Porter’s A Handbook for Travellers in Syria and Palestine, which treats Palestine as a separate country. This book describes Palestine in three major sections: Part I ‘Palestine-Jerusalem’ and ‘Southern Palestine’, which includes cities from Gaza to Jaffa, and Part 2 with two sections:

zuwa 1500. An fassara daga Ayyukan Masu Ilimin Ƙasa na Larabawa na Zamanin Tsakiya, kuma Kwamitin Asusun Binciken Falasdin (PEF) ne ya buga shi a London a 1890. PEF, wadda aka kafa a 1865, ta riga ta mayar da hankali kan Falasdin/Ƙasar Alkawari. Sauran magabatan PEF su ma sun mayar da hankali kan Falasdin/Ƙasar Alkawari, kuma sun bambanta sarai tsakanin Falasdin da Siriya. Daga cikin su akwai Ƙungiyar Falasdin ta Birtaniya mai koyarwar bishara, wadda aka kafa shekara sittin kafin PEF. An kafa Ƙungiyar Falasdin a farkon karni na 19 sakamakon yaƙe-yaƙen Napoleon da mamayar Faransa ta 1798‒1801 da yaƙin neman ƙasar Masar da Falasdin. Shan kashin Napoleon a Acre a 1799 na ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun al'amuran tarihin duniya na zamani. Rushewar kewayensa na Acre – birnin da aka sani a Turai a matsayin babban birnin ƙarshe na Masarautar Crusaders ta Latin ta Urushalima – a 1799, tare da cikakken goyon bayan ƙarfin ruwan Birtaniya, ya buɗe sabon zamani na shigar Birtaniya kai tsaye a yankin, da farkon bambancin addini-siyasa na Birtaniya tsakanin Falasdin da Siriya. Wannan ya bayyana a sarari a cikin wata dogon waƙa ta soyayya-bishara ta 1803, Palestine, wadda wani malamin coci, Reginald Heber, wanda daga baya aka sani da Bishop na Calcutta, ya rubuta tare da taimakon Sir Walter Scott.

to 1500. Translated from the Works of the Mediaeval Arab Geographers, was published in London by the Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund (PEF) in 1890. The PEF, founded in 1865, had already focused on Palestine/ the Holy Land. Other antecedents to the PEF also focused on Palestine/the Holy Land and made a clear distinction between Palestine and Syria. This included the evangelical British Palestine Association, established sixty years before the PEF. The formation of the Palestine Association in the early 19th century had been spurred by the Napoleonic wars and the 1798‒1801 French invasion and campaign in Egypt and Palestine. Napoleon’s defeat at Acre in 1799 is one of the best-known episodes of modern world history. The collapse of his siege of Acre – the city known in Europe as the last capital of the Latin Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem – in 1799 with the full support of British maritime power ushered in a new era in British direct involvement in the region and the beginnings of British religio-political distinction between Palestine and Syria. This became evident in a long romantic-evangelical poem from 1803, Palestine, which was composed by a clergyman, Reginald Heber, later known as Bishop of Calcutta, with the help of Sir Walter Scott.

Har ila yau, al'ummomin mahajjatan Kirista na zamani da na tsakiya sun yi amfani da rabe-raben yankin ƙasa na Filastin, da Sham da Larabawa. Ga Palasdinawa masu ilimi, waɗanda suka saba da rubuce-rubucen Musulunci na gargajiya kan Filastin da al-Sham, da kuma littattafan Turawa kan Filastin, haka kuma ga Palasdinawa na yau da kullum waɗanda suke kallon ayarin mahajjatan Turawa da na Rasha daga kusa, bambanci tsakanin Filastin/Ƙasar Alfarma da Sham zai kasance abu ne da aka sani tun asali. Makarantun Terra Sancta, waɗanda Cocin Roman Katolika ke ɗaukar nauyinsu kuma suke a cibiyoyin birane na Filastin inda yawancin Kiristocin Palasdinawa ke zaune, sun fara bayyana a Nazareth, Jaffa, Baitul Lahm da Urushalima. Ga Palasdinawan da suka yi karatu a makarantun Turawa da na Rasha a gida ko a waje, samar da "ilimin" Turawa kan tarihin yanayin ƙasar Filastin/Ƙasar Alfarma, tare da yawaitar ofisoshin jakadanci na Turawa a Filastin, ma zai zama abin sha'awa mai girma da kuma wani damuwa. Daga tsakiyar ƙarni na 19, tare da ingantuwar sadarwa da kafa ofisoshin jakadanci na Turawa da dama a Filastin, "Babban Yawon Buɗe Ido" na ƙarni na 18, wato tafiyar gargajiya da galibin 'yan Turawa masu hannu da shuni daga manyan aji suke yi ta biranen Italiya, aka maye da "Yawon Cook" (wanda Thomas Cook ya shirya): yawon buɗe ido na tsakiyar aji da yawa, da tafiye-tafiye zuwa "Girka, Filastin da Masar". Thomas Cook ya shirya wa Sarki Kaiser Wilhelm II na Jamus ziyara a Filastin a 1898. "Yawon Cook" da yawon buɗe ido na Ƙasar Alfarma na Thomas Cook sun kuma haifar da littattafai masu yawa cikin harsunan Turai da dama kan "yanayin ƙasar Filastin" da Ƙasar Alfarma, da yawa daga cikinsu kuma sun kasance a samu ga mambobin masu ilimi na ƙasar Palasdinawa da jami'an Daular Usmaniyya. A matakin al'umma, yawon buɗe ido na Turawa zuwa Falasdinu ya yi tasiri a kan yaren Falasdinawa na yau da kullum, kuma a tsawon lokaci ya shigar da kalmomi da yawa na Faransanci da Italiyanci cikin Larabcin Falasdinu, kalmomi irin su hotel (otel), chauffeur, douche, beton (baton), mode (moda), canapé (canabai), salon, balcon (balconeh), billet (bolet), farmacia (farmashiyyah), souvenir, ascenseur, (ascensel), dossier (dusiyyeh), automobile, Benzina (banzin) da garage (karaj), waɗanda har yanzu ana amfani da su sosai a yau.

Also, successive generations of medieval and modern Christian pilgrims referred to geographical subdivision of Palestine, Syria and Arabia. For educated local Palestinians, familiar with both classical Arab Islamic writings on Palestine and al-Sham and European publications on Palestine, and for ordinary Palestinians observing the caravans of European and Russian pilgrims at close quarters, this distinction between Palestine/the Holy Land and Syria would be taken for granted. Western-funded, Roman Catholic Terra Sancta schools based in the urban centres of Palestine where most Palestinian Christians resided began to appear in Nazareth, Jaffa, Bethlehem and Jerusalem, and for Palestinians educated in the European and Russian schools at home or abroad the production of the European ‘knowledge’ on the historical geography of Palestine/the Holy Land as well as the mushrooming of European consulates in Palestine would also be a matter of great interest and some concern. From the mid-19th century, with the improvement of communication and establishment of several European consulates in Palestine, the ‘Grand Tour’ of the 18th century – the traditional trip undertaken by mainly upper class European young men of means through Italian cities – was replaced by the ‘Cook Tour’ (organised by Thomas Cook): middle class early mass tourism and travels in ‘Greece, Palestine and Egypt’. Thomas Cook arranged for the German Kaiser Wilhelm II to visit Palestine in 1898. The ‘Cook’s Tour’ and Thomas Cook Holy Land Tourism also spawned numerous publications in many European languages on the ‘geography of Palestine’ and the Holy Land, many of which were also accessible to members of the educated Palestinian elite and Ottoman officials. On a popular level, European mass tourism in Palestine impacted on the Palestinian vernacular and, over time, introduced many French and Italian words into Palestinian Arabic – words such as hotel (otel), chauffeur, douche, beton (baton), mode (moda), canapé (canabai), salon, balcon (balconeh), billet (bolet), farmacia (farmashiyyah), souvenir, ascenseur, (ascensel), dossier (dusiyyeh), automobile, Benzina (banzin) and garage (karaj) still commonly in use today.

Wannan lura kuma tana bayyana a fili a cikin Description géographique, historique et archéologique de la Palestine na Victor Guérin mai juzu'i bakwai (1868‒1880; haka kuma Guérin 1881–1883). A shekarun 1860, Birtaniya ta kafa Palestine Exploration Fund, wanda ya dauki nauyin Survey of Western Palestine kuma ya shirya balaguron yin taswirar yanayin kasa a Falasdinu. PEF misali ne na al'ada na 'ƙungiyoyin ilimi' da aka kafa a Birtaniya, kuma shi ne ke da alhakin sarrafa ra'ayoyi da ka'idojin daular zuwa tunanin Orientalist na kimiyya-kimiyya da muhawara, wanda ya haifar da tsara manufofin Birtaniya da nufinta, wanda ya kai kololuwarsa a Sanarwar Balfour ta 2 ga Nuwamba 1917. Daya daga cikin manyan dalilan siyasa na PEF ya bayyana a fili daga littafinsa: Names and Places in the Old and New Testament and Apocrypha: With their Modern Identifications (Palestine Exploration Fund 1889). Palestine Exploration Fund ya lissafa sama da sunayen wurare 1150 da ke da alaka da Tsohon Alkawari da 162

This observation is also evident from Victor Guérin’s seven-volume Description géographique, historique et archéologique de la Palestine (1868‒1880; also Guérin 1881–1883). In the 1860s, the British had set up the Palestine Exploration Fund, which sponsored the Survey of Western Palestine and mounted geographical map-making expeditions in Palestine. The PEF was a typical example of the ‘learned societies’ founded in Britain and was responsible for processing the empire’s notions and theories into pseudo-scientific Orientalist thinking and argumentation, leading to the shaping of British policy and intentionality which finds its apotheosis in the Balfour Declaration of 2 November 1917. One of the main political motives of the PEF was clear from its own publication: Names and Places in the Old and New Testament and Apocrypha: With their Modern Identifications (Palestine Exploration Fund 1889). The Palestine Exploration Fund listed more than 1150 place names related to the Old Testament and 162