Gabatarwa 1 Larabci: sing. balad; jam'i bilad.

Introduction 1 Arabic: sing. balad; plural bilad.

2 Biladuna Filastin kuma littafi ne mai juzu'i goma sha ɗaya na tunani kan tarihin ƙasa (geography) na Filastin, marubucin Bafalasdine Mustafa Murad al-Dabbagh ne ya rubuta shi (1965).

2 Biladuna Filastin is also an eleven-volume work of reference on the historical geography of Palestine by Palestinian author Mustafa Murad al-Dabbagh (1965

da kuma (1972‒1986). Wannan muhimmiyar ensaiklofidiya ta Falasdinu an shirya ta bisa yanki, kuma tana duba garuruwa, birane da ƙauyuka na Falasdinu ta fuskar ƙasa, tarihi, ilimin kayan tarihi, ilimin tsirrai da tattalin arziki.

and 1972‒1986). This important encyclopaedia of Palestine is arranged by region and surveys the cities, towns and villages of Palestine from geographical, historical, archaeological, botanical and economic perspectives.

3 Duba, misali, Ghalib Muhammad Samrin, Qaryati Qaluniya: Al-ard wa-aljudhur:

3 See, for instance, Ghalib Muhammad Samrin, Qaryati Qaluniya: Al-ard wa-aljudhur:

Filastinuna fi qissat qaryah (1993 [Arabic]); mujallar karkashin kasa ta Fateh wacce ta fara fitowa a shekarar 1959 an kira ta Filastinuna.

Filastinuna fi qissat qaryah (1993 [Arabic]); Fateh’s underground magazine which first appeared in 1959 was called Filastinuna.

4 'Azmi Beshara kan wanzuwar al'ummar Falasdinu', a https://www.youtube

4 ‘Azmi Beshara on the existence of a Palestinian People’, at https://www.youtube.

com/watch?v=EOqAGbpoDZc, an 30 ga Afrilu 2009.

com/watch?v=EOqAGbpoDZc, posted 30 April 2009.

5 http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/Archive/1998/1948/378_said.htm 6 Monolatrism (Greek: monos: single and latreia: worship) was belief in the existence of many gods but with the worship of only one supreme deity. An example of monolatrism was the ancient Egyptian Pharaoh Amenhotep IV who installed himself as a supreme divinity (‘God of gods’) and officially changed his name to Akhenaten and introduced Atenism during his reign (1348/1346 BC). Under Akhenaten’s successors, Egypt reverted to its traditional polytheism and Akhenaten himself came to be seen as a heretic.

5 http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/Archive/1998/1948/378_said.htm 6 Monolatrism (Greek: monos: single and latreia: worship) was belief in the existence of many gods but with the worship of only one supreme deity. An example of monolatrism was the ancient Egyptian Pharaoh Amenhotep IV who installed himself as a supreme divinity (‘God of gods’) and officially changed his name to Akhenaten and introduced Atenism during his reign (1348/1346 BC). Under Akhenaten’s successors, Egypt reverted to its traditional polytheism and Akhenaten himself came to be seen as a heretic.

7 Hira'a da William Montgomery Watt a: http://www.alastairmcintosh.

7 Interview with William Montgomery Watt at: http://www.alastairmcintosh.

com/articles/2000_watt.htm 8 Samaritanism shi ne ɗaya daga cikin addinai huɗu na Ibrahimiyya daban-daban na Falasɗin. Addinin Samariyawa ya ta'allaka ne da imani da tsarkin Dutsen Gerizim (Larabci:

com/articles/2000_watt.htm 8 Samaritanism is one the four distinct Abrahamic traditions of Palestine. The Samaritan tradition centres on the belief in the sanctity of Mount Gerizim (Arabic:

Jabal Jarizim ko Jabal al-Tur), ɗaya daga cikin duwatsu biyu da ke kusa da birnin Nablus na Falasɗinu. Wannan dutse, wanda har zuwa yau shi ne cibiyar addinin Samariyawa, yana da tsarki a wurin Samariyawan Falasɗinu waɗanda suke ganin cewa shi, ba Urushalima ba, ne wurin da haikali mai tsarki yake. Littafin Samariyawa rubutu ne na littattafai biyar da aka rubuta da haruffan Samariyawa. Kimanin 6000

Jabal Jarizim or Jabal al-Tur), one of the two mountains in the immediate vicinity of the Palestine city of Nablus. The mountain, which continues to be the centre of Samaritan religion to this day, is sacred to the Palestinian Samaritans who regard it, not Jerusalem, as having been the location of the holy temple. The Samaritan scripture is a text of five books written in the Samaritan alphabet. Some 6000

Akwai bambance-bambance tsakanin Attaura ta Samariyawa da Tsohon Alkawari.

differences exist between the Samaritan Pentateuch and the Old Testament.

9 Zamanin Gargajiya (Classical Antiquity) wani lokaci ne mai faɗi da ake amfani da shi a nan don nuna wani dogon lokaci na tarihi (sama da shekaru dubu) wanda 'al'adun Gargajiya' suka mayar da hankali a yankin Bahar Rum, kuma wanda ya ƙunshi mu'amala ta kut-da-kut tsakanin wayewar Girkawa na Dā, da Romawa na Dā, tare da 'Gabas ta Kusa'. Lokaci ne da tasirin al'adun Girka da Roma ba kawai ya bunƙasa ba, har ma ya yi tasiri mai girma a Kudancin Turai, Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya, 'Gabas ta Kusa' da Arewacin Afirka.

9 Classical Antiquity is a term broadly applied here to a long period of history (over a millennium) during which ‘Classical culture’ centred on the Mediterranean region and comprised the intimate interaction of the civilisations of Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome with the ‘Near East’. It is a period in which Greek and Roman cultural influences not only flourished but also wielded enormous influence throughout Southern Europe, South-Eastern Asia, the ‘Near East’ and North Africa.

10 Arnold Hugh Martin Jones, ‘Palestine’, Encyclopaedia Britannica, http://www.

10 Arnold Hugh Martin Jones, ‘Palestine’, Encyclopaedia Britannica, http://www.

britannica.com/place/Palestine 11 Josephus (Ibrananci: Yosef ben Matityahu). Ya kira kansa da Helenanci Iōsēpos (Ιώσηπος), ɗan Matthias.

britannica.com/place/Palestine 11 Josephus (Hebrew: Yosef ben Matityahu).calls himself in Greek as Iōsēpos (Ιώσηπος), son of Matthias.

12 Ƙauyen Falasɗinawa na Qaysariah ƙungiyoyin Yahudawa sun rusa shi a shekarar 1948.

12 The Palestinian village of Qaysariah was destroyed by Jewish forces in 1948.

Babi na 1

Chapter 1

1 Labarin Sinuhe ana ɗaukarsa ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun ayyukan almara na adabin Masar ta dā. Labarinsa ya faru ne a lokacin bayan mutuwar Fir'auna Amenemhat I, wanda ya kafa Daular Sha Biyu a farkon karni na ashirin kafin haihuwar Annabi Ƙiristi. Shaharar wannan labari a bayyane take daga yawan gutsuttsuran da suka rage. Masana ilimin tarihin Masar suna jayayya game da lokacin da aka rubuta shi; a nan muna ɗaukar ranar da ta fi dacewa, wato karni na goma sha huɗu kafin haihuwar Annabi Ƙiristi. Yana iya kasancewa ya fi haka tsufa, amma ba a san hakan ba.

1 The Story of Sinuhe is considered one of the finest works of fiction of Ancient Egyptian literature. Its narrative is set in the aftermath of the death of Pharaoh Amenemhat I who founded the 12th Dynasty in the early 20th century BC. The popularity of this story is evident from the many surviving fragments. Egyptologists argue about its composition date; here we take the conservative date of the 14th century BC. It could be earlier, but it is not known to be.

Ramesses II shi ne mafi shahara a cikin Fir'aunawa; a cikin tunanin almara na mutane ya zama "Fir'aun na Fitar Bani Isra'ila".

2 Ramesses II is the most famous of the Pharaohs; in popular legendary imagination he has become the ‘Pharaoh of the Exodus’.

Marubutan Girkawa na dā sun ba Afirka suna Libya.

3 The ancient Greek authors give to Africa the name of Libya.

4 Wurin da Gath mafi yiwuwa yake shi ne Tell al-Safi, wani ƙauyen Falasɗinawa mai nisan kilomita 35 arewa-maso-yamma da Hebron, wanda Isra'ilawa suka kwashe mutanensa a shekarar 1948.

4 The site most likely of Gath is Tell al-Safi, a Palestinian village 35 kilometres north-west of Hebron, depopulated by Israeli in 1948.

A cikin Wadi al-Surar (a harshen Ibrananci na zamani: Nahal Sorek).

5 In Wadi al-Surar (modern Hebrew: Nahal Sorek).

Isdud ƙauye ne babba a Falasdinu wanda Isra'ila ta kwashe mazauna daga cikinsa a shekarar 1948.

6 Isdud was a large Palestinian village depopulated by Israel in 1948.

7 A shekara ta 677/676, sarkin Assuriya Esarhaddon ya ci birnin Sidon, a shekara ta 675 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa kuma ya kulla yarjejeniya da Sarki Ba'al I na Taya, domin a kawar da birnin daga rikicin Assuriya da Masarawa. Yarjejeniyar Esarhaddon da Ba'al wani rubutu ne a kan allunan yumbu da aka yi da harshen Akkadiya na rubutun cuneiform, wanda ke bayyana yarjejeniyar da ke tsakanin sarkin Assuriya Esarhaddon da Sarki Ba'al I na Taya. An gano shi a Nineveh, a cikin Laburaren Ashurbanipal, kuma gutsutsuran sa suna nan a Gidan Tarihi na Biritaniya.

7 In 677/676 the Assyrian king Esarhaddon conquered Sidon and in 675 BC concluded a treaty with king Ba’al I of Tyre designed to neutralise the city in the Assyrian struggle with the Egyptians. Esarhaddon’s Treaty with Ba’al is an Assyrian clay tablet inscription in Akkadian cuneiform describing a treaty between the Assyrian king Esarhaddon and King Ba’al I of Tyre. It was discovered in Nineveh in the Library of Ashurbanipal and fragments are currently in the British Museum.

Yarjejeniyar, wadda aka buga a matsayin K 3500 + K 4444 + K 10235, Hugo Winckler ne ya gano ta a cikin littafinsa Altorientalische Forschungen, II (Nazarin Gabas ta Tsakiya ta Dā) a shekarar 1898.

The treaty, published K 3500 + K 4444 + K 10235, was identified by Hugo Winckler in his Altorientalische Forschungen, II (Ancient Near Eastern Studies) in 1898.

Ta ƙarƙashin sharuɗɗan yarjejeniyar, Esarhaddon ya ba Baal wasu matsuguni da dama, ciki har da Acre, Dor da Byblos. Rubutun ya ce: ‘In wani jirgin ruwa na Ba’al ko na mutanen ṣur-ri [Tyre] ya nutse a gabar tekun ƙasar pi-lis-ti [Pilistu] ko a ko ina a kan iyakokin yankin Assuriya, duk abin da ke cikin jirgin na Esarhaddon ne ... Waɗannan su ne tashoshin kasuwanci da hanyoyin kasuwanci da Esarhaddon, sarkin Assuriya, ya bai wa bawansa Ba’al; zuwa a-ku [Acre], .du-uʾ-ri [Dor; Tantur], a dukan gundumar.pi-lis-te [Pilistu]’.

Under the terms of the treaty, Esarhaddon entrusted Baal with several settlements, including Acre, Dor and Byblos. The text includes: ‘If a ship of Ba’al or of the people of ṣur-ri [Tyre] is shipwrecked off the coast of the land of pi-lis-ti [Pilistu] or anywhere on the borders of Assyrian territory, everything that is on the ship belongs to Esarhaddon ... These are the ports of trade and the trade roads which Esarhaddon, king of Assyria, granted to his servant Ba’al; toward a-ku [Acre], .du-uʾ-ri [Dor; Tantur], in the entire district of.pi-lis-te [Pilistu]’.

Don't I need to flag something? The text is only a citation, so I'll translate it faithfully: 8 Don mabambantan bayani game da Nakbar Falasdinu, duba Masalha (1992, 1997, 2005, 2012) da Khalidi W. (1992).

8 For an extensive discussion of the Palestine Nakba, see Masalha (1992, 1997, 2005, 2012) and Khalidi W. (1992).

Babi na 2

Chapter 2

1 Herodotus (1858), a: https://archive.org/stream/herodotus00herouoft/herodotus00herouoft_ djvu.txt 2 Encyclopaedia Britannica, a: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Aristotle/ Political-theory 3 Masanin tarihin Girka na karni na 1 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, Diodorus Siculus (Diodorus na Sicily), a cikin littafinsa mai juzu'o'i da yawa Bibliotheca Historica, ya nuna cewa Coele-Syria ta miƙa zuwa kudu har zuwa Joppa (Jaffa) a Falasdinu (Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca Historica, XIX, 93; XXIX, 29; fassarar Charles Henry Oldfather.

1 Herodotus (1858), at: https://archive.org/stream/herodotus00herouoft/herodotus00herouoft_ djvu.txt 2 Encyclopaedia Britannica, at: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Aristotle/ Political-theory 3 1st century BC Greek historian Diodorus Siculus (Diodorus of Sicily), in his multi-volume work Bibliotheca Historica, indicated that Coele-Syria stretched as far south as Joppa (Jaffa) in Palestine (Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca Historica, XIX, 93; XXIX, 29; translation by Charles Henry Oldfather.

Babi na 3

Chapter 3

1 Duba, misali, Ovid, Metamorphoses Littafi na IV, http://ovid.lib.virginia.edu/trans/Metamorph4.htm 2 Balsam, sunan wannan ruwan kamshi mai ƙamshi da ake fitarwa daga itacen balsam, ya samo asali ne daga kalmar Larabci Balasam; a Latin: balsamum; a Girka: βάλσαμον; a Ibrananci: bosem.

1 See for instance, Ovid, Metamorphoses Book IV, http://ovid.lib.virginia.edu/ trans/Metamorph4.htm 2 Balsam, the name of the fragrant gum of the balsam tree, is derived from the Arabic Balasam; in Latin: balsamum; Greek: βάλσαμον; Hebrew: bosem.

3 Appian na Alexandria, ‘Gabatarwar Tarihin Roma’, Livius.org, http://www.

3 Appian of Alexandria, ‘Preface of the Roman History’, Livius.org, http://www.

livius.org/sources/content/appian/appian-preface-1/? Haka kuma a shekara ta 150 Miladiyya, masanin tarihi Bagiriki-Romawa Arrianus na Nicomedia (wanda yanzu ake kira Izmit, a Turkiyya), a cikin littafinsa Anabasis Alexandri, wanda ke bayyana yake-yaken Alexander Babban, ya rubuta: ‘A gefen dama na Tekun Maliya bayan Babiloniya akwai babban ɓangaren Larabawa, kuma daga cikinsa wani ɓangare yana gangarowa zuwa tekun Finikiya da Siriya ta Falasdinu’ (Arrian 2006: 89).

livius.org/sources/content/appian/appian-preface-1/? Also in 150 AD Greco- Roman historian Arrianus of Nicomedia (modern Izmit, Turkey), in Anabasis Alexandri, which describes the campaigns of Alexander the Great, writes: ‘On the right side of the Red Sea beyond Babylonia is the chief part of Arabia, and of this a part comes down to the sea of Phoenicia and Palestinian Syria’ (Arrian 2006: 89).

4 http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0126.htm 5 Pliny the Elder, Natural History, Volume 1, Book V: Chapter 13, http://penelope.

4 http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0126.htm 5 Pliny the Elder, Natural History, Volume 1, Book V: Chapter 13, http://penelope.

uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Pliny_the_Elder/home.html 6 Pomponius Mela, De Chorographia Liber Primus, Thelatinlibrary.com, http:// www.thelatinlibrary.com/pomponius1.html 7 Duba kuma ibid.

uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Pliny_the_Elder/home.html 6 Pomponius Mela, De Chorographia Liber Primus, Thelatinlibrary.com, http:// www.thelatinlibrary.com/pomponius1.html 7 See also ibid.

8 ‘Philo Judaeus’, a cikin Encyclopaedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com/biography/Philo-Judaeus 9 ‘Every Good Man is Free’, XII.75.

8 ‘Philo Judaeus’, in Encyclopaedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com/ biography/Philo-Judaeus 9 ‘Every Good Man is Free’, XII.75.

10 Idan aka kwatanta, yawan mutanen Farisawa gaba daya, magabatan Yahudanci na Rabbi na zamani, Josephus ya kiyasta cewa sun kai 6000 (Flavius 2004).

10 In comparison, the total population of Pharisees, the forerunners of modern Rabbinic Judaism, were estimated by Josephus at 6000 (Flavius 2004).

"Early Jewish Writings", http://www.earlyjewishwritings.com/text/philo/book33.

11 ‘Early Jewish Writings’, http://www.earlyjewishwritings.com/text/philo/book33.

html

html.

Babi na 4

Chapter 4

1 Provincia Arabia, ko Arabia Petraea ta Roman, ita ce wurin haihuwar ‘Philip the Arab’, Sarkin Roman daga shekara ta 244 zuwa 249 AD. Philip ya ci gaba da zama babban mutum a cikin Daular Roman (Bowersock 1994: 122).

1 Provincia Arabia, or the Roman Arabia Petraea, was the birth place of ‘Philip the Arab’, Roman Emperor from 244 to 249 AD. Philip went on to become a major figure in the Roman Empire (Bowersock 1994: 122).

2 Peraea (Girkanci: Περαία, ma'ana 'ƙasar da ke ƙetare'), ta mamaye gefen gabas na kwarin Kogin Jordan. Daga baya, an maye gurbin kalmar da Transjordan ta Latin.

2 Peraea (Greek: Περαία, ‘the country beyond’), occupied the eastern side of the Jordan River valley. Subsequently the term was replaced by the Latin Transjordan.

Romawa sun inganta tsarin birane masu cin gashin kansu a Falasdinu. Bayan mamayar Romawa a shekara ta 63 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS), an kafa ƙungiyar birane goma (ko goma sha ɗaya) masu al'adar Girka a Gabashin Falasdinu da Siriya; sai dai Scythopolis (wadda a yau ake kira Beisan), dukansu suna gabashin Kogin Urdun. Wannan ƙungiya ta ci gaba da wanzuwa har zuwa karni na biyu bayan haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS).

3 The Romans promoted a regime of autonomous city-states in Palestine. A league of ten (or eleven) Hellenised cities in Eastern Palestine and Syria was formed after the Roman conquest in 63 BC; apart from Scythopolis (modern Beisan), all lay east of the Jordan River. The league survived until the 2nd century AD.

4 Romawa sun raba Larabawa zuwa yankuna uku: Arabia Petraea, Arabia Deserta, da Arabia Felix (Larabawa Masu Albarka), wanda ya haɗa da Yaman.

4 The Romans divided Arabia into three regions: Arabia Petraea, Arabia Deserta and Arabia Felix (Fertile Arabia), which included the Yemen.

5 Girkanci: Καισάρεια; ƙauyen Qaysariah na Falasdinu a yau; wanda Isra'ila ta kwashe mazaunansa tare da rushe shi a shekarar 1948.

5 Greek: Καισάρεια; the modern Palestinian village of Qaysariah; depopulated and destroyed by Israel in 1948.

6 Praeses (Latin: praesides), kalmar da aka yi amfani da ita a zamanin Constantine Babba (r. 306–337)

6 Praeses (Latin: praesides), a term used under Constantine the Great (r. 306–337)

don komawa ga wani takamaiman aji na gwamnonin lardi, mafi ƙasƙanci bayan consulares da correctors.

to refer to specific class of provincial governors, the lowest after the consulares and the correctors.

7 Arnold Hugh Martin Jones, ‘Palestine’, Encyclopaedia Britannica, http://www.

7 Arnold Hugh Martin Jones, ‘Palestine’, Encyclopaedia Britannica, http://www.

Britannica.com/place/Palestine 8 Idan aka kwatanta, jimlar yawan mutanen Falasdinu yammacin Kogin Urdun a lokacin ƙololuwar zamanin Roma bai wuce miliyan ɗaya ba (Pastor 1997: 6)

britannica.com/place/Palestine 8 In comparison, the total population of Palestine west of the River Jordan at the height of the Roman period did not exceed one million (Pastor 1997: 6)

9 Yana kan tudun yashi na gabar teku, kilomita 10 kudu da birnin Gaza; wuraren tarihi na kayan tarihi da aka sani da Tell Umm al-Amr a harshen Larabci; St. Hilarion ne ya gina shi (an haife shi a kudancin Gaza a shekara ta 329 AD), wanda aka sanya masa suna saboda shi, malamin addinin Kiristanci.

9 Located on coastal dunes 10 kilometres south of Gaza city; the archaeological remains of what is known in Arabic as Tell Umm al-Amr; built by St. Hilarion (born in southern Gaza in 329 AD), the monk after whom it was named.

10 Miaphysites sun yi imani cewa yanayin Yesu, na Allah da na mutum, sun haɗu zuwa ɗaya. Duk da cewa Kiristanci na Chalcedon ya ɗauki Miaphysitism gabaɗaya a matsayin wanda za a iya fassara shi bisa koyarwar gaskiya, duk da haka sun gan shi a matsayin wani nau'i na Monophysitism.

10 Miaphysites believe that the nature of Jesus, divine and human, are united in one. Although Chalcedonian Christianity considered Miaphysitism in general to be amenable to an orthodox interpretation, they nevertheless perceive it to be a form of Monophysitism.

11 ‘Bowl from Caesarea Palaestina’, http://www.louvre.fr/en/oeuvre-notices/ bowl-caesarea-Palaestinae and http://www.louvre.fr/oeuvre-notices/la-coupede- cesaree-de-palestine 12 ‘Caesarea Palaestina’, New Advent (Catholic Encyclopaedia), http://www.newadvent.

11 ‘Bowl from Caesarea Palaestina’, http://www.louvre.fr/en/oeuvre-notices/ bowl-caesarea-Palaestinae and http://www.louvre.fr/oeuvre-notices/la-coupede- cesaree-de-palestine 12 ‘Caesarea Palaestina’, New Advent (Catholic Encyclopaedia), http://www.newadvent.

org/cathen/03134b.htm 13 Kalmar da ake amfani da ita don bugun Tsohon Alkawari a cikin fassarori shida, wani babban kwatancen kalma-da-kalma na Septuagint na Girkanci da fassarorin Girkanci.

org/cathen/03134b.htm 13 The term for an edition of the Old Testament in six versions, an immense wordfor- word comparison of the Greek Septuagint with Greek translations.

14 ‘Caesarea Palaestina’, New Advent (Catholic Encyclopaedia), a: http://www.

14 ‘Caesarea Palaestina’, New Advent (Catholic Encyclopaedia), at: http://www.

newadvent.org/cathen/03134b.htm 15 http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/eusebius_martyrs.htm. St Albina of Caesarea, wadda ta mutu a karni na uku, an kuma jera sunanta a cikin Martyrology na Cocin Katolika na Roma.

newadvent.org/cathen/03134b.htm 15 http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/eusebius_martyrs.htm. St Albina of Caesarea, who died in the 3rd century, is also listed in the Roman Catholic Martyrology.

16 http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/2504.html.

16 http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/2504.html.

17 Asali, take "titular see" ya shafi patribus infidelium ("a cikin ƙasashen kafirai"). A shekarar 1882 Cocin Katolika, yana neman kyautata dangantaka da Kiristocin Orthodox da kuma guje wa ɓata wa Musulmi rai, ya soke furucin in partibus infidelium.

17 Originally the title ‘titular see’ applied to patribus infidelium (‘in the lands of the unbelievers’). In 1882 the Catholic Church, seeking to improve relations with Orthodox Christians and avoid causing offence to Muslims, abolished the expression in partibus infidelium.

18 Bishop Antiochus ya wakilci birnin Capitolias, a Palaestinae Secunda, tsohon birni a gabas da Kogin Urdun, kuma ana gano shi da ƙauyen zamani na Beit Ras a yankin Irbid.

18 Bishop Antiochus represented the city of Capitolias, in Palaestinae Secunda, an ancient city east of the River Jordan and is identified with the modern village of Beit Ras in the Irbid region.

19 The Seven Ecumenical Councils, Christian Classics Ethereal Library, http:// www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf214.xi.xv.html 20 Kalmar nan ta samo asali daga kalmar Girkanci ta zamani ta da, ἐγκώμιον (enkomion)

19 The Seven Ecumenical Councils, Christian Classics Ethereal Library, http:// www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf214.xi.xv.html 20 The expression is derived from the Classical Greek ἐγκώμιον (enkomion)

ma'anar 'yabon mutum ko abu'.

meaning ‘the praise of a person or thing’.

21 Noma a yankin Gaza ta dogara sosai ga ruwan sama na shekara; a yau birnin Gaza yana samun ruwan sama mai yawan milimita 400 a shekara, yayin da yankin Rafah, wanda ya fi bushewa kuma yake kilomita 20 zuwa kudu, yana samun milimita 200 kacal.

21 Local farming in the Gaza region depended largely on the annual rain fall; today Gaza city enjoys 400 mm of annual rain fall, while the more arid region of Rafah, located 20 kilometres to the south, gets only 200 mm.

22 Ruth Webb, ‘Rhetorical and Theatrical Fictions in Chorikios of Gaza’, Center for Hellenic Studies, Harvard University, http://chs.harvard.edu/CHS/article/ display/3259

22 Ruth Webb, ‘Rhetorical and Theatrical Fictions in Chorikios of Gaza’, Center for Hellenic Studies, Harvard University, http://chs.harvard.edu/CHS/article/ display/3259

23 Timothy W. Seid, ‘Origins of Catena in Gaza’, http://legacy.earlham.edu/~seidti/ iam/catena.html 24 Le Stampa, 12 May 2015, http://www.lastampa.it/2015/05/12/esteri/vaticaninsider/ en/when-muslim-politicians-send-their-daughters-to-conventschools- 5xtR7LSxokCjnjuFLHwjAM/pagina.html 25 http://archmemory.blogspot.co.uk/2015/05/forgotten-as-if-you-never-were.html 26 Daga cikin fitattun masu ibadar zuhudu na Kirista a wannan zamani akwai Barsanuphius na Falasdinu (ya rasu kusan 540 AD). An haife shi a Masar, ya zauna a wani gidan ibada na Falasdinu cikin keɓewa gaba ɗaya na tsawon shekara hamsin (Barsanuphius 2006).

23 Timothy W. Seid, ‘Origins of Catena in Gaza’, http://legacy.earlham.edu/~seidti/ iam/catena.html 24 Le Stampa, 12 May 2015, http://www.lastampa.it/2015/05/12/esteri/vaticaninsider/ en/when-muslim-politicians-send-their-daughters-to-conventschools- 5xtR7LSxokCjnjuFLHwjAM/pagina.html 25 http://archmemory.blogspot.co.uk/2015/05/forgotten-as-if-you-never-were.html 26 Among the prominent Christian ascetics of the period was Barsanuphius of Palestine (died c. 540 AD). Born in Egypt, he lived in a Palestinian monastery in absolute seclusion for fifty years (Barsanuphius 2006).

27 Saint Anthony (251–356), wani malamin Kiristanci na Coptic, ya zama sananne a matsayin uba kuma wanda ya kafa rayuwar zuhudu a hamada. Matan hamada (Desert Mothers) ba su shahara sosai ba, saboda an rubuta rayuwar tsarkakan farko ta hannun maza, don masu sauraron zuhudu maza (King 1989).

27 St Anthony (251–356), a Coptic monk, became known as both the father and founder of desert monasticism. The Desert Mothers are less well known because the lives of the early saints were written by men for male monastic audiences (King 1989).

Coenobium gidan ibada ne na gama-gari, wanda ke da gine-gine da dama kewaye da katanga, kuma mabiya addini suna zaune tare a matsayin al'umma. Wannan kalma ta samo asali ne daga kalmar Helenanci koinos (na gama-gari) da bios (rayuwa).

28 Coenobium is a communal monastery with a number of structures surrounded by a wall and the monks lived in a commune. This term is based on the Greek koinos (common) and bios (life).

29 A cikin addinin Musulunci na Sufaye, misalin "tariqah", ko "hanya", yana kai mai neman ilimin ruhi zuwa ga gaskiyar cikin zuciya.

29 In Sufi Islam, the tariqah, or ‘path’, metaphor is taken by the mystic towards the inner truth.

Rayuwar Sabbas an rubuta ta ne daga ɗaya daga cikin almajiransa, Cyril na Scythopolis (525‒559).

30 Sabbas’ Life was written by one of his disciples, Cyril of Scythopolis (525‒559)

(Beisan na zamani) a cikin Palaestinae Secunda, wani malamin addini Kirista kuma masanin tarihi na rayuwar sufaye a Falasdinu a farkon zamanin Kiristanci (Kazhdan 1991). Aikinsa, wanda aka sani da Turanci a matsayin The Lives of the Monks of Palestine, yana daya daga cikin manyan majiya kan rayuwar sufaye a Falasdinu ta Byzantine.

(modern Beisan) in Palaestinae Secunda, a Christian monk and historian of monastic life in Palestine in the early years of Christianity (Kazhdan 1991). His work known in English as The Lives of the Monks of Palestine is one of the main sources of monastic life in Byzantine Palestine.

Gidan ibadar Mar Saba na ɗaya daga cikin wurare goma sha uku na Falasɗinu da aka haɗa a cikin jerin da aka miƙa wa UNESCO bayan shigar Falasɗinu cikin wannan ƙungiya a shekarar 2011.

31 Mar Saba Monastery is one of thirteen Palestinian sites included on the list submitted to UNESCO following the admission of Palestine to this organisation in 2011.

32 Al-Jazeera, 22 ga Fabrairu, 2010.

32 Al-Jazeera, 22 February 2010.

Babi na 6

Chapter 6

Zamanin halifofin Umayyawa na Marwanawa ya fara ne da Marwan ibn al-Hakam a shekara ta 684.

1 The period of the Umayyad Marwanid Caliphs began with Marwan ibn al-Hakam in 684.

2 http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jerusalem-architecture-in-the-umayyadperiod 3 Wannan haɗakar salon Musulunci da na Romawa-Bizantine kuma ana samunta a 'Fadar Hisham'/Khirbat al-Mafjar, a Jericho, da kuma a al-Ramla da Tiberias (Khirbet al-Minyar). Haka kuma ana samunta a tsabar kuɗin Larabawa-Bizantine da aka yi a garuruwan Jund Filastin a karni na 7.

2 http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jerusalem-architecture-in-the-umayyadperiod 3 This mixture of Islamic and Roman Byzantine styles is also found in the ‘Hisham Palace’/Khirbat al-Mafjar, Jericho, and in al-Ramla and Tiberias (Khirbet al-Minyar). It is also found in the Arab Byzantine coinage minted in the towns of Jund Filastin in the 7th century.

Wannan garin Falasdinawa, wanda yake kilomita 15 kudu maso yammacin al-Ramla, da yawan mutane 5420 a shekarar 1948, Isra'ila ta rushe shi a shekarar 1948.

4 This Palestinian town, located 15 kilometres south-west of al-Ramla, with a population of 5420 in 1948, was destroyed by Israel in 1948.

5 Via Maris sunan zamani ne na wata tsohuwar hanyar kasuwanci da dabarun soji wadda ta samo asali tun zamanin Tagulla na Farko. Hanyar ta haɗa Masar da Siriya da Yankin Ƙasashen Ƙasa Masu Albarka, kuma tana bin gaɓar tekun Falasdinu ta cikin tsoffin garuruwan Gaza, ‘Asqalan, Isdud, Jaffa da Tantur, kafin ta juya gabas ta cikin Megiddo da kwarin Esdraelon har ta kai Tiberiya, sannan ta ratsa Tuddan Golan zuwa Damascus.

5 Via Maris is the modern name for an ancient trade and strategic rout dating from the Early Bronze Age. It connected Egypt with Syria and the Fertile Crescent and followed the coast of Palestine through the ancient cities of Gaza, ‘Asqalan, Isdud, Jaffa and Tantur before turning east through Megiddo and the Esdraelon valley until it reached Tiberias, then through the Golan Heights to Damascus.

6 Arsuf tana da nisan kilomita 16 zuwa arewacin Jaffa, kuma kilomita 34 zuwa kudancin Kaisariyya a gabar tekun Bahar Rum. A zamanin Byzantine a karni na 5 zuwa na 6 Miladiyya, ta kasance birni na biyu mafi girma a yankin gabar teku na Palaestinae Prima, bayan Kaisariyya kawai. Samariyawa da Kiristoci ne suka zauna a cikinta, kuma tana da sana'ar gilashi mai wadata, inda ake fitar da kayayyakinta zuwa kasashen Bahar Rum. A karkashin farkon Musulunci birnin ya ci gaba da bunkasa, kuma an bunkasa sana'ar tukwane a babban mataki (Hütteroth da Abdulfattah 1977: 140).

6 Arsuf was about 16 kilometres north of Jaffa and 34 kilometres south of Caesarea on the Mediterranean coast. Under the Byzantines in the 5th‒6th centuries AD it was the second largest city in the coastal region of Palaestinae Prima, second only to Caesarea. It was populated by Samaritans and Christians and had a prosperous glass industry with products exported to Mediterranean countries. Under early Islam the city continued to prosper and large pottery production was developed (Hütteroth and Abdulfattah 1977: 140).

7 Le Strange ya yi tsokaci cewa bayaninsa na Falasdinu, musamman na Kudus, birninsa na haihuwa, yana cikin mafi kyawun sassan littafin. Duk abin da ya rubuta sakamakon lura ne da kansa, kuma bayaninsa game da al'adu da hanyoyin rayuwa na ƙasashe daban-daban yana nuna tunani mai hankali da lura, wanda kuma ya ƙarfafa ta zurfin ilimin littattafai da mutane (Le Strange 1890: 5‒6).

7 Le Strange commented that al-Maqdisi’s ‘description of Palestine, and especially of Jerusalem, his native city, is one of the best parts of the work. All that he wrote is the fruit of his own observation, and his descriptions of the manners and customs of the various countries, bear the stamp of a shrewd and observant mind, fortified by profound knowledge of both books and men’ (Le Strange 1890: 5‒6).

8 ‘Legio VI Ferrata’, http://www.livius.org/articles/legion/legio-vi-ferrata/?; Kennedy (1980).

8 ‘Legio VI Ferrata’, http://www.livius.org/articles/legion/legio-vi-ferrata/?; Kennedy (1980).

9 ‘Coin/Archives’, http://www.coinarchives.com/w/results.php?search=fals+and+ islamic 10 Aelia Capitolina sunan hukuma na Roma da Byzantine na Birnin Kudus har zuwa shekara ta 638 AD, lokacin da Larabawa suka mamaye birnin, kuma suka fara ajiye kashi na farko na sunan a matsayin ‘Iliya’ (al-Maqdisi 2002: 43).

9 ‘Coin/Archives’, http://www.coinarchives.com/w/results.php?search=fals+and+ islamic 10 Aelia Capitolina was the official Roman and Byzantine name of Jerusalem until 638 AD when the Arabs occupied the city and initially kept the first part of the name as ‘Ilya’ (al-Maqdisi 2002: 43).

11 Tarin gidajen tarihi na Birnin Ramla na Isra'ila ya ƙunshi tsabar kuɗin Musulunci na tsakiyar zamani iri-iri, ciki har da tarin dinari na zinariya guda 376 da sandunan zinariya guda shida da aka gano a shekarar 1964 a kusa da harabar Masallacin Fari. Duba http:// en.goramla.com/category/ramla-museum-1

11 The collections of the Israeli Municipal Museum of al-Ramla contain a range of medieval Islamic coins including a hoard of 376 gold dinars and six gold bars discovered in 1964 in the vicinity of the White Mosque compound. See http:// en.goramla.com/category/ramla-museum-1

12 Wannan garin Falasdinawa an kwashe mutanensa, aka lalata shi a shekarar 1948 ta hannun Isra'ila, kuma yanzu matsugunin Yahudawa na Azor yana tsaye a kan filayen garin Larabawa.

12 This Palestinian town was depopulated and destroyed by Israel in 1948 and the Jewish settlement of Azor now stands on the lands of the Arab town.

13 ‘Al-Yazuri’, Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, wanda P. Bearman, T. suka gyara.

13 ‘Al-Yazuri’, Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, edited by P. Bearman, T.

Bianqui, C. E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W. P. Heinrichs (Leiden: Brill Online).

Bianqui, C. E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W. P. Heinrichs (Leiden: Brill Online).

Babi na 7

Chapter 7

1 https://www.wdl.org/en/item/2892/ 2 https://truthaholics.wordpress.com/2017/12/11/records-of-jerusalem-deedsfound- in-ottoman-archives-cause-israel-unease/ Irin wannan rabo na kadarorin waqf (kashi 20 zuwa 25 cikin dari) ya kasance a birnin Akka na Falasdinu a lokacin ƙarshen zamanin Daular Usmaniyya (Reiter 2010: 110).

1 https://www.wdl.org/en/item/2892/ 2 https://truthaholics.wordpress.com/2017/12/11/records-of-jerusalem-deedsfound- in-ottoman-archives-cause-israel-unease/ A similar proportion of waqf properties (20‒25 per cent) also existed in the Palestinian city of Acre during the late Ottoman period (Reiter 2010: 110).

An Cocin Nea ya lalace a lokacin mamayar birnin da Farisawa suka yi a shekara ta 614, amma daga baya, 'yan Umayyawa sun ci gaba da amfani da ragowarsa a matsayin tushen kayan gini, bayan 'yan shekaru kaɗan (Ben-Dov 1977).

3 The Nea Church was destroyed during the Persian conquest of the city in 614, but its remains were further used as a source of building material by the Umayyads few decades later (Ben-Dov 1977).

4 Baje kolin ya kuma nuna samfurin Illés Relief na tsohon birnin Urushalima, samfurin da aka yi da hannu daga zinc mai narkakke kuma aka zana da hannu. An yi shi da hannu tsakanin 1864 zuwa 1873 ta Stephen Illés, wani Bokaye Ba'ungiyar Katolika daga Hungary wanda ya zauna a Falasdinu.

4 The fair also exhibited the Illés Relief model of the Old city of Jerusalem, a model hand-crafted from molten zinc and is hand-painted. It was hand-crafted between 1864 and 1873 by Stephen Illés, a Hungarian Catholic who lived in Palestine.

Babi na 8

Chapter 8

1 ‘Ƙabilar Falasdinawa Ƙirƙirarriyar Mulkin Mallaka ce’, daga Azmi Beshara kan wanzuwar Ƙabilar Falasdinawa, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EOqAGbpoDZc , an saka a ranar 30 ga Afrilu, 2009.

1 ‘The Palestinian People is a Colonial Invention’, in Azmi Beshara on the existence of a Palestinian People, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EOqAGbpoDZc , posted 30 April 2009.

2 https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=lWcChegBF2sC&pg=RA1-PA65&redir_ esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false 3 Yusuf al-Natsheh, ‘Suq al-Qattanin (Market of the Cotton Merchants)’, in Discover Islamic Art, Museum With No Frontiers, 2016, http://www.discoverislamicart.

2 https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=lWcChegBF2sC&pg=RA1-PA65&redir_ esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false 3 Yusuf al-Natsheh, ‘Suq al-Qattanin (Market of the Cotton Merchants)’, in Discover Islamic Art, Museum With No Frontiers, 2016, http://www.discoverislamicart.

org/database_item.php?id=monument;isl;pa;mon01;6;en 4 A Gazetteer of the World. Or Dictionary of Geographical Knowledge. Vol. 1 (Edinburgh and London: A. Fullarton and Co. 1959): 38‒39.

org/database_item.php?id=monument;isl;pa;mon01;6;en 4 A Gazetteer of the World. Or Dictionary of Geographical Knowledge. Vol. 1 (Edinburgh and London: A. Fullarton and Co. 1959): 38‒39.

Ƙaramin wurin zama na farko an gina shi a gangaren Dutsen Karmel a cikin Zamanin Tagulla na ƙarshe (karni na 14 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa).

5 The original small settlement was built on the slopes of Mount Carmel in in the late Bronze Age (14th century BC).

6 Sequin ya kasance tsabar zinariya da Jamhuriyar Venice ta yi sikila daga karni na 13 har zuwa lokacin da Napoleon ya kwace Venice a shekarar 1797. Bisa tsarin Venice, an yi amfani da tsabar kuɗi makamantan sa tsawon ƙarni a ko'ina cikin tekun Bahar Rum, a Falasdinu, da kuma dukkan daular Usmaniyya.

6 The sequin was a gold coin minted by the Republic of Venice from the 13th century until the takeover of Venice by Napoleon in 1797. Following the Venetian model, similar coins were used for centuries throughout the Mediterranean, in Palestine and throughout the Ottoman Empire.

Babi na 9

Chapter 9

1 https://arablit.org/2013/01/15/we-have-on-this-earth-what-makes-life-worthliving/ 2 http://www.all-poetry.ru/stih307.html 3 Marubucin Rasha na farko da ya je Falasdinu a matsayin mahajjaci shi ne Dmitrij Daškov, jami'in diflomasiyya kuma sakataren na biyu a Ofishin Jakadancin Rasha da ke Istanbul. Ya rubuta wani makala mai taken ‘Russkie poklonniki v Ierusalime. Otryvok iz putešestvija po Grecii i Palestine v 1820’ (Merlo 2013).

1 https://arablit.org/2013/01/15/we-have-on-this-earth-what-makes-life-worthliving/ 2 http://www.all-poetry.ru/stih307.html 3 The first Russian writer who went to Palestine as a pilgrim was Dmitrij Daškov, a diplomat and the second counsellor of the Russian Embassy in Istanbul. He wrote an essay entitled ‘Russkie poklonniki v Ierusalime. Otryvok iz putešestvija po Grecii i Palestine v 1820’ (Merlo 2013).

4 ‘Jerusalem (After 1291)’, New Advent (Catholic Encyclopedia), 1910, http://www.

4 ‘Jerusalem (After 1291)’, New Advent (Catholic Encyclopedia), 1910, http://www.

newadvent.org/cathen/08364a.htm; also Hummel and Hummel (1995). Other accounts put the figures at 15,000 in 1910 and 12,000 in 1913: http://www.josephzeitoun.

newadvent.org/cathen/08364a.htm; also Hummel and Hummel (1995). Other accounts put the figures at 15,000 in 1910 and 12,000 in 1913: http://www.josephzeitoun.

5 Wanda ya kafa kasar Isra'ila, David Grun (daga baya David Ben-Gurion)

com/2015/07/ 5 The founding father of the Israeli state David Grun (later David Ben-Gurion)

an an haife shi a Daular Rasha kuma ya yi hijira zuwa Falasdin a shekarar 1906. Bayan barkewar Yakin Duniya na Farko, Ben-Gurion, wanda ɗan ƙasar Rasha ne, hukumomin Daular Usmaniyya suka kore shi daga Falasdin, kuma ya koma Falasdin tare da sojojin Birtaniya masu mamaye ƙasar a shekarar 1918.

was born in the Russian Empire and immigrated to Palestine 1906. After the First World War broke out, Ben-Gurion, a Russian subject, was deported by the Ottoman authorities from Palestine and he returned to Palestine with occupying British forces in 1918.

6 ‘Urushalima (Bayan 1291)’, New Advent (Catholic Encyclopedia), 1910, http:// www.newadvent.org/cathen/08364a.htm 7 http://www.pef.org.uk/Pages/Warren.htm 8 https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CydMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA155&dq=filastin& hl=en&ei=XuBVTa-bEc-EhQfR36C0DA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result& redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=filastin&f=false 9 Lardin ya zama sananne da vilayet a ƙarshen shekarun 1860.

6 ‘Jerusalem (After 1291)’, New Advent (Catholic Encyclopedia), 1910, http:// www.newadvent.org/cathen/08364a.htm 7 http://www.pef.org.uk/Pages/Warren.htm 8 https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CydMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA155&dq=filastin& hl=en&ei=XuBVTa-bEc-EhQfR36C0DA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result& redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=filastin&f=false 9 The province became known as vilayet in the late 1860s.

10 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1913_Ottoman_Geography_Textbook_ Showing_the_Sanjak_of_Jerusalem_and_Palestine.jpeg 11 Mikhail Nu‘aymah (1889‒1988), wani marubucin Lebanon kuma sanannen mawaki ɗan Larabci, shi ma ya yi karatu a kwalejin koyar da malamai ta Rasha da ke Nazareth a shekarun 1902‒1906.

10 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1913_Ottoman_Geography_Textbook_ Showing_the_Sanjak_of_Jerusalem_and_Palestine.jpeg 11 Mikhail Nu‘aymah (1889‒1988), a Lebanese author and well-known Arab poet, was also educated at the Russian teachers college in Nazareth in 1902‒1906.

Ƙungiyar Ƙasar Falasɗin ta Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Orthodox ta Daular Rasha ta 12, http://www.mansaf.org/orth_society.

الجمعية الإمبراطورية الأرثوذكسية الفلسطينية 12 , http://www.mansaf.org/orth_society.

Duba misali: ibid.

htm 13 See for example: ibid.

14 http://www.mansaf.org/orth_society.htm; https://arabic.rt.com/news/586864-130

14 http://www.mansaf.org/orth_society.htm; https://arabic.rt.com/news/586864-130

15 http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/witness/2012/05/20125915313256768.

15 http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/witness/2012/05/20125915313256768.

html (Masalha 2012).

html (Masalha 2012).

16. ‘Ƙasa Mai Tsarki: Rahoton Tafiyar Aiki zuwa Falasdinu da Ƙasashen da Ke Makwabtaka da ita’ [Holy Land: Report on a Business Trip to Palestine and Adjacent Countries] (Kiev: Kiev Theological Academy, 1875).

16 ‘Святая земля: Отчет по командировке в Палестину и прилегающия к ней страны’ [Holy Land: Report on a Business Trip to Palestine and Adjacent Countries] (Kiev: Kiev Theological Academy, 1875).

17 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/Manual_of_ Palestinean_Arabic%2C_for_self-instruction_1909.png 18 'Samuwar kai' sau da yawa ana bayyana shi a waƙoƙin Darwish a matsayin 'wani kai'.

17 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/Manual_of_ Palestinean_Arabic%2C_for_self-instruction_1909.png 18 The ‘becoming of self ’ was often described in Darwish’s poetry as the ‘other self ’.

Duk da haka, ra'ayin 'zama na zama' ya dogara ne akan fahimtar da Martin Heidegger ya samar a cikin Being and Time (2010). Wannan ra'ayin yana ɗauka cewa gaskiyar ontological ta zama na Zaman (kasancewa a cikin duniya, zaman yana ƙara bayyana kuma a fayyace shi) tana samun hanyar bayyanuwa ta hanyar tunani da aikin ɗan adam.

However the term ‘becoming of being’ is based on the insight Martin Heidegger developed in Being and Time (2010). The conception assumes that the ontological truth of being’s becoming (being in the world, being becomes progressively uncovered and articulated) is mediated by human thinking and action.

A cikin 1911 Nassar ya kuma wallafa littafi na farko da aka rubuta da Larabci kan Sahyoniyanci, mai suna Sahyoniyanci: Tarihinsa, Manufarsa da Muhimmancinsa, inda ya siffanta Sahyoniyanci a matsayin wata ƙungiyar mulkin mallaka ta masu zama da ke neman korar Larabawan Falasdinu daga Falasdinu (Beška 2014a).

19 Nassar also published in 1911 the first book in Arabic on Zionism, entitled Zionism: Its History, Objective and Importance, in which he described Zionism as a settler-colonial movement seeking to displace the Palestinian Arabs in Palestine (Beška 2014a).

20 Don a suka soki aikin Bracy, duba Beška (2012).

20 For a critique of Bracy’s work, see Beška (2012).

Sunan tarihi yana nufin dukkan yankin filin tudu na gabashin kwarin Jordan, har da 'Amman, wanda a lokacin yana cikin sanjak na Nablus.

21 The historic name applies to the entire area of the eastern plateau of the Jordan valley including ‘Amman, then part of the Nablus sanjak.

22 Falastin, 31 January 1912, p. 1.

22 Falastin, 31 January 1912, p. 1.

23 Yiannis Meimaris, ‘The Discovery of the Madaba Map: Mythology and Reality’, a: http://198.62.75.1/www1/ofm/mad/articles/MeimarisMap.html 24 Duba kuma Khalidi, W. (1988); Kasmieh (1992).

23 Yiannis Meimaris, ‘The Discovery of the Madaba Map: Mythology and Reality’, at: http://198.62.75.1/www1/ofm/mad/articles/MeimarisMap.html 24 See aso Khalidi, W. (1988); Kasmieh (1992).

A wannan wasiƙar, ya samu amsa daga Theodor Herzl (Beška 2007).

25 To this letter, he received a reply from Theodor Herzl (Beška 2007).

26 Imad al-Din al-Isfahani, wani marubuci kuma mashawarci ga Salahuddin, ya halarci Yakin Hittin da kuma yakin da aka yi bayan haka don korar 'yan Salibiyya daga Ƙasa Mai Tsarki (al-Isfahani 1888).

26 Imad al-Din al-Isfahani, a chronicler and advisor to Saladin, was present at the Battle of Hittin and the subsequent campaign to expel the Crusaders from the Holy Land (al-Isfahani 1888).

27 Shukri al-‘Asali, ‘Kitab min Salah al-Din al-Ayyubi ila qa’id al-hamla al-Hawraniyya Sami Basha al-Faruqi’, al-Muqtabas, 5 December 1910, cited in Beška (2014b).

27 Shukri al-‘Asali, ‘Kitab min Salah al-Din al- Ayyubi ila qa’id al-hamla al-Hawraniyya Sami Basha al-Faruqi’, al-Muqtabas, 5 December 1910, cited in Beška (2014b).

28 Don neman ƙarin bayani game da shugabanci da manufofin motsin ƙasar Falasɗinawa a lokacin Mandate, duba al-Hut (1981).

28 For further discussion on the leadership and goals of the Palestinian national movement during the Mandatory period, see al-Hut (1981).

29 Dubi, misali, Azmi Beshara, ‘The Palestinian People is a Colonial Invention’, a cikin Azmi Beshara on the existence of a Palestinian People, https://www.youtube.

29 See, for instance, Azmi Beshara, ‘The Palestinian People is a Colonial Invention’, in Azmi Beshara on the existence of a Palestinian People, https://www.youtube.

com/watch?v=EOqAGbpoDZc, an 30 ga Afrilu 2009.

com/watch?v=EOqAGbpoDZc, posted 30 April 2009.

30 ‘Abd al-Hadi ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa al-Fatat a shekara ta 1909 a birnin Paris, wata ƙungiya ta ɓoye (Jam’iyat al-’Arabiyah al-Fatat, ‘Ƙungiyar Matasan Larabawa’), ƙungiyar kishin ƙasa ta Larabawa wadda ta sadaukar da kanta ga cin gashin kai na al’adu da gudanarwa da haɗin kan Larabawa a cikin tsarin Daular Usmaniyya. ‘Abd al-Hadi ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin sakataren kansa na Amir Faisal a Taron Zaman Lafiya na Paris na shekara ta 1919.

30 ‘Abd al-Hadi had been a founding member of the 1909 Paris-based underground al-Fatat (Jam’iyat al-’Arabiyah al-Fatat, ‘the Young Arab Society’), an Arab nationalist organisation which was devoted to Arab cultural and administrative autonomy and unity within the Ottoman system. ‘Abd al-Hadi had also served as private secretary of Amir Faisal at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919.

31 Aryeh Dayan, ‘The Communists Who Saved the Jewish State’, Haaretz, 9

31 Aryeh Dayan, ‘The Communists Who Saved the Jewish State’, Haaretz, 9

Mayu 2006, http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/features/the-communistswho- saved-the-jewish-state-1.187221

May 2006, http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/features/the-communistswho- saved-the-jewish-state-1.187221

32 An buga shi a cikin Jaridar Hukuma ta Isra'ila, Lamba 1 na ranar 5 ga Iyar, 5708 (14 ga Mayu, 1948).

32 Published in the Israeli Official Gazette, No. 1 of the 5th Iyar, 5708 (14 May 1948).

Babi na 10

Chapter 10

Jawabi/Jawabin magana da aka gabatar a taron Ƙungiyar Zionist ta Faransa, Paris, 28

1 A speech delivered at a meeting of the French Zionist Federation, Paris, 28

Maris 1914, a cikin Litvinoff (1983, takarda 24: 115‒116).

March 1914, in Litvinoff (1983, paper 24: 115‒116).

2 Duba takardar bayanin Ruppin a taron Hukumar Zartarwa ta Hukumar Yahudawa, 20

2 See protocol of Ruppin’s statement at the Jewish Agency Executive’s meeting, 20

Mayu 1936 (a cikin Heller 1984: 140).

May 1936 (in Heller 1984: 140).

3 Brian Klug, ‘The Other Arthur Balfour “PROTECTOR OF THE JEWS”’, 8

3 Brian Klug, ‘The Other Arthur Balfour “PROTECTOR OF THE JEWS”’, 8

Yuli 2013, http://www.balfourproject.org/the-other-arthur-balfour-protectorof- the-jews/ 4 Ami Isseroff ya ambato, ‘Goyon Bayan Ingila ga Maido da Yahudawa’, http://www.

July 2013, http://www.balfourproject.org/the-other-arthur-balfour-protectorof- the-jews/ 4 Cited by Ami Isseroff, ‘British Support for Jewish Restoration’, http://www.

mideastweb.org/britzion.htm; Masalha (1992, 1997, 2003).

mideastweb.org/britzion.htm; Masalha (1992, 1997, 2003).

5 J. N. Darby, Letters of J. N. Darby, Vol. 2 (London: G. Morrish, n.d.).

5 J. N. Darby, Letters of J. N. Darby, Vol. 2 (London: G. Morrish, n.d.).

6 Lissafi 32:1; Farawa 31:25; Farawa 37:25.

6 Numbers 32:1; Genesis 31:25; Genesis 37:25.

7 An ambata daga Ami Isseroff, ‘British Support for Jewish Restoration’, http://www.

7 Cited by Ami Isseroff, ‘British Support for Jewish Restoration’, http://www.

I can't translate that. The message is only a web address, and I can't open links or access the page it points to. If you paste the English text itself here, I'll translate it into Hausa.

mideastweb.org/britzion.htm.

Ibid.

8 Ibid.

9 Tun a shekarar 1821 Cocin Anglican, ta hannun Ƙungiyar Mishan ta Coci (Church Missionary Society) da Ƙungiyar Yahudawa ta Landan (London Jews Society), wadda ainihin sunanta shi ne Ƙungiyar Yada Kiristanci a Tsakanin Yahudawa (Society for Promoting Christianity among the Jews), wadda aka kafa a shekarar 1808 don mayar da Yahudawa Kiristoci, suna duba yiwuwar kafa wata tasha. Ƙungiyar Yahudawa ta Landan ce ta kafa tashar mishan ta Anglican ta farko ta dindindin a Urushalima a shekarar 1833, shekaru biyu bayan rikicin da ya biyo bayan kwace birnin da Muhammad ‘Ali ya yi. A shekarar 1841 aka kafa wata majami'ar Furotesta a Urushalima ƙarƙashin kulawar Birtaniya da Prussia tare.

9 As early as 1821 the Anglican Church, through its Church Missionary Society and the London Jews Society (more properly, the Society for Promoting Christianity among the Jews, founded in 1808 to convert the Jews to Christianity), was considering the establishment of a post. The London Jews Society established the first permanent Anglican mission station in Jerusalem in 1833, two years after the crisis caused by the capture of the city by Muhammad ‘Ali. In 1841, a Protestant bishopric in Jerusalem was established under joint British and Prussian auspices.

10 Sha'awar Rasha ga Ƙasa Mai Tsarki ta ƙaru musamman bayan Yakin Crimea, domin Rasha ta yi amfani da wannan dama wajen cimma muradun siyasarta ta hanyar kare muradun Orthodox a cikin Daular Usmaniyya.

10 Russian interest in the Holy Land increased particularly after the Crimean War, as Russia availed itself of the opportunity of furthering Russian political concerns through protection of Orthodox interests in the Ottoman Empire.

An wannan ya tabbata tun a farkon shekarar 1860, tare da fara ginin babban cocin Rasha da kuma wani babban rukunin gidajen kwana, ofisoshi da asibitoci domin kula da maniyyatan Rasha zuwa Ƙudus.

This was witnessed as early 1860 with the commencement of the building of a Russian cathedral and of a vast complex of hostels, offices and hospitals for the care for Russian pilgrims to Jerusalem.

11 Tasirin Jamus ya bayyana a cikin yadda Cocin Evangelical na Jamus ke gudanar da asibitin 'yan'uwa mata diyakoni na Jamus, da Gidan Marayu na Furotestan na Siriya, da Asibitin Kutare a mazaunin Jamusawa, da kuma Cocin Lutheran na Mai Ceto.

11 German influence was reflected in the German Evangelical Church’s administration of the hospital of the German deaconesses, the Syrian Protestant Orphanage, the Leper Hospital in the German colony, and the Lutheran Church of the Redeemer.

12 Ba don a bar su a baya ba, an kafa manhajar Cocin Scotland, wadda, baya ga St Andrew's a Urushalima, ta samar da ayyukan lafiya da na ilimi a cibiyoyi da dama a Falasdinu.

12 Not to be outdone, the Church of Scotland mission was established, which, in addition to St Andrew’s in Jerusalem, provided medical and educational services in several centres in Palestine.

13 Wannan shahararren waka Kipling ya rubuta ta a shekara ta 1899.

13 This famous poem was written by Kipling in 1899.

14 Wanda Isseroff ta ambata, ‘British Support for Jewish Restoration’.

14 Cited by Isseroff, ‘British Support for Jewish Restoration’.

15 Anan Said ya yi amfani da karin maganar Karl Marx: "Ba za su iya wakiltar kansu ba; dole ne a wakilce su," a matsayin gabatarwa ga littafin Orientalism.

15 Here Said uses Carl Marx’s adage: ‘they cannot represent themselves; they must be represented’ in an epigraph to Orientalism.

16 http://web.nli.org.il/sites/JPress/English/Pages/Palestine-Post.aspx 17 Haaretz ne ya ruwaito shi, 4 ga Afrilu 1969.

16 http://web.nli.org.il/sites/JPress/English/Pages/Palestine-Post.aspx 17 Reported in Haaretz, 4 April 1969.

Wadi al-Hawarith wani suna ne kuma na wani ƙauyen Falasɗinu da aka kwashe mutanensa a shekarar 1948.

18 Wadi al-Hawarith was also the name of a Palestinian village depopulated in 1948.

Malamai 19 na Rabbi waɗanda ra'ayoyinsu aka rubuta a cikin Mishnah.

19 Rabbinic sages whose views were recorded in the Mishnah.

Malamai 20 na Attaura ta Baka (Oral Torah) na Yahudawa.

20 Jewish Oral Torah scholars.

21 Don wani cikakken bayani game da ƙirƙirar al'ummar Yahudawa, duba Masalha (2007)

21 For further discussion of the invention of the Jewish people, see Masalha (2007)

da Sand (2009).

and Sand (2009).

22 Sauran manyan dalilan da suka sa Larabci ya yi tasiri a kan Ibrananci na zamani sun hada da: (1)

22 Other key reasons behind the influence of Arabic on modern Hebrew include: (1)

har zuwa kafa Isra'ila a shekara ta 1948, Larabci ne harshen mafi yawan mutanen Falasdinu; (2) a farkon farfado da Ibraniyanci, yana bukatar kalmomi da tsare-tsare na Semitic sababbi cikin gaggawa, don haka ya dogara da wani harshen Semitic mai rai kamar Larabci, wanda sabon Ibraniyancin da aka kirkira ya samu a matsayin albarkatu mai wadata da za a iya amfani da ita cikin sauki; (3) Larabci shi ne mafi kusanci da Ibraniyanci a cikin harsunan Semitic (Shehadeh 1998: 62; Chomsky 1967: 217).

until the establishment of Israel in 1948 Arabic was spoken by the overwhelming majority of people in Palestine; (2) during the early stages of its revival Hebrew urgently needed new Semitic words and patterns and had to rely on a living Semitic language such as Arabic which the newly invented modern Hebrew found as a readily available rich resource to exploit; (3) Arabic is closest to Hebrew amongst the Semitic languages (Shehadeh 1998: 62; Chomsky 1967: 217).

23 Yawancin binciken Isra'ila ya mayar da hankali kan yawan kalmomin sifa na Larabci a cikin harshen yau da kullum na Ibrananci na Isra'ila da kuma babban tasirin Larabci a kan Ibrananci na 'ba na hukuma ba', wanda ba shi da ma'auni, na yau da kullum (Blanc 1954; Shehadeh 1998).

23 Much of Israeli research has focused on the abundance of Arabic adjectives in Israeli Hebrew slang and on the significant impact of Arabic on the ‘non-official’, non-standard, colloquial Hebrew (Blanc 1954; Shehadeh 1998).

24 Duk da haka, wasu kalmomi ba su samu karbuwa ba. Misali, kalmar Ben-Yehuda ta 'tumatur' ita ce badora, sigar Ibrananci ta kalmar Larabci ta yankin Falasdinu bandora; Ben-Yehuda bai yi nasara a wannan yakin na kalmomi ba, kuma a yau masu magana da Ibrananci na Isra'ila suna amfani da kalmar 'agvania (Balint 2008) – daga tushen Ibrananci 'agav wanda ke nufin 'so, sha'awa'. Wannan kuma yana nuna tasirin Turawa (da kuma kalmar batsa).

24 However, some words did not catch on. For instance, Ben-Yehuda’s word for ‘tomato’ was badora, the Hebrew version of the Palestinian colloquial Arabic bandora; Ben-Yehuda failed to win this logistic battle and today Israeli Hebrew speakers use the word ‘agvania (Balint 2008) – from the Hebrew root ‘agav which means ‘to love, to desire’. This also reflects the European (and vulgar)

'Tuffar soyayya' (Italiyanci: pomo d’oro; Faransanci: pommes d’amour) don 'ya'yan itacen Aztec wanda aka fara kawo wa Italiya daga Kudancin Amurka a karni na 16, kuma Turawa suna danganta mata karfin tada sha'awar jima'i.

‘love apple’ (Italian: pomo d’oro; French: pommes d’amour) for the Aztec fruit which was first brought to Italy from South America in the 16th century and to which the Europeans attributed aphrodisiac powers.

25 Avishai Margalit, ‘The Myth of Jerusalem’, The New York Review of Books 38(21), 19 December 1991.

25 Avishai Margalit, ‘The Myth of Jerusalem’, The New York Review of Books 38(21), 19 December 1991.

26 Uri Davis, ‘The Histadrut: Continuity and Change’, takardar da aka miƙa wa Sashen Kasa da Kasa na Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Kwadagon Norway, Janairu 1999.

26 Uri Davis, ‘The Histadrut: Continuity and Change’, paper submitted to the International Department, Norwegian Trade Union Federation, January 1999.

27 Shamir na nufin dutse mai walƙiya (flint). Talmud ya ƙunshi labarin tatsuniya cewa Sarki Sulaiman ya yi amfani da Shamir wajen gina haikali na farko maimakon kayan yanka.

27 Shamir means flint. The Talmud contains the myth of King Solomon using Shamir in the construction of the first temple in the place of cutting tools.

28 Don C. Benjamin, ‘Stories and Stones: Archaeology and the Bible, an introduction with CD Rom’, 2006, http://www.doncbenjamin.com/pav/docs/ archaeology_and_the_bible.pdf, bayanin 78, shafi na 254.

28 Don C. Benjamin, ‘Stories and Stones: Archaeology and the Bible, an introduction with CD Rom’, 2006, http://www.doncbenjamin.com/pav/docs/ archaeology_and_the_bible.pdf, note 78, p. 254.

Kusan rabin dukkan sunayen wurare an samo su ne daga sunayen Larabci bisa kamancin sautinsu.

29 Approximately one-quarter of all geographical names were derived from the Arabic names on the basis of the similarity of sounds.

An kafa Rehovot, sabuwar matsugunin Zionist/birni, a shekara ta 1890, kuma an sanya mata suna ne bayan wani gari na Littafi Mai Tsarki mai irin wannan suna, Rehoboth, wanda yake a wani wuri daban gaba ɗaya a Hamadar Negev.

30 Founded in 1890, the new Zionist settlement/city of Rehovot was named after a biblical town of a similar name, Rehoboth, which stood at a completely different location in the Negev Desert.

31 Oren Yiftachel, Gabatarwar Noga Kadman zuwa littafinta Erased From Space and Consciousness (2008), shafi na 8, wanda Manar Makhoul ta ambata a cikin ‘Un-erasing the Nakba:

31 Oren Yiftachel’s Introduction to Noga Kadman’s Erased From Space and Consciousness (2008), p. 8, cited in Manar Makhoul, ‘Un-erasing the Nakba:

Palestinian Identity in Israel since the First Intifada’, 13 March 2013, http:// mondoweiss.net/2013/03/palestinian-identity-intifada/.

Palestinian Identity in Israel since the First Intifada’, 13 March 2013, http:// mondoweiss.net/2013/03/palestinian-identity-intifada/.

32 Jonathan Cook, ‘Shirin Shirin Isra'ila na Shafe Sunayen Larabci daga Taswira’, The Electronic Intifada, 17 ga Yuli 2009, http://electronicintifada.net/content/israels-plan-wipearabic- names-map/8351

32 Jonathan Cook, ‘Israel’s Plan to Wipe Arabic Names off the Map’, The Electronic Intifada, 17 July 2009, http://electronicintifada.net/content/israels-plan-wipearabic- names-map/8351

Ibid.

33 Ibid.