Ƙasar Falasɗinu ta kasance koyaushe tana da al'adu da bambance-bambance iri-iri, lamarin da ya sha bambam sosai da zamanin tsohuwar akida ta Sihiyoniya mai al'ada ɗaya tilo, wata ƙungiyar mulkin mallaka ta Turawan mazauna da ta makara. Sihiyoniya, akidar al'ada ɗaya da wahayi daga ƙabilanci da soyayyar ƙasa ta ƙarni na 19 a Turai, ta samo asali ne daga Tsakiya da Gabashin Turai a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19. Saboda haka, ba abin mamaki ba ne cewa tun farkonta a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 har zuwa kafa Isra'ila a shekarar 1948, shugabannin Sihiyoniya da cibiyoyinta sun yi amfani da kalmar Falasɗinu sau da yawa a cikin jawabansu na hukuma da wallafe-wallafensu. Wannan al'ada ta yi daidai da yadda Turawa da hukumomin Birtaniya suka kira ƙasar Falasɗinu. Duk da haka, a lokacin mulkin Ƙasa, Sihiyoniyawa sukan yi amfani da kalmar Falasɗinu tare da tunanin su na ƙirƙirarren ra'ayin Eretz Isra'ila, yayin da, kamar yadda na nuna a cikin aikina na 1992 Expulsion of the Palestinians:

The multi-cultural identity and diversity of Palestine was always in sharp contrast to the anachronism of mono-cultural Zionism, a latecomer European settler-colonial movement. A mono-culturalist ideology inspired by racialised and romantic 19th century European nationalism, Zionism originated in Central and Eastern Europe at the end of the 19th century. Therefore, it is hardly surprising that from its beginning in the late 19th century and until the creation of Israel in 1948 the Zionist leadership and institutions themselves frequently used the term Palestine in their official discourse and publications, This practice was in common with European and British official designation of the country as Palestine. However, during the Mandatory period the Zionists often employed this term Palestine in tandem with their imaginary construct of Eretz Israel, while, as I show in my 1992 work Expulsion of the Palestinians:

Ra'ayin Canjawuri (Transfer) a Tunanin Siyasar Zionist, 1982‒1948, tare da shirin rusa Falasdinu da tsabtace kabilanci ga Falasdinawa (Masalha 1992).

The Concept of Transfer in Zionist Political Thought, 1982‒1948, simultaneously planning to dismantle Palestine and ethnically cleanse the Palestinians (Masalha 1992).

Haka kuma, dabarun Zionist na "canja wuri" da tsaftace kabilanci da kuma kawar da sunayen wurare sun nemi maye gurbin bambancin al'umma da sararin gauraye na Falasdinu da wata "tsafta" ta mulkin mallaka na Turai, wani wuri mai mulkin Ashkenazi, mai al'ada guda ɗaya na Yishuv na Zionist har zuwa 1948 (Kimmerling 2003).

Furthermore, the Zionist ‘transfer’ and ethnic cleansing strategies and toponymicidal practices sought to replace the heterogeneity and mixed space of Palestine with a ‘pure’ European colony, an Ashkenazi-dominated, mono-cultural space of the Zionist Yishuv until 1948 (Kimmerling 2003).

A hanyar da ta kwatanta ƙasa baki ɗaya, a ƙaramin mataki kuma a misali, bambancin al'ummar Jaffa, birnin da ya kai dubban shekaru, an tsabtace shi bisa kabilanci kuma an lalata al'adunsa a shekarar 1948.

In a microcosmic and typical fashion the heterogeneity of the thousandsof- years-old Jaffa was ethnically cleansed and culturally destroyed in 1948.

Wannan birni ta Falasdinawa mai tarihi da cakuɗewar al'adu an maye gurbinta bayan 1948, an kuma haɗa ta cikin birnin Yahudawa "tsarkakke" na Turai da ke makwabtaka da ita, Tel Aviv, "babban birnin Yishuv" na kafin kafa ƙasa/Mulkin mallaka, wanda ya haɗa kuma ya mayar da tsohon birnin Jaffa ƙarƙashin sunan Ibraniyanci da aka bayar bayan 1948, Tel Aviv-Yafo.

This historic, culturally mixed Palestinian city was replaced after 1948 and subsumed by the European ‘pure’ Jewish city of neighbouring Tel Aviv, ‘the capital of the pre-state Yishuv’/Colony, subsumed and subordinated ancient Jaffa under the post-1948 Hebrew designation of Tel Aviv-Yafo.

Wannan aikin Sihayoniyya na goge tunanin al'umma da sunayen wurare an gina shi a cikin wata ƙungiya ta keɓantattun Yahudawa, ta fuskar cibiyoyi, tunani da motsin zuciya. Tsare-tsaren kafa sabuwar ƙasar Yahudawa ma sun kasance masu keɓewa irin haka. Ana so ƙasar Yahudawa ta zama ta Yahudawa kawai, kuma ba a shirya wasu kayan aikin siyasa da na gudanarwa ba don yiwuwar cewa manyan al'ummomin Larabawa za su ci gaba da zama a cikin iyakokin ƙasar Yahudawa, abin da duk shawarwarin raba ƙasa suka ambata.

This Zionist memoricidal and toponymicidal project was institutionally, cognitively, and emotionally built within an exclusionary Jewish ‘bubble’. The plans for the new Jewish state were similarly exclusive. The Jewish state was supposed to be purely Jewish and no political and bureaucratic tools were prepared for the possibility, mentioned in all partition proposals, that large Arab minorities would remain within the boundaries of the Jewish state.

(Kimmerling 2003: 22; duba kuma Yiftachel 2006: 54; Shafir 1996a, 1996b, 1999)

(Kimmerling 2003: 22; see also Yiftachel 2006: 54; Shafir 1996a, 1996b, 1999)

During the Mandate period, the Zionist organisations in Palestine used a variety of methods of concealment and subterfuge designed to merge 'Palestine' with 'Eretz Yisrael'. One such example of concealment and subterfuge was the insertion of the Hebrew abbreviation for Eretz Yisrael (א״י), 'Land of Israel', after the Hebrew word for Palestine (פלשתינה) on the official Mandate government stamps. These stamps would have been handled by tens of thousands of Arabs in Palestine and neighbouring countries, most of whom did not know Hebrew and were unable to decipher the Zionist Hebrew abbreviation (א״י). Although Palestinian leaders protested in the 1920s against this inclusion of 'Eretz Yisrael' in the official documents, stamps and currency of the British Mandate Government of Palestine, a government committed to the pro-Zionist 'promise' of the 1917 Balfour Declaration, they were unable to dissuade the Mandate authorities from pursuing their pro-Zionist policies.

During the Mandatory period the Zionist organisations in Palestine employed a variety of methods of subterfuge designed to conflate ‘Palestine’ with ‘Eretz Yisrael’. One such example of concealment and subterfuge was the insertion of the Hebrew abbreviation of Eretz Yisrael ( א״י ), ‘Land of Israel’, after the Hebrew word for Palestine ( פלשתינה ) on the official Mandatory government stamps – stamps which would have been handled by tens of thousands of Arabs in Palestine and neighbouring countries, most of them not knowing Hebrew and unable to decipher the Zionist Hebrew abbreviation ( .(א״י Although Palestinian leaders protested in the 1920s at this inclusion of ‘Eretz Yisrael’ in the official documents, stamps and currency of the British Mandatory Government of Palestine – a government which was committed to the pro-Zionist ‘promise’ of the 1917 Balfour Declaration – they were incapable of dissuading the Mandatory authorities from pursuing their pro-Zionist policies.

Duk da haka, yawan amfani da sunan hukuma "Falasdinu" da ƙungiyoyin Sahyoniyawa suka yi har zuwa 1948 ba abin mamaki ba ne, saboda dalilai biyu manya:

However, the extensive use of the official term Palestine by the Zionist organisations until 1948 is not surprising for two main reasons:

• Dukan gwamnatoci da miliyoyin mutane a duniya, musamman masu karanta harsunan Turai, sun bayyana ƙasar a matsayin Filastinu ko Ƙasa Mai Tsarki – sai dai kawai waɗanda suka bambanta su ne masu kare Zionism na Yahudawa, waɗanda su ma suka bayyana ƙasar da sunan Eretz Yisrael (Ƙasar Isra'ila).

• All governments and millions of people across the world, and especially readers of European languages, identified the country as Palestine or the Holy Land – the only exceptions were the Zionist Jewish advocates, who also identified the country as Eretz Yisrael (Land of Israel):

• Biyo bayan alkawuran da aka yi a cikin Sanarwar Balfour ta Nuwamba 1917, mai goyon bayan Sahyoniyanci, mulkin mallaka na Sahyoniyawa a Falasdinu (Yishuv)

• Following the pro-Zionist Balfour Declaration commitments of November 1917, the Zionist settler-colony in Palestine (the Yishuv)

an kirkiro shi ta hanyoyi biyu: a matsayin ‘mulkin mallaka na mazauna cikin mulkin mallakar Birtaniya’ da kuma a matsayin ‘mulkin mallaka na mazauna tare da mulkin mallakar Birtaniya’. Wannan ya ba Yishuv na Turawan Yahudawa da ke tasowa damar bin dabarun biyu: (a) yin kwaikwayon (da aiki ‘daga ciki’) kalmomin hukuma na tsarin Mandate na Birtaniya a Falasdinu; da (b) ƙirƙirar wata magana ta Zionist ta Ibrananci mai cin gashin kanta a gefe.

evolved both as ‘settler-colonialism within British colonialism’ and as a ‘settler-colony with British colonialism’. This allowed the emerging European Yishuv to pursue a double strategy of (a) shadowing (and operating ‘from within’) the official terminology of British Mandatory system in Palestine; and (b) of creating a parallel autonomous Zionist Hebrew discourse.

Duk da haka, yaudara (game da Falasdinu da Eretz Yisrael), kalmomin rufa-rufa (kamar 'transfer'), gaskiyar karya, da sabbin 'gaskiyar a kasa' sun kasance jigo a cikin harshen sabon zamani da dabarun mulkin mallaka na Yahudawa a Falasdinu (wanda ake kira 'Yishuv') a lokacin kafin kafa kasar, kuma wannan a bayyane yake daga misalai masu zuwa:

Nonetheless, subterfuge (of Palestine-cum-Eretz Yisrael), euphemism (‘transfer’), alternative facts, and new ‘facts on the ground’ were central to the newspeak and strategies of the Zionist colony (‘Yishuv’) in Palestine during the pre-state period and this is evident from the following examples:

• Ƙungiyar Tallafa wa Manoma da Masu Sana'o'in Hannu na Yahudawa a Siriya da Falasdinu ƙungiya ce ta Hovevei Tzion da aka kafa a shekara ta 1890, tare da goyon baya da ƙarfafawa na hukuma daga gwamnatin Tsarist ta Rasha (Shafir 1996a: 46). Ƙungiyar ta mayar da hankali ne kan al'amuran aiki na kafa ƙauyukan noma na Yahudawa a Falasdinu, kuma ayyukanta sun haɗa da taimako wajen kafa ƙauyukan Rehovot da Hadera.

• The Society for the Support of Jewish Farmers and Artisans in Syria and Palestine was a Hovevei Tzion organ established in 1890 with official support and encouragement of the Tsarist Russian government (Shafir 1996a: 46). The Society was dedicated to the practical aspects of establishing Jewish agricultural colonies in Palestine and its projects included help with the founding of the colonies of Rehovot and Hadera.

• Hukumar Yahudawa ta Falasɗinu (The Jewish Agency for Palestine) an kafa ta ne a shekarar 1930, kuma ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kafa ƙasar Isra'ila a shekarar 1948. Shugaban Kwamitin Zartarwarta daga shekarar 1935 har zuwa watan Mayu na 1948 shi ne David Ben-Gurion. Sai bayan 1948 ne ta canza suna zuwa Hukumar Yahudawa ta Isra'ila (The Jewish Agency for Israel).

• The Jewish Agency for Palestine was founded in 1930, and played a central role in the founding of the Israeli state in 1948; the Chairman of its Executive Committee from 1935 until May 1948 was David Ben-Gurion. Only after 1948 did it change its name to the Jewish Agency for Israel.

Ofishin Falasɗinu (da Jamusanci: Palästinaamt) sunan wata hukuma ce ta Zionist da shugabancin Ƙungiyar Zionist ta Duniya ya kafa a shekarar 1908.

• The Palestine Office (German: Palästinaamt) was the name of a Zionist agency set up by the executive of the World Zionist Organisation in 1908

da ofishinta da ke Jaffa. Arthur Ruppin ne ke jagorantarta (an haife shi a daular Jamus; 1876–1943). Ofishin Falasdinu ya yi aiki a zamanin Daular Usmaniyya a matsayin babbar hukuma don ayyukan mulkin mallaka na Zionist a Falasdinu, ciki har da sayen filaye da taimakon shige-shigen Yahudawa. Bayan Yakin Duniya na Farko, sunan Zionist 'Ofisoshin Falasdinu' yana da wata ma'ana daban, kuma yana nufin tawagogin Zionist na duniya da aka dora wa alhakin tattarawa da shirya shigar Yahudawa Falasdinu.

with its office in Jaffa. Headed by Arthur Ruppin (born in the German empire; 1876–1943), the Palestine Office served during the Ottoman period as the central agency for Zionist colonisation activities in Palestine, including land purchases and assisting Jewish immigration. After the First World War the Zionist name ‘Palestine Offices’ had a different connotation and applied to Zionist international missions charged with the mobilisation and organisation of Jewish immigration to Palestine.

An Ofisoshin Falasɗinu an sanya su ƙarƙashin Sashen Shige da Fice na Hukumar Zionist, wadda ke aiki tare da Hukumar Yahudawa ta Falasɗinu. Ana gudanar da Ofisoshin Falasɗinu ne ta Hukumar Falasɗinu (Palaestinaamtskommission), wadda ta ƙunshi wakilan jam'iyyun Zionist daban-daban.

The Palestine Offices were subordinated to the Immigration Department of the Zionist Executive, which worked with the Jewish Agency for Palestine. The Palestine Offices were run by a Palestine Commission (Palaestinaamts kommission) composed of representatives of various Zionist parties.

• Makada Ƙungiyar Kiɗa ta Falasɗinu (‘Israel Philharmonic Orchestra’; an kafa ta a Falasɗinu a shekara ta 1936) kuma an ci gaba da kiranta da Makadan Falasɗinu har zuwa shekara ta 1948.

• The Palestine Orchestra (‘Israel Philharmonic Orchestra’; founded in Palestine 1936) and was continuously called the Palestine Orchestra until 1948.

• Bankin Anglo-Palestine: Babban bankin Isra'ila, Bank Leumi (Bankin Ƙasa), an fara kafa shi ne a Landan a matsayin Kamfanin Anglo Palestine. Ya kasance reshe na Jewish Colonial Trust, wanda Taron Zionist na Biyu ya kafa, aka kuma yi masa rajista a Landan a shekarar 1899. Daga baya an fara kiransa bisa hukuma da suna Bankin Anglo-Palestine, kuma wannan suna ya ci gaba har zuwa shekarar 1948.

• The Anglo-Palestine Bank: Israel’s largest bank, Bank Leumi (National Bank) was originally founded in London as the Anglo Palestine Company. It was a subsidiary of the Jewish Colonial Trust which was founded by the Second Zionist Congress and incorporated in London in 1899. It subsequently became officially known as the Anglo-Palestine Bank and this name continued until 1948.

• Kamfanin Wutar Lantarki na Falasdinu an fara kafa shi ne a shekarar 1923 da Pihnas Rotenberg a matsayin Kamfanin Wutar Lantarki na Jaffa. Daga baya aka yi masa rajista a Falasdinu ta Mandate a matsayin Palestine Electricity, Corporation Limited.

• The Palestine Electric Company was initially founded in 1923 by Pihnas Rotenberg as the Jaffa Electric Company. It was later incorporated in Mandatory Palestine as the Palestine Electricity, Corporation Limited.

Ya canza sunansa zuwa sunan yanzu, Israel Electric Corporation Limited, a shekarar 1961 kawai. A yau kamfani ne ɗaya daga cikin manyan kamfanonin masana'antu a Isra'ila.

It only changed its name to the current one, the Israel Electric Corporation Limited, in 1961. Today it is one of the largest industrial companies in Israel.

An Post ɗin Falasɗinu an kafa shi a Urushalima a shekarar 1932 a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar Zionist, kuma ya canza suna zuwa Jerusalem Post ne kawai a shekarar 1950. Masu karatun da jaridar ta fi mayar da hankali a kansu su ne masu karatun Turanci a Falasɗinu da ƙasashe maƙwabta, da kuma masu karatun Yahudawa a ƙasashen waje, wato jami'an Mandate na Burtaniya, Yahudawan gida da Larabawa, masu yawon buɗe ido, da mahajjatan Kirista. Ƙungiyoyin Zionist sun ɗauki Jerusalem Post a matsayin hanya mai tasiri wajen yin tasiri ga hukumomin Burtaniya a Falasɗinu. A shekararta ta farko, Palestine Post ya kai yawan kwafin kullum kimanin 4000, kuma zuwa shekarar 1944 yawan kwafinsa ya kai 50,000.16

• The Palestine Post was established in Jerusalem in 1932 as part of the Zionist movement and only changed its name in 1950 to the Jerusalem Post. The newspaper’s targeted audiences were English readers in Palestine and neighbouring countries and Jewish readers abroad – British Mandate officials, local Jews and Arabs, tourists and Christian pilgrims. Zionist organisations considered the Jerusalem Post an effective medium for exerting influence on the British authorities in Palestine. During its first year the Palestine Post achieved a daily circulation of about 4000 copies and by 1944 its circulation reached 50,000 copies.16

Ƙungiyar Binciken Falasdinu ta Yahudawa an kafa ta a shekarar 1914, tana mai da hankali kan tsohuwar Falasdinu; bayan shekarar 1948 aka sauya mata suna zuwa Ƙungiyar Binciken Isra'ila.

• The Jewish Palestine Exploration Society was founded in 1914 with a focus on ancient Palestine; it was renamed after 1948 as the Israel Exploration Society.

Hukumar Ƙwallon Ƙafa ta Falasɗinu an kafa ta a shekarar 1928 ta ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa na Yahudawan Sihiyoniya; bayan 1948 aka sauya mata suna zuwa Hukumar Ƙwallon Ƙafa ta Isra'ila.

• The Palestine Football Association was established in 1928 by Zionist Jewish football clubs; after 1948 it was renamed the Israel Football Association.

An kafa Kamfanin Potash na Falasdinu a shekarar 1930. A shekarar 1951 gwamnatin Isra'ila ta mallaki kamfanin ta hanyar ƙwace shi, sannan a shekarar 1953 aka sauya masa suna zuwa Dead Sea Works.

• The Palestine Potash Company was established in 1930. In 1951 the company was nationalised by the Israeli government and in 1953 it was renamed the Dead Sea Works.

Palestine Citrograph, wata mujalla ta wata-wata da aka keɓe don masana'antar lemo da lemu a Falasdinu, an buga ta a Tel Aviv a shekarun 1930 da 1940 ta hannun Yishuv na Zionist; daga baya an canza sunanta zuwa Hadar na Ibrananci.

• Palestine Citrograph, a monthly journal devoted to the citrus industry in Palestine, was published in Tel Aviv in the 1930s and 1940s by the Zionist Yishuv; the name was later changed to the Hebrew Hadar.

• Kamfanin Tattalin Arzikin Falasdinu (wanda yanzu ake kira Kamfanin Tattalin Arzikin Isra'ila)

• The Palestine Economic Corporation (now the Israel Economic Corporation)

An aka kafa shi a shekarar 1922 ta masu zuba jari na Zionist na Amurka a matsayin kamfani na jama'a, kuma aka yi masa rajista a Amurka. Da farko ya na zuba jari kuma yana aiki ta wata ƙungiyar Zionist ta Amurka, Babban Bankin Cibiyoyin Haɗin Kai a Falasɗinu, da jerin kamfanonin Zionist na "Falasɗinu" da aka kafa a matsayin reshe, ciki har da Bankin Jinginar Gidaje da Bashi na Falasɗinu Ltd da Kamfanin Ruwa na Falasɗinu. Kamfanin Ruwa na Falasɗinu da kansa ya zama reshen Kamfanin Tattalin Arziki na Falasɗinu a shekarar 1933, kuma a shekarar 1949 aka sauya masa suna zuwa Mekorot, Kamfanin Ruwa na Isra'ila, wani reshe na Histadrut.

was founded by American Zionist investors in 1922 as a public company and incorporated in the US. Initially it invested and operated through another American Zionist organisation, the Central Bank of Cooperative Institutions in Palestine and a string of Zionist ‘Palestine’ subsidiary companies including the Palestine Mortgage and Credit Bank Ltd and the Palestine Water Company. The Palestine Water Company itself became a subsidiary of the Palestine Economic Corporation in 1933 and in 1949 it was renamed Mekorot, the Israeli Water Company, a division of the Histadrut.

Asusun Endowment na Falasdinu an kafa shi a shekarar 1922 ta shugabannin Zionist na Amurka domin a raba kudi ga kungiyoyin Zionist da aka zaba aka amince da su a Falasdinu. Shekaru da dama bayan kafa Isra'ila, an sauya masa suna zuwa Israel Endowment Funds. Yanzu tallafin da yake bayarwa ya kai sama da dala biliyan 1.

• Palestine Endowment Funds was created in 1922 by US Zionist leaders to enable the distribution of funds to selected and approved Zionist organisations in Palestine. Many years after Israel was established it was renamed Israel Endowment Funds. Its grants now total over $1 billion.

• Kamfanin Palestine Automobile Corporation Ltd an kafa shi ne a shekarar 1934, kuma ya fara harkokinsa a matsayin dillalin motocin Chevrolet na Tel Aviv da Haifa. A shekarar 1937 kamfanin ya karɓi keɓantaccen izinin rarraba kayayyakin Ford, yana sayar da motocin Ford da na kasuwanci waɗanda ake kera su a Amurka da Turai. Kamfanin ya ci gaba da aiki da sunan 'Palestine' har tsawon shekaru da dama bayan kafuwar Isra'ila.

• The Palestine Automobile Corporation Ltd was founded in 1934 and began its activities as a Chevrolet dealer for Tel Aviv and Haifa. In 1937 the company took over the sole distributorship of Ford products, marketing Ford cars and commercial vehicles manufactured in the US and in Europe. The company continued to operate under the ‘Palestine’ name for several years after the establishment of Israel.

Flora Palaestina wani littafi ne da Kwalejin Kimiyya da Ilimin Ɗan Adam ta Isra'ila ta buga, kuma ya fara fitowa a shekarar 1966. Yana ƙunshe da bayanai kan rarrabuwa da kuma binciken tsirrai na Palaestina a yankin ilimin tsirrai da yanayin ƙasa tsakanin gaɓar Tekun Bahar Rum a yamma da hamadun Transjordan a gabas, tsaunukan Lebanon a arewa da hamadar Sinai a kudu. An sake fitar da sigar da aka sabunta, mai suna Distribution Atlas of Plants in the Flora Palaestina Area, ta A. Danin, a shekarar 2004.

• Flora Palaestina is a publication by the Israeli Academy of Sciences and Humanities, first appeared in 1966. It encompasses the Palaestina plant taxonomic and floristic data in the geo-botanical area between the Mediterranean coast in the west and the Transjordan deserts in the east, the mountains of Lebanon in the north and the desert of Sinai in the south. An updated version, Distribution Atlas of Plants in the Flora Palaestina Area by A. Danin, was published in 2004.